ISC Class 11 — Certification Brochure

LAPT

London Academy of Professional Training

Certificate

ISC Class 11

• ICSE Schools • ISC

38Subjects	558Chapters	3718Classes	100Total Marks	60%Pass Mark	LifetimeValidity

At a Glance

Award	Certificate
Assessment	100 marks — 60 to pass (60%)
Prerequisites	None
Validity	Lifetime
Awarding Body	LAPT — London Academy of Professional Training

Curriculum

English

16 chapters · 79 classes

• Composition — 8 classes

› Choosing a Topic and Planning a 400-450 Word Composition

› Narrative Composition: Plot, Pace and Point of View

› Descriptive Composition: Painting Pictures with Sensory Detail

› Reflective Composition: Thinking Aloud on Paper

› Argumentative and Persuasive Composition: Building a Case

› Expository Composition: Explaining Ideas Clearly

› Writing an Original Short Story: Opening, Conflict and Ending

› Revising and Editing a Composition Within the Word Limit

• Directed Writing — 9 classes

› Article Writing: Descriptive and Analytical

› Report Writing: School Events and Local News

› It's Sports Day: Scorecard, Newspaper Report and E-mail

› Birlstone Questions and Harry Potter: Writing a Review

› Health and Medicine: Do Indians Get Enough Sleep? (Reading & Vocabulary)

› Writing a Blog Post: Voice, Audience and Structure

› Writing a Statement of Purpose for Study or Work

› Amplifying, Describing and Re-stating Ideas in Directed Writing

› Feature Articles in 250-300 Words: Hook, Body and Close

• Proposal Writing — 5 classes

› What a Proposal Is and Where It Is Used

› Proposal Format: Heading, Introduction and Objectives

› Listing Practical Measures in a Proposal

› Writing a Concluding Statement and Closing a Proposal

› Practice Proposals on Given Situations in the CISCE Format

• Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure and usage — 10 classes

› Sentence Accuracy: Tenses, Agreement, Articles, Prepositions and Spelling

› The Passive Voice, Modals and Sentence Transformation in Formal Writing

› Reflect and Respond

› Vocabulary and Structures in Context

› Vocabulary in Context

› 4.3 Practice and revision: From the Diary of Anne Frank

› 7.2 Core concepts: Madam Rides the Bus

› Phrasal Verbs: Meaning and Use in Sentences

› Verbs and Tenses in Short-answer Grammar Questions

› Transforming Sentences Without Changing Their Meaning

• Comprehension — 6 classes

› Skimming, Scanning and Finding the Main Idea

› Inference, Vocabulary in Context, Tone and Purpose

› Unseen Passages: What Section A Tests and How to Approach It

› Understanding and Talking About the Text

› Analytical Questions on a Long Passage

› Summary in Grid Form: Selecting and Condensing Points

• Macbeth - William Shakespeare — 9 classes

› Macbeth Act 1, Scene 1 and 2: The Witches and the Captain's Report

› Macbeth Act 1, Scene 3: The Prophecies for Macbeth and Banquo

› Macbeth Act 1, Scene 4 and 5: Duncan Names an Heir and Lady Macbeth Reads the Letter

› Macbeth Act 1, Scene 6 and 7: Duncan at Inverness and Macbeth's Doubts

› Macbeth Act 2, Scene 1: The Air-drawn Dagger

› Macbeth Act 2, Scene 2: The Murder of Duncan and Its Aftermath

› Macbeth Act 2, Scene 3: The Porter and the Discovery of the Crime

› Macbeth Act 2, Scene 4: Omens in Nature and the Mood After the Murder

› Macbeth Acts 1 and 2: Ambition, Fate and Guilt as Themes

• A Living God — 3 classes

› A Living God: Setting, Characters and the Mood of Rural Japan

› A Living God: The Warning, the Sacrifice and the Saving of the Village

› A Living God: Theme, Belief and Gratitude

• Advice to Youth — 3 classes

› Advice to Youth: Reading a Satirical Speech

› Advice to Youth: Humour, Irony and Tone

› Advice to Youth: What the Author Is Really Saying

• The Paper Menagerie — 4 classes

› The Paper Menagerie: The Boy, His Mother and the Folded Animals

› The Paper Menagerie: Growing Up Between Two Cultures

› The Paper Menagerie: Regret, Memory and the Letter

› The Paper Menagerie: Symbolism and Narrative Technique

• The Great Automatic Grammatizator — 3 classes

› The Great Automatic Grammatizator: The Inventor and His Dream Machine

› The Great Automatic Grammatizator: Art Versus Machine

› The Great Automatic Grammatizator: Satire, Irony and the Ending

• Thank You, Ma'am — 3 classes

› Thank You, Ma'am: An Attempted Theft on a Night Street

› Thank You, Ma'am: Kindness, Trust and the Boy's Change of Heart

› Thank You, Ma'am: Character Study and Theme

• Abhisara: The Tryst — 3 classes

› Abhisara - The Tryst: The Ascetic and the Dancer at the City Wall

› Abhisara - The Tryst: Compassion, Service and the Poem's Message

› Abhisara - The Tryst: Imagery, Structure and Language

• Why I Like the Hospital — 3 classes

› Why I Like the Hospital: Reading the Poem Line by Line

› Why I Like the Hospital: Tone, Irony and Meaning

› Why I Like the Hospital: Poetic Devices and Personal Response

• Sonnet 116 — 4 classes

› Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds (sonnet)

› Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds: understanding the poem

› Sonnet 116: Imagery of the Star and the Storm

› Sonnet 116: Structure, Rhyme and Themes of Constant Love

• Death of a Naturalist — 3 classes

› Death of a Naturalist: A Child's Wonder at the Flax-dam

› Death of a Naturalist: The Frogs and the Loss of Innocence

› Death of a Naturalist: Sensory Imagery, Sound and Structure

• Strange Meeting — 3 classes

› Strange Meeting: The Soldier's Escape into a Dream of Hell

› Strange Meeting: The Enemy Who Speaks and the Pity of War

› Strange Meeting: Pararhyme, Imagery and Anti-war Theme

Modern English

16 chapters · 73 classes

• Composition — 7 classes

› Planning a 400-450 Word Composition: Choosing a Topic and Outline

› Narrative Composition: Telling an Event Well

› Descriptive Composition: Painting a Scene in Words

› Reflective Composition: Thinking Aloud on Paper

› Argumentative and Persuasive Composition

› Expository Composition: Explaining an Idea Clearly

› Writing an Original Short Story

• Directed Writing — 7 classes

› Article Writing: Descriptive and Analytical

› Report Writing: School Events and Local News

› Planning, Organising and Finishing Within the Word Limit

› It's Sports Day: Scorecard, Newspaper Report and E-mail

› Birlstone Questions and Harry Potter: Writing a Review

› Writing a Blog Post

› Writing a Statement of Purpose

• Proposal Writing — 4 classes

› What a Proposal Is and How It Is Laid Out

› Heading, Introduction and Objectives of a Proposal

› Listing Measures and Writing the Concluding Statement

› Writing a Full Proposal for a Given Situation

• Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure, and usage — 6 classes

› Sentence Accuracy: Tenses, Agreement, Articles, Prepositions and Spelling

› The Passive Voice, Modals and Sentence Transformation in Formal Writing

› Vocabulary in Context

› 7.2 Core concepts: Madam Rides the Bus

› Phrasal Verbs: Meaning and Use in Sentences

› Answering Question Three: A Grammar Practice Set

• Comprehension — 6 classes

› Unseen Passages: What Section A Tests and How to Approach It

› Skimming, Scanning and Finding the Main Idea

› Inference, Vocabulary in Context, Tone and Purpose

› Answering Well: MCQ Technique and 40–50 Word Answers

› The Case-Based Passage: Reading Data, Tables and Charts

› Writing a Summary in Grid Form

• Pygmalion-George Bernard Shaw (Acts I & II) — 6 classes

› Pygmalion: The Playwright, the Myth and the Setting

› Act I: A Rainy Night at Covent Garden and the Characters Who Meet

› Act I: Professor Higgins and His Wager

› Act II: Eliza Comes to Higgins's Laboratory

› Act II: The Bargain and the Rules of the House

› Class, Language and Identity in Acts I and II

• Lawley Road — 4 classes

› R.K. Narayan and the World of Malgudi

› Lawley Road: Story and Setting

› Characters and Gentle Satire in Lawley Road

› Theme and Style in Lawley Road

• The Landlady — 4 classes

› Roald Dahl and the Tale of Unexpected Ending

› The Landlady: Story and Setting

› Billy and the Landlady: Character Study

› Suspense, Irony and Style in The Landlady

• Most Beautiful — 4 classes

› Ruskin Bond and His Writing

› Most Beautiful: Story and Setting

› Characters in Most Beautiful

› Theme and Style in Most Beautiful

• Dream-Children: Reverie — 4 classes

› Charles Lamb and the Personal Essay

› Dream-Children: Reading the Reverie

› The Children, the Family and the Memory of the Past

› Mood, Imagery and Style in Dream-Children

• Ratan Tata: A Life-Settling in at Cornell (An Excerpt) — 4 classes

› Thomas Mathew and Life-Writing

› Settling in at Cornell: What the Excerpt Tells Us

› Ratan Tata the Student: Character and Values

› Theme and Style in the Cornell Excerpt

• Father Returning Home — 3 classes

› Dilip Chitre and His Poetry

› Father Returning Home: Reading the Poem

› Imagery, Tone and Theme in Father Returning Home

• Life Doesn't Frighten Me — 3 classes

› Maya Angelou and Her Voice

› Life Doesn't Frighten Me: Reading the Poem

› Rhythm, Refrain and Theme in Life Doesn't Frighten Me

• Sadness Comes — 3 classes

› Donna Ashworth and Her Poetry

› Sadness Comes: Reading the Poem

› Imagery, Tone and Theme in Sadness Comes

• A Prayer for My Daughter — 4 classes

› W. B. Yeats and His Times

› A Prayer for My Daughter: Reading the Poem

› The Hopes of a Father: Themes in the Poem

› Symbols, Imagery and Form in A Prayer for My Daughter

• Bora Ring — 4 classes

› Judith Wright and Her Poetry

› Bora Ring: Reading the Poem

› Memory, Loss and Land: Themes in Bora Ring

› Imagery and Form in Bora Ring

Indian Language

4 chapters · 22 classes

• Composition — 6 classes

› Choosing a Topic and Planning a 400-Word Composition

› Writing a Strong Opening and Closing Paragraph

› Narrative Compositions: Telling an Event in Order

› Descriptive Compositions: Places, People and Experiences

› Reflective and Argumentative Compositions on a Given Theme

› Revising a Composition for Word Limit, Style and Accuracy

• Comprehension — 5 classes

› Reading an Unseen Passage of About 300 Words for Meaning and Tone

› Answering Questions on an Unseen Passage in Your Own Words

› Writing a Summary with a Suitable Heading

› Expanding an Idea into a Well-Developed Paragraph

› Timed Practice: Comprehension, Summary and Expansion Together

• Grammar — 6 classes

› Correcting Errors in Sentences: Spelling, Word Choice and Structure

› Using Words and Idioms Correctly in Sentences

› Subject-Verb Agreement by Number and Gender

› Agreement by Case and Tense

› Active and Passive Voice and Agreement

› Functional Grammar Revision Practice

• Prescribed Textbooks — 5 classes

› Approaching the Prescribed Textbooks: Choosing Three to Study

› Reading Prose Selections for Theme and Character

› Reading Poetry Selections for Meaning, Language and Feeling

› Answering Four Questions from Three Textbooks: Planning and Structure

› Revising the Prescribed Textbooks for the Examination

Modern Foreign Language

4 chapters · 17 classes

• A short composition in the language — 4 classes

› Choosing a Subject for a Short Composition

› Planning and Drafting a Short Composition in the Language

› Using Correct Vocabulary and Sentence Structure in Composition

› Revising and Checking a Short Composition

• Unprepared translation into English — 4 classes

› Reading a Passage for Unprepared Translation into English

› Translating Sentences and Idioms into English

› Translating a Complete Passage into English

› Checking a Translation for Accuracy and Natural English

• Unseen passage in the language — 5 classes

› Reading an Unseen Passage in the Language for Meaning

› Answering Questions on an Unseen Passage

› Summarising Part of a Passage in the Language

› Explaining Words, Phrases and Sentences from a Passage

› Comprehension Practice with Mixed Question Types

• Questions on prescribed textbooks — 4 classes

› Answering Questions on the Prescribed Textbooks

› Writing Detailed Answers on Text Content and Characters

› Translating a Passage from the Language into English

› Translating a Passage from English into the Language

Classical Language

4 chapters · 18 classes

• Questions on grammar — 6 classes

› Declension of Nouns and Pronouns

› Verb Forms Across Tenses and Moods

› Cases and Their Uses in Sentences

› Compounds, Suffixes and Word Formation

› Sandhi: Joining and Splitting of Sounds

› Answering Grammar Questions in the Examination

• Unseen translation from English into the language — 4 classes

› Translating Short Prose Sentences from English

› Choosing Words and Verb Forms for Translation

› Translating a Continuous Passage of Prose

› Checking and Correcting Your Translation

• Translation from the prescribed books — 4 classes

› Translating Passages from the Prescribed Books: Method

› Translating Prose Passages from the Prescribed Books

› Translating Verse Passages from the Prescribed Books

› Practice with Passages Without Choice

• Questions, requiring short answers, to test knowledge of the subject matter of the prescribed books — 4 classes

› Reading the Prescribed Books for Subject Matter

› Story and Events in the Prescribed Books

› Characters and Teachings in the Prescribed Books

› Writing Short Answers Accurately

Elective English

11 chapters · 56 classes

• Animal Farm — 6 classes

› Animal Farm: Orwell, the Allegory and Its Historical Background

› Animal Farm: The Rebellion at Manor Farm and the Seven Commandments

› Animal Farm: Napoleon, Snowball and the Struggle for Power

› Animal Farm: Propaganda, Squealer and the Control of Truth

› Animal Farm: Boxer, the Windmill and the Cost of Loyalty

› Animal Farm: The Ending, Satire and Themes

• From Heaven Lake — 4 classes

› From Heaven Lake: Vikram Seth and the Journey Across Tibet

› From Heaven Lake: Travelling Through Xinjiang and Gansu

› From Heaven Lake: Encounters with Drivers, Officials and Fellow Travellers

› From Heaven Lake: Travel Writing, Humour and Style

• Twelve Angry Men — 5 classes

› Twelve Angry Men: Reginald Rose and the Jury Room Setting

› Twelve Angry Men: The First Vote and the Lone Dissenter

› Twelve Angry Men: Doubt, Evidence and Reasoning

› Twelve Angry Men: Prejudice, Anger and Character

› Twelve Angry Men: The Final Verdict and Themes of Justice

• The Importance of Being Earnest — 5 classes

› The Importance of Being Earnest: Wilde and the Victorian Comedy of Manners

› The Importance of Being Earnest, Act 1: Algernon, Jack and Their Double Lives

› The Importance of Being Earnest, Act 2: Country Confusions and Rival Identities

› The Importance of Being Earnest, Act 3: Revelations and Resolution

› The Importance of Being Earnest: Wit, Satire and the Title's Double Meaning

• John Milton — 5 classes

› John Milton: Life, Times and Poetic Style

› Milton, Song on May Morning: A Welcome to Spring

› Milton, On His Blindness: Patience and Service

› Milton, Paradise Lost Book I: Satan's Speech

› Milton, Paradise Lost Book IX: Eve's Lines

• Percy Bysshe Shelley — 5 classes

› Percy Bysshe Shelley: Life, Ideas and Romantic Style

› Shelley, England in 1819: A Sonnet of Protest

› Shelley, To a Skylark: Joy and the Unseen Singer

› Shelley, The Cloud: Nature in Motion

› Shelley, Autumn: A Dirge: Mourning the Year

• Thomas Hardy — 5 classes

› Thomas Hardy: Life, Outlook and Poetic Style

› Hardy, Neutral Tones: A Love Gone Cold

› Hardy, The Man He Killed: The Soldier's Doubt

› Hardy, The Going: Grief After a Sudden Death

› Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain: Pride and Fate

• William Butler Yeats — 6 classes

› The Wild Swans at Coole — Reading the Poem

› The Wild Swans at Coole — Understanding the Poem and Noticing the Rhyme

› W. B. Yeats: Life, Ireland and Poetic Development

› Yeats, No Second Troy: Beauty and Political Anger

› Yeats, Easter 1916: A Terrible Beauty

› Yeats, The Second Coming: Chaos and Prophecy

• Wilfred Owen — 5 classes

› Wilfred Owen: Life, War and Poetic Voice

› Owen, Arms and the Boy: The Weapons and the Child

› Owen, The Last Laugh: The Sounds of Battle

› Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth: A Funeral Without Bells

› Owen, Mental Cases: The Cost of War on the Mind

• Dylan Thomas — 5 classes

› Dylan Thomas: Life and Poetic Style

› Thomas, Death Shall Have No Dominion: Faith and Renewal

› Thomas, Poem in October: A Birthday Walk

› Thomas, Fern Hill: Childhood and Time

› Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night: A Son's Plea

• Carol Ann Duffy — 5 classes

› Carol Ann Duffy: Life and Contemporary Voice

› Duffy, War Photographer: Witness and Conscience

› Duffy, In Mrs Tilscher's Class: Childhood and Growing Up

› Duffy, History: Memory and Loss

› Duffy, Mrs Midas: Myth Retold

History

27 chapters · 125 classes

• Development of the means of transport and communication — 6 classes

› Transport Networks and the History of Land Transport

› Railways Around the World and the Great Trans-Continental Lines

› Communications: From Telegraph to Satellites and Cyberspace

› Rail Transport: Zones, Gauges and the Konkan Railway

› 7.1 Means of Transport: Roadways and Railways

› 7.3 Airways and Communication

• Effect of British revenue policy: Impact on peasants and artisans — 7 classes

› The Permanent Settlement and the Bengal Auctions

› Zamindars in Crisis: Default and the Rise of the Jotedars

› The Cotton Boom and Its Bust

› 1.1 Understanding Colonialism

› 4.2 The Impact of Land Reforms

› Disruption of the Traditional Economy Under Company Rule

› British Policy and the Decline of the Indian Artisan

• Development of modern industries — 5 classes

› Why Modern Industry Began in Western India

› The Cotton Textile Mills of Bombay and Ahmedabad

› Indian Enterprise: Early Industrialists and Mill Owners

› Mill Workers: Conditions of Work and Life

› The Economic Impact of Machine-Based Industry on India

• Colonial Forest Policy - impact on local communities — 5 classes

› Forests Before the Colonial Period

› The Colonial Forest Policy of the Nineteenth Century

› Forest Laws and Restrictions on Local Communities

› Economic Impact on Forest-Dependent Communities

› Political Resistance to Forest Policy

• Struggle against caste – Jyotirao Phule, Narayan Guru, Veerasalingam — 4 classes

› Caste in Nineteenth Century India and the Need for Reform

› Jyotirao Phule and the Satyashodhak Samaj

› Narayan Guru and the Movement in Kerala

› Veerasalingam and Social Reform in Andhra

• The Women’s Question — 6 classes

› 2.1 Social reform movements in the 19th and early 20th century

› 8.8 The Women’s Movement

› Women's Condition in the Nineteenth Century

› The Abolition of Sati, 1829

› Widow Remarriage Act 1856 and Female Infanticide Prevention Act 1870

› The Age of Consent Act, 1891 and the Impact of These Laws

• Protest Movements against Colonial Rule — 7 classes

› Deeds, Debts and the Deccan Riots Commission

› The Ryotwari Settlement and the Burden of Debt

› 8.5 Class Based Movements

› 8.7 The Tribal Movements

› The Indigo Uprising, 1859

› The Munda Uprising, 1899-1900

› How the Revolts Changed Colonial Policy

• Swadeshi Movement — 4 classes

› Why Bengal Was Partitioned in 1905

› The Anti-Partition Agitation

› Swadeshi and Boycott: Methods and Spread

› Impact of the Swadeshi Movement

• Foundation of the Muslim League — 3 classes

› Muslim Politics Before 1906

› The Simla Deputation and the Founding of the Muslim League

› Aims and Objectives of the Muslim League

• Agitation against the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh (1919) — 5 classes

› Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad and the Rowlatt Satyagraha

› A Leader Announces Himself

› 1. The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

› The Rowlatt Act: Reasons and Main Terms

› The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, 1919

• The launching of the passive resistance movement by Gandhi: Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922) — 4 classes

› 2. Differing Strands within the Movement

› Non-Cooperation: From Mass Upsurge to Chauri Chaura

› The Khilafat Movement and Hindu-Muslim Unity

› The Programme of Non-Cooperation: Boycotts and Constructive Work

• Lahore session and declaration of 'Poorna Swaraj' as the Congress objective — 4 classes

› Towards the Salt Satyagraha: From Simon Commission to Dandi

› 3.1 Towards Civil Disobedience — The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

› The Nehru Report and the Demand for Dominion Status, 1929

› The Lahore Congress and the Poorna Swaraj Resolution

• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) — 5 classes

› 3.2-3.3 How Participants saw the Movement; The Limits of Civil Disobedience

› The Dandi March and the Salt Satyagraha in Action

› Dialogues: Round Table Conferences to the Cripps Mission

› The Gandhi-Irwin Pact and the Second Round Table Conference

› Resumption of Civil Disobedience and the Poona Pact

• Government of India Act, 1935 — 3 classes

› Main Features of the Government of India Act, 1935

› The Elections of 1937: A Critical Account

› Congress and Non-Congress Ministries

• Main long-term causes: alliance system, imperialism, militarism (arms race), nationalism — 5 classes

› 6 Nationalism and Imperialism

› The Alliance System: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

› Imperialism and Militarism: Colonial Rivalry and the Arms Race

› Nationalism in Europe and the Slide Into War

› Short-Term Causes, 1908 to 1914: Bosnia, Balkan Wars and Sarajevo

• Paris Peace Settlements-Changes in the map of Europe; critical evaluation of the Treaty of Versailles — 5 classes

› The Paris Peace Conference and the Big Three

› The Treaty of Versailles: Main Terms

› The Other Peace Treaties: Saint-Germain, Trianon, Neuilly and Sevres

› Changes in the Map of Europe

› Treaty of Versailles: A Critical Evaluation

• Causes leading to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and its impact on the economy of USA, Germany & Japan — 5 classes

› The Boom of the 1920s in the United States

› Causes of the Wall Street Crash of 1929

› Impact of the Depression on the United States

› Impact of the Depression on Germany

› Impact of the Depression on Japan

• Roosevelt and the New Deal — 3 classes

› Roosevelt and the Aims of the New Deal

› Measures of the New Deal: Relief, Recovery and Reform

› Assessing the New Deal

• The Russian Revolution of 1917 — 5 classes

› Russia Under the Tsar Before 1917

› Causes of the March Revolution

› Results of the March Revolution

› Weaknesses of the Provisional Government

› The November Revolution

• Lenin: reasons for New Economic Policy (NEP) and its impact — 4 classes

› Lenin and the Bolsheviks in Power

› War Communism and Its Failure

› Reasons for the New Economic Policy

› Impact of the New Economic Policy

• Rise of Stalin to power and factors assisting his rise — 3 classes

› Stalin Before Lenin's Death

› The Struggle for Power After Lenin

› Factors That Helped Stalin Rise

• Main features of Stalin’s domestic policy — 5 classes

› Collectivisation of Agriculture

› Industrialisation: The First Five Year Plan

› The Second Five Year Plan and Its Results

› The Purges of 1937-1938

› Stalin's Domestic Policy: An Assessment

• Post-War discontent and the rise to power of Benito Mussolini — 4 classes

› Post-War Discontent in Italy

› Conditions Giving Rise to Fascism

› Mussolini and the Fascist Party: The Election of 1921

› The March on Rome, October 1922

• Main features of Mussolini's domestic policy — 3 classes

› Mussolini Builds a Dictatorship

› Mussolini's Economic Policy: Battles and the Corporate State

› Critical Appraisal of Mussolini's Domestic Policy

• Rise of Hitler to power and factors assisting his rise — 5 classes

› The Weimar Republic and Its Weaknesses

› Hitler and the Nazi Party in the 1920s

› Events of 1932 and the Road to Chancellor in 1933

› Reasons for Hitler's Popularity

› Factors That Helped Hitler Rise to Power

• The Nazi State: from 1933 onwards — 6 classes

› From Chancellor to Dictator: Changes in Government

› Nazi Control of Cultural Life and Education

› The Army and the Night of the Long Knives

› The Nazi Economy

› Religious Life Under the Nazis

› The Campaign Against the Jews up to the Final Solution

• Rise of Militarism in Japan (1919-37) — 4 classes

› Japan After the First World War

› Economic Distress and Political Weakness in the 1920s

› The Military's Growing Power and the Manchurian Incident

› Militarism in the 1930s: Reasons and Results

Political Science

12 chapters · 69 classes

• Introduction to Political Science and State — 7 classes

› 1.1 What Is Politics?

› 1.2 What Do We Study in Political Theory?

› Political Science: Power, Governance and Rajadharma

› Scope of Political Science: what the subject covers

› The state and its four elements: population, territory, government, sovereignty

› Political Science versus politics: how they differ

› State versus nation: meaning and difference

• The Origin of the State — 6 classes

› How states began: why theories of origin matter

› Divine Theory of the state: features and criticism

› Social Contract Theory: the main idea of a state of nature and a contract

› Hobbes' social contract: features

› Locke's social contract: features

› Rousseau's social contract: features

• Political Ideologies — 3 classes

› Liberalism: meaning and features

› Communism: meaning and features

› Liberalism and Communism compared

• Sovereignty — 4 classes

› Sovereignty: meaning and kinds

› Characteristics of sovereignty

› Austin's theory of sovereignty

› The Pluralistic theory of sovereignty

• Law — 3 classes

› Law: meaning and its role in the state

› Sources of law: custom, religion, judicial decisions and legislation

› Kinds of law: public and private, national and international

• Liberty — 8 classes

› 2.1 The Ideal of Freedom

› 2.2 What Is Freedom?

› 2.3 Why Do We Need Constraints?

› 2.4 Harm Principle

› 2.5 Negative and Positive Liberty

› 5.4 Kinds of Rights

› Right to Freedom

› Civil, political and economic liberty compared

• Equality — 6 classes

› 3.1 Why Does Equality Matter?

› 3.2 What Is Equality?

› 3.3 Three Dimensions of Equality

› 3.4 How Can We Promote Equality?

› Right to Equality

› Legal, social, political and economic equality compared

• Justice — 5 classes

› 4.1 What Is Justice?

› 4.2 Just Distribution

› 4.3 John Rawls’ Theory of Justice

› 4.4 Pursuing Social Justice

› Amartya Sen's idea of justice: the capability approach

• Disintegration of the Soviet Union — 5 classes

› What Was the Soviet System?

› Gorbachev, Reform, and the Road to Disintegration

› Why Did the Soviet Union Disintegrate?

› Consequences of Disintegration

› Consequences of Shock Therapy

• Unipolar World — 5 classes

› The end of the Cold War and the unipolar moment

› US unilateralism: the Iraq War

› US unilateralism: Afghanistan and the war on terror

› India-USA relations after 1991: economic and trade ties

› India-USA relations after 1991: defence and strategic cooperation

• Regional Cooperation — 8 classes

› The European Union

› ASEAN: The Association of South East Asian Nations

› Classroom Activity: Fact Files on Regional Organisations

› Peace and Cooperation

› SAARC: aims, working and achievements

› BRICS: aims and economic achievements

› QUAD: aims and strategic role

› Comparing the economic achievements of regional groupings

• South Asia — 9 classes

› Democracy in Bangladesh

› India-Pakistan Conflicts

› India and its Other Neighbours

› Afro-Asian Unity and Peace with China: Panchsheel and Tibet

› The Chinese Invasion of 1962 and Its Aftermath

› Wars and Peace with Pakistan

› The Bangladesh War, 1971

› India-China Relations

› What is South Asia?

Geography

26 chapters · 123 classes

• Geography - its interdisciplinary approach and future prospects (not to be tested) — 5 classes

› Geography: Where Things Are, and Why They Are There

› Why Social Science Is a Family of Disciplines

› Branches of Geography: Systematic and Regional Approaches

› GPS, GIS and Remote Sensing: Tools of Modern Geography

› Applied Geography and Future Prospects

• Theories of formation of the earth — 4 classes

› The Big Bang Theory

› The Nebular Hypothesis

› The Planetesimal Hypothesis

› Comparing the Theories of Earth's Formation

• Methods of measuring age of the earth — 3 classes

› Why the Age of the Earth Matters

› Radioactivity and Half-Life

› Radiometric Dating of Rocks and the Age of the Earth

• Structure and composition of the earth’s interior — 8 classes

› Inside the Earth: Crust, Mantle, Core, Lithosphere and Asthenosphere

› Where Earthquakes and Volcanoes Strike, and India's Risk

› Bhūkampa: Varāhamihira's Account, and What a Volcano Leaves Behind

› Looking Back: Internal and External Forces

› Seismic Waves: P, S and Surface Waves

› Earthquakes: Focus, Epicentre and Measurement

› The Nepal Earthquake: A Case Study

› Vulcanicity and Volcanic Landforms

• Rocks — 8 classes

› 5.1 Minerals and 5.2 Mode of Occurrence of Minerals

› 5.3 Ferrous Minerals and 5.4 Non-Ferrous Minerals

› 5.5 Non-Metallic Minerals, 5.6 Rock Minerals and 5.7 Conservation of Minerals

› Igneous Rocks: Formation and Types

› Sedimentary Rocks: Formation and Types

› Metamorphic Rocks: Formation and Types

› The Rock Cycle

› Rocks and Minerals of India: Distribution

• Endogenous processes - theory of plate tectonics and the process of drifting continents, theory of Isostasy by Pratt and A. Holmes — 7 classes

› The Big Questions, and What Plate Tectonics Says

› Convection Currents, and the Three Kinds of Plate Boundary

› The Map of the Plates, the Ring of Fire, and Why the Theory Matters

› Folding: Types of Folds and Fold Mountains

› Faulting: Faults, Rift Valleys and Block Mountains

› Continental Drift and Sea Floor Spreading

› Isostasy: The Ideas of Pratt and Airy

• Landforms – mountains, plateaus and plains and their types — 4 classes

› Classification of Mountains with World Examples

› Plateaus: Types and World Examples

› Plains: Types and World Examples

› Landforms and Human Life

• Exogenetic process and associated landforms — 5 classes

› Weathering: Three Ways Rock Breaks Down

› Erosion: The Agents That Carry Material Away

› The Five Agents of Gradation, and How Landforms Shaped Civilisations

› Landslides: Natural and Human Causes

› Looking Back: Agents of Gradation and the Disasters They Bring

• Fluvial processes and associated landforms — 5 classes

› Running Water: A River's Three Courses, and the Waterfall

› Meanders: How a River Bends, and Why People Settle There

› Deltas: Fertile Land at a River's Mouth

› Erosion, Transportation and Deposition by Rivers

› River Landforms: Upper, Middle and Lower Course

• Aeolian processes and associated landforms — 5 classes

› The Chamoli Flood, and How Wind Erodes

› Yardangs, Ventifacts, Deflation Hollows and Desert Pavements

› Dunes: Four Shapes the Wind Builds

› Dust Storms

› Loess and Pedestal Rocks

• Glacial processes and associated landforms — 3 classes

› Glaciers: U-Shaped Valleys, Cirques, Fjords and Moraines

› Glacial Lake Outburst Floods

› Continental Glaciers and Valley Glaciers Compared

• Work of ground water and associated landforms — 2 classes

› Karst Topography: Caves, Stalactites, Stalagmites and Sinkholes

› Underground Rivers, Why Karst Matters, and the Turn to Disasters

• Marine processes and associated landforms — 3 classes

› Waves, Currents and the Beach

› Coastal Erosion: Cliffs, Platforms, Caves, Arches and Stacks

› Bays, Bars, Spits and Lagoons

• Composition and structure of atmosphere — 7 classes

› The Big Questions, and What the Atmosphere Does for Us

› What the Atmosphere Is Made Of

› The Layered Structure, and the Troposphere

› Stratosphere, Mesosphere and Thermosphere

› The Exosphere, and Why We Do Not Feel the Air's Weight

› Looking Back: The Atmosphere and Its Layers

› Ozone Layer Depletion: Causes and Effects

• Atmospheric temperature — 5 classes

› Temperature, Insolation and the Earth's Temperature Zones

› Weather and Climate: The Difference

› Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere

› The Heat Budget of the Earth

› Isotherms and Reading Temperature Maps

• Atmospheric Pressure — 5 classes

› Atmospheric Pressure: Why Air Moves

› Wind, Its Speeds, and the Land and Sea Breeze

› Pressure Belts and the Planetary Winds

› Air Masses and Fronts

› Cyclones and Anticyclones

• Atmospheric Moisture — 4 classes

› Humidity and Precipitation

› Explaining the Differences, and the Unity the Monsoon Gives

› Evaporation and Condensation: Forms of Condensation

› Types of Rainfall: Convectional, Orographic and Cyclonic

• Climate change- causes/factors of climatic changes in the recent past — 6 classes

› Climate Change: Causes and Consequences

› Working Out Your Own Carbon Footprint

› The Punjab Floods of 2025: Natural and Human-Made Causes

› What the Floods Did, and the Questions They Raise

› Looking Back: Weather, Climate, Seasons and Change

› Climate Adaptation in India

• Submarine relief of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans — 5 classes

› Submarine Relief of the Atlantic Ocean

› Submarine Relief of the Pacific Ocean

› Submarine Relief of the Indian Ocean

› Sea Floor Deposits and Marine Resources

› Ocean Pollution and Its Control

• Ocean water - salinity, temperature, density — 4 classes

› Salinity of Ocean Water: Causes and Distribution

› Temperature of Ocean Water: Surface and Depth

› Density of Ocean Water and What Affects It

› How Salinity, Temperature and Density Are Linked

• Ocean water movements — 4 classes

› Ocean Waves: Types and Features

› Tides: Causes, Spring Tides and Neap Tides

› Ocean Currents: Causes and Major Currents

› El Nino and La Nina

• Nature of Biosphere, concept of ecosystems, components of ecosystem — 4 classes

› The Biosphere and Its Components

› Ecosystems: Producers, Consumers and Decomposers

› Food Chains and Interaction of Ecosystem Components

› Biodiversity and Why We Must Conserve It

• Biodiversity for sustenance of mankind — 3 classes

› Biodiversity as a Source of Food

› Biodiversity as a Source of Medicine

› Biodiversity and Pollution Control

• India as a mega diversity nation — 4 classes

› Biodiversity and India's Flora and Fauna

› Forest Types: Reserved, Protected and Unclassed

› The Sundarbans and Himalayan Forests

› The Western Ghats and Other Biodiversity Hotspots of India

• Strategies for conservation of biodiversity – in-situ and ex-situ — 5 classes

› Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger

› Community Conservation and Sacred Groves

› In-Situ Conservation: Protected Areas

› Ex-Situ Conservation: Captive Breeding, Zoos and Botanical Gardens

› Gene Banks and Seed Banks

• Map Work — 5 classes

› Marking Mountains and Plateaus on the Map of the World

› Marking Rivers and Water Bodies on the Map

› Marking Ocean Currents on the Map

› Marking Islands on the Map

› Map Practice from the Prescribed List

Sociology

12 chapters · 68 classes

• Emergence of Sociology and Anthropology as Disciplines — 6 classes

› Sociology and Society: The Sociological Imagination

› Pluralities, Inequalities and the Distinctiveness of Sociology

› The Intellectual and Material Origins of Sociology

› Why Europe, and the Growth of Sociology in India

› The Scope of Sociology: Links with Economics and Political Science

› Sociology's Links with History, Psychology and Social Anthropology

• Classical Thinkers and Theories — 8 classes

› The Context of Sociology: Enlightenment, French Revolution, Industrial Revolution

› Karl Marx: Alienation, Mode of Production and Class Struggle

› Emile Durkheim: Social Facts and Sociology's Vision as a Science

› Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity (Division of Labour in Society)

› Max Weber: Interpretive Sociology, Value Neutrality, Ideal Types and Bureaucracy

› Cooperation and Division of Labour: Durkheim and Marx

› Auguste Comte: Positivism and the Law of Three Stages

› Herbert Spencer: Social Evolution and the Organic Analogy

• Sociology and other Social Sciences — 6 classes

› Psychology, Other Disciplines, and Everyday Life

› Sociology and Political Science: Power, State and Society

› Sociology and Economics: Markets, Work and Society

› Sociology and Social Anthropology

› Sociology and History: Understanding Social Change

› Sociology and Philosophy: Ideas About Society and Knowledge

• Research Methodology — 8 classes

› Why Method Matters: Objectivity, Reflexivity and Choosing a Method

› Participant Observation and Field Work in Social Anthropology

› Field Work in Sociology: From Street Corner Society to Indian Village Studies

› The Survey Method: Sampling, Stratification and Randomisation

› The Interview as a Research Method

› Primary Sources of Data: Observation, Interview, Questionnaire and Schedule

› What Social Research Is and the Steps of a Research Process

› Documentary Research: Using Records, Letters and Reports as Data

• Individual and Society — 4 classes

› Rural vs Urban Settlements and the Four Types of Rural Settlement

› 2.6 Rural-Urban Differences

› What Is Society? Definition and Meaning

› Characteristics of Society: Likeness, Difference, Interdependence and Cooperation

• Socialization – Man as a Social Animal — 5 classes

› Man as a Social Animal: Why Humans Need Society

› Agencies of Socialization: Family, Peer Group, School and Media

› Heredity and Environment: Natural Selection and Social Selection

› Nature versus Nurture

› Feral Children: Evidence from Cases of Isolation

• Culture — 5 classes

› Defining Culture: From Everyday Talk to a Sociological Concept

› The Three Dimensions of Culture, Identity and Cultural Change

› Attributes of Culture: Learned, Shared and Cumulative

› Norms, Folkways, Mores, Customs and Values

› Material and Non-Material Culture, Culture Lag and Culture Conflict

• Social groups — 5 classes

› Understanding Social Groups: Why Sociology Needs Concepts

› Nature and Formation of Groups

› Type of Groups and Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour

› Organized and Unorganized Groups: Crowds, Audiences and Associations

› Reference Groups, In-Groups and Out-Groups

• Status and Role — 4 classes

› Status and Role in Society

› Ascribed and Achieved Status

› Role Conflict and Role Stereotypes

› Cooley Looking Glass Self

• Social processes — 4 classes

› Competition as an Idea and Practice

› Conflict and Cooperation: When Harmony Conceals Inequality

› Two Ways of Understanding Social Processes: Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives

› Co-operation, Competition and Conflict Compared in Everyday Life

• Social Problems — 7 classes

› 2.2 Size and Growth of India’s Population

› 2.7 Population Policy in India

› Demographic Transition Theory and Population Control

› Child Labour: Causes, Effects and Remedies

› Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Prevention

› Problems of the Aged

› Problems of the Differently Abled and Social Attitudes

• Indian Sociologists — 6 classes

› The Pioneers of Indian Sociology: Ananthakrishna Iyer and Sarat Chandra Roy

› G.S. Ghurye: Caste and Race in India

› M.N. Srinivas: The Village as a Unit of Social Analysis

› Radha Kamal Mukerjee: Social Ecology and Values

› N.K. Bose: Tribal Society and the Hindu Method of Absorption

› Irawati Karve: Kinship, Caste and Culture Studies

Psychology

23 chapters · 124 classes

• Definition of Psychology; schools of thought - Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviourism, Psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology, Psychology and other disciplines — 5 classes

› What is Psychology? Meaning and Definition

› Psychology as a Discipline: Natural Science and Social Science

› Understanding Mind and Behaviour; Psychology vs Common Sense

› The Evolution of Psychology: Schools of Thought

› Psychology, Other Disciplines, and Everyday Life

• Fields of Psychology – clinical, counselling, developmental, educational, organizational and social — 5 classes

› Development of Psychology in India and Its Major Branches

› Aims and Importance of Studying Psychology

› Clinical and Counselling Psychology in Practice

› Developmental and Educational Psychology in Practice

› Organisational and Social Psychology in Practice

• Heredity and Environment — 7 classes

› Meaning of Development, Life-Span Perspective, and Heredity-Environment Interaction

› Individual Differences in Intelligence

› Prenatal Development and Infancy

› Chromosomes and Genes: The Units of Heredity

› Heredity-Related Diseases and Genetic Disorders

› Twin Studies: Separating the Effects of Heredity and Environment

› How the Environment Shapes Development

• Scientific Methods in Psychology - observation, case study, surveys, experimentation – steps. Psychological tests and their uses, ethical issues — 7 classes

› Goals of Psychological Enquiry and Steps in Scientific Research

› Alternative Research Paradigms and the Nature of Psychological Data

› The Observational and Experimental Methods

› Correlational Research and Survey Research

› Psychological Testing and the Case Study Method

› Analysing Data, Limitations, and Ethics in Psychological Enquiry

› Population and Sample: How Participants Are Chosen

• Interpretation of research results – use of statistics in interpretation of data — 9 classes

› Processing Data: Grouping, Tally Marks and Frequency Distribution

› Frequency Polygon and Ogive: Visualising Frequency Distributions

› Measures of Central Tendency: An Overview, and Computing Mean from Ungrouped Data

› Computing Mean from Grouped Data

› Median: Ungrouped and Grouped Data

› Mode: Definition and Worked Examples

› Comparing Mean, Median and Mode: The Normal Curve and Skewness

› Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

› Measures of Dispersion: Range and Standard Deviation

• Nature of attention - its inner and outer determinants — 5 classes

› Attention: Types, Theories, and Practical Implications

› Nature of Attention: Selectivity and Focus

› Inner Determinants of Attention: Interest, Motives and Mental Set

› Outer Determinants of Attention: Size, Intensity, Contrast and Movement

› Span of Attention, Distraction and Shifting of Attention

• Perceptual processes - difference between sensation and perception — 6 classes

› Sensation: Sense Organs, Sense Modalities, and Thresholds

› Perception: Processing Approaches and the Role of the Perceiver

› Principles of Perceptual Organisation and Depth Perception

› Perceptual Constancies, Illusions, and Socio-Cultural Influences on Perception

› Sensation and Perception: How They Differ

› Colour Perception: Hue, Brightness and Saturation

• Errors in perception - illusions of size and shape — 6 classes

› What Is an Illusion? Why Perception Goes Wrong

› The Muller-Lyer Illusion of Line Length

› The Height-Width Illusion

› The Ponzo Illusion and Depth Cues

› The Zoellner and Poggendorf Illusions of Direction

› Illusions of Size and Shape in Daily Life: Review

• What is meant by emotion, the basic emotions — 4 classes

› Nature and Expression of Emotions

› Culture, Emotional Labeling, and Managing Negative Emotions

› The Physiological Basis of Emotion: Brain and Body Responses

› Primary Emotions and How They Combine

• Theories of emotion dealing with physiological, subjective and cognitive aspects — 4 classes

› The James-Lange Theory: Body Changes Come First

› The Cannon-Bard Theory: Body and Feeling at the Same Time

› The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

› Comparing the Three Theories of Emotion

• What is meant by motives, needs and instincts — 4 classes

› Nature of Motivation and Biological Motives

› Psychosocial Motives and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

› Motives, Needs and Drives: Understanding the Terms

› Instincts and the Instinct View of Behaviour

• Theories of Motivation — 5 classes

› Push and Pull Theories of Motivation

› Optimum Arousal Theory of Motivation

› Expectancy Theory of Motivation

› Maslow's Needs Hierarchy as a Theory of Motivation

› Comparing the Theories of Motivation

• Social motives — 5 classes

› Social Motives and How They Are Learned

› The Achievement Motive

› The Power Motive

› Aggression as a Social Motive

› Understanding and Controlling Aggression

• Frustration - blocking of motives; conflict among motives — 6 classes

› Frustration: Causes and Reactions to Blocked Motives

› Conflict Among Motives: An Overview

› Approach-Approach Conflict

› Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

› Approach-Avoidance and Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

› Coping with Frustration and Conflict

• What is meant by learning; how learning takes place - Classical and Operant Conditioning; Insight learning, Observational Learning and Learning Styles — 8 classes

› Nature of Learning and Classical Conditioning

› Determinants of Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

› Key Learning Processes: Reinforcement, Extinction, Generalisation, and Learned Helplessness

› Observational Learning and Cognitive Learning

› Factors Facilitating Learning and Learning Disabilities

› Thorndike's Trial and Error Learning and the Law of Effect

› Insight Learning: Kohler's Experiments with Chimpanzees

› Learning Styles: Auditory, Visual and Kinesthetic

• Learning disabilities: definition and types — 6 classes

› Learning Disabilities: Meaning and Identification

› Dyslexia: Difficulty with Reading

› Dyscalculia: Difficulty with Numbers

› Dysgraphia: Difficulty with Writing

› Dyspraxia: Difficulty with Movement and Coordination

› Supporting Pupils with Learning Disabilities

• The memory system - how it works - different models — 5 classes

› Nature of Memory: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, and the Stage Model

› Memory Systems: Sensory, Short-term (Working Memory), and Long-term Memory

› Questioning the Stage Model and the Levels of Processing View

› Types of Long-term Memory: Declarative/Procedural and Episodic/Semantic

› The Parallel Distributed Processing Model of Memory

• Why and how forgetting occurs — 6 classes

› The Nature and Causes of Forgetting

› Enhancing Memory: Mnemonics and Study Strategies

› Trace Decay and Interference as Causes of Forgetting

› Retrieval Failure and Motivated Forgetting

› Amnesia: Retrograde and Anterograde

› Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia

• How memory can be improved — 4 classes

› Attention and Organisation as Aids to Memory

› Imagery and the Method of Loci

› Mnemonic Devices: Acronyms, Rhymes and Chunking

› Building Memory-Friendly Study Habits

• What is meant by thinking — 3 classes

› Nature of Thinking: Mental Images and Concepts

› Elements of Thought: Images, Concepts, Symbols and Language

› Kinds of Thinking: Concrete, Abstract, Critical and Creative

• Concepts and how they are formed — 4 classes

› What Concepts Are and Why We Need Them

› How Concepts Are Formed: Abstraction and Generalisation

› Prototypes, Categories and Hierarchies of Concepts

› Strategies for Attaining a Concept

• Reasoning - how it is carried out; common errors in reasoning, how reasoning can be made more effective. Decision making and problem solving - heuristics and algorithms — 5 classes

› Problem Solving: Mental Operations and Obstacles

› Reasoning and Decision-Making

› Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Compared

› Common Errors in Reasoning and Making Reasoning More Effective

› Heuristics and Algorithms in Problem Solving

• Creative thinking - what is meant by convergent and divergent thinking; stages in creative thinking, how creativity can be fostered — 5 classes

› The Nature and Process of Creative Thinking

› Creativity, Key Terms, Summary and Review Questions

› Convergent and Divergent Thinking

› Preparation, Incubation, Illumination and Verification: One Example Followed Through

› Fostering Creativity in Everyday Life and in School

Economics

18 chapters · 168 classes

• Definition of Economics: Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins, Samuelson — 11 classes

› 1. Why Economics?

› 1.2 Central Problems of an Economy

› Needs and Wants, and Why Wants Never Stop

› Choices and Limited Resources: Alternative Uses and Opportunity Cost

› What Economics Deals With

› 2. Statistics in Economics

› What the Chapter Has Shown: Scarcity, Choice and the Three Questions

› Adam Smith's Wealth Definition and Its Criticisms

› Marshall's Welfare Definition and Its Criticisms

› Robbins' Scarcity Definition and Its Criticisms

› Samuelson's Growth Definition and a Comparison of the Four Definitions

• Micro and Macro Economics – Meaning and Difference. Basic concepts: utility, price, value, wealth, welfare, money, market, capital, investment, income, production, consumption, saving, Business cycle, — 10 classes

› 1.5 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

› 2.1 Some Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics

› 2.1 Utility

› 2.5 GDP and Welfare

› Wealth, Welfare and Value Compared

› Money, Price and Market

› Production, Consumption and Saving

› Capital, Investment and Income

› The Business Cycle: Boom, Recession, Depression and Recovery

• Basic problems of an economy: what to produce; how to produce; for whom to produce; efficient use of resources — 9 classes

› 1.1 A Simple Economy

› 1.2 Central Problems of an Economy

› 1.3 Organisation of Economic Activities

› The Production Possibility Curve: Reading the Farmer's Table

› The Three Key Questions, and What to Produce

› For Whom to Produce: Four Kinds of Shoe

› How to Produce: Labour-Intensive or Capital-Intensive

› Efficient Use of Resources: Productive and Allocative Efficiency

› Shifts in the Production Possibility Curve

• Types of economies: developed and developing; Economic systems: capitalism, socialism and mixed economy; mechanism used to solve the basic problems faced by each economy — 14 classes

› What an Economic System Is

› The Planned Economy

› The Market Economy

› The Mixed Economy

› 1.3.1 The Centrally Planned Economy

› 1.3.2 The Market Economy

› 8.1-8.2 Why Compare Neighbours: A Common Starting Line, and China Before the Reforms

› 2.1 Introduction: planned development and economic systems

› 1.4 Positive and Normative Economics

› Developed and Developing Economies: Features and Differences

› Capitalism: Features, Merits and Demerits

› Socialism: Features, Merits and Demerits

› The Price Mechanism: How Demand and Supply Solve the Basic Problems

› Regional and Global Groupings: SAARC, ASEAN, European Union and BRICS

• Introduction — 10 classes

› 3.1 Introduction and 3.2 Background to the economic reforms of 1991

› 3.3 Liberalisation: deregulation, financial, tax, foreign exchange and trade reforms

› 3.4 Privatisation

› 3.5 Globalisation: outsourcing and the World Trade Organisation

› 3.6 Indian economy during reforms: an assessment of growth and sectors

› 3.6 Indian economy during reforms: reforms in agriculture, industry, disinvestment and fiscal policy

› 3.7 Conclusion

› Foreign Trade and Integration of Markets

› Liberalisation of Trade and Investment Policy

› Impact of Globalisation in India

• Parameters of Development — 8 classes

› How to Compare Different Countries or States?

› Income and Other Criteria, Public Facilities

› 4.4 Human capital and human development, and 4.5 State of human capital formation in India

› 8.5 Indicators of development

› 8.5-8.6 Reading Human Development, Liberty Indicators and Why Reforms Worked in China but Failed in Pakistan

› Per Capita Income: Meaning, Calculation and Limitations

› The Human Development Index: Its Three Dimensions and Computation

› Comparing HDI Across India, Its Neighbours and the World

• Planning and Economic Development in India — 10 classes

› 2.2 The goals of Five Year Plans: growth, modernisation, self-reliance and equity

› 2.3 Agriculture: land reforms

› 2.3 Agriculture: the Green Revolution and the debate over subsidies

› 2.4 Industry and trade: public and private sectors, industrial policy

› 2.5 Trade policy: import substitution, and the effect of policies on industrial development

› 2.6 Conclusion and chapter exercises

› 2.1-2.2 Planning, the Planning Commission and the Goals of the Five Year Plans

› 2.6 Conclusion: The Balance Sheet of 1950-1990 and the Road to 1991

› NITI Aayog: Objectives, Structure and Role

› From the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog: A Comparison

• Structural Changes in the Indian Economy after liberalization — 7 classes

› 3.1-3.2 Introduction and the Background to the 1991 Crisis

› 3.2-3.3 The New Economic Policy and Liberalisation: Industry, Finance, Tax and Foreign Exchange

› 3.3-3.4 Trade Policy Reforms, Privatisation, Disinvestment and the Navratnas

› 3.4-3.5 Globalisation, Outsourcing and the World Trade Organisation

› 3.5-3.6 The WTO Debate and the Growth Record of the Reform Decades

› 3.6 Reforms and Agriculture, Industry, Disinvestment and Fiscal Policy

› 3.7 Conclusion: Globalisation as Opportunity or Threat

• Current challenges facing the Indian Economy — 14 classes

› 4.1 Introduction and 4.2 What is human capital?

› 4.3 Sources of human capital: education, health, training, migration and information

› 4.3 Human capital and economic growth; education policy

› 4.6 Education sector in India

› 4.7 Future prospects and 4.8 Conclusion

› 5.1 Introduction and 5.2 What is rural development?

› 4.3 Human Capital and Economic Growth: Evidence, Causality and the Knowledge Economy

› 4.4-4.5 Human Capital and Human Development; Why the Government Must Step In

› 5.1-5.3 Rural Development: Meaning, Scope and the Case for Rural Credit

› Poverty: Meaning, the Poverty Line and Measurement

› Causes of Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programmes

› Unemployment: Meaning and Types

› Causes of Unemployment and Policy Remedies

› Rural Development: Agricultural Marketing and Diversification

• Economic Growth and Development — 5 classes

› Meaning of Economic Growth and How It Is Measured

› Meaning of Economic Development

› Growth versus Development: The Key Differences

› Factors That Promote Growth and Development

› Growth without Development: Examples from Real Economies

• Sustainable Development — 13 classes

› 7.1 Introduction and 7.2 Environment: definition and functions

› 7.2 The environmental crisis: absorptive capacity, global warming and ozone depletion

› 7.3 State of India's environment: land, water and forests

› 7.3 State of India's environment (continued): forest land, soil erosion and pollution

› 7.4 Sustainable development, and the start of strategies

› 7.5 Strategies for sustainable development: energy sources

› 7.5 Strategies for sustainable development: traditional knowledge, biocomposting, biopest control, and 7.6 Conclusion

› 7.2 Is the Crisis New? Ozone Depletion and the Reversal of Supply and Demand

› 5.6 Sustainable development and organic farming, and 5.7 Conclusion

› 7.2 The Price of Degraded Environment: Resource Costs, Health Costs and Global Warming

› 7.3-7.4 Why Sustainable Development: Definitions from UNCED, Brundtland and Barbier

› 7.4 Intergenerational Equity, Daly's Conditions and the Sustainable Development Goals

› 7.5 Strategies for Sustainable Development: Cleaner Energy and Traditional Knowledge

• Statistics: definition, scope and limitations of statistics — 5 classes

› 3. What Is Statistics?

› 4. What Statistics Does?

› 5. Conclusion

› Scope of Statistics in Economics and Other Fields

› Limitations of Statistics and Its Misuse

• Collection, organization and presentation of data — 13 classes

› 1. Introduction

› 2. What Are the Sources of Data?

› 3. How Do We Collect the Data?

› 4. Census and Sample Surveys

› 5. Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors

› 6. Census of India and Nsso

› 7. Conclusion

› 1. Introduction

› 2. Textual Presentation of Data

› 3. Tabular Presentation of Data

› 4. Tabulation of Data and Parts

› 5. Diagrammatic Presentation of Data

› 6. Conclusion

• Measures of Central Value — 8 classes

› 1. Introduction

› 2. Arithmetic Mean

› 3. Median

› Calculating the Mean by the Assumed-Mean and Step-Deviation Methods

› Mode for Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series

› The Relationship Between Mean, Median and Mode

› Weighted Mean and Combined Mean

› Numerical Practice: Choosing the Right Average

• Measures of dispersion — 6 classes

› Why Measure Dispersion? Absolute and Relative Measures

› Range and Coefficient of Range

› Quartile Deviation and Its Coefficient

› Mean Deviation about Mean and Median

› Standard Deviation: Direct and Shortcut Methods

› Coefficient of Variation and Comparing Consistency

• Correlation — 8 classes

› 1. Introduction

› 2. Types of Relationship

› Techniques for Measuring Correlation

› 4. Conclusion

› Scatter Diagrams: Reading Positive, Negative and Zero Correlation

› Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation

› Spearman's Rank Correlation, Including Tied Ranks

› Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient and Its Limits

• Index numbers — 13 classes

› 1. Introduction

› 2. What Is an Index Number

› 3. Construction of an Index Number

› 4. Some Important Index Numbers

› 5. Issues in the Construction of an

› 6. Index Number in Economics

› 7. Conclusion

› Simple Index Numbers: Aggregative and Price Relative Methods

› Weighted Index Numbers: Laspeyres' Method

› Paasche's Method and Fisher's Ideal Index

› Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

› Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Cost of Living

› Index of Industrial Production (IIP)

• Some Mathematical Tools used in Economics — 4 classes

› The Equation of a Straight Line: y = mx + c

› Slope of a Straight Line and Its Meaning

› Plotting Straight Lines from Equations

› Linear Demand, Supply and Cost Equations in Economics

Business Studies

20 chapters · 128 classes

• Meaning and features of business — 3 classes

› What Is a Business? Meaning and Purpose

› Features of Business: Exchange, Profit Motive, Risk and Continuity

› Business, Profession and Employment Compared

• Business objectives: Economic and social; Role of Profit in business (brief understanding) — 8 classes

› 1.4 Objectives of Business

› 1.5 Classification of Objectives of Business

› 6.2 Concept of Social Responsibility

› 6.4 Kinds of Social Responsibility

› Factors Affecting Business: Economic, Social and Political

› Economic Objectives of Business: Profit, Growth and Innovation

› Social Objectives of Business

› The Role of Profit in Business

• Classification of business activities — 8 classes

› 1.3 Classification of Business Activities

› 1.3.1 Industry

› 1.3.2 Commerce

› 1.3.3 Trade and Auxiliaries to Trade

› Industry: Concept, Characteristics, Types and Nature

› Commerce and Trade

› Components of Business: Industry, Commerce and Trade

› Industry by Size: Small, Medium and Large Enterprises

• Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility (meaning only) — 7 classes

› 6.1 Introduction

› 6.7 Business Ethics

› 6.7.1 Concept of Business Ethics

› 6.7.2 Elements of Business Ethics

› 6.3.1 Arguments for Social Responsibility

› 6.3.2 Arguments against Social Responsibility

› Business Ethics and Social Responsibility: Meaning in Brief

• Forms of business organisations — 10 classes

› 2.7 Choice of Form of Business Organisation

› 3.1 Introduction

› 3.2 Private Sector and Public Sector

› 3.3 Forms of Organising Public Sector Enterprises

› 3.4 Changing Role of Public Sector

› 3.7 Public Private Partnership (PPP)

› 2.1 Introduction

› 3.6 Joint Ventures

› Forms of Enterprise and Sole Proprietorship

› Comparing Private, Public and Joint Sector Organisations

• Types of Business Organisations under the Private Sector: Sole Proprietorship — 3 classes

› 2.2 Sole Proprietorship

› Sole Proprietorship

› Merits and Demerits of Sole Proprietorship

• Partnership — 7 classes

› 2.4 Partnership

› 2.4.1 Types of Partners

› 2.4.2 Types of Partnerships

› 2.4.3 Partnership Deed

› 2.4.4 Registration

› Partnership: Meaning, Features and Partnership Deed

› Types of Partners and Partnerships; Choosing Between the Forms

• Corporate Organisations — 15 classes

› Joint Stock Company: Meaning and Features

› Private Company: Meaning and Features

› Public Company: Meaning and Features

› Private and Public Company Compared

› 7.1 Introduction

› 7.2 Formation of a Company

› 7.2.1 Promotion of a Company

› 7.2.2 Incorporation

› 7.2.3 Capital Subscription

› 3.5 Global Enterprises

› 2.6 Joint Stock Company

› Joint Stock Company — Legal Formalities for Incorporation

› Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association

› The Prospectus: Purpose and Contents

› Certificate of Commencement of Business

• Co-operative organisations — 5 classes

› 2.5 Cooperative Society

› 2.5.1 Types of Cooperative Societies

› Features of a Co-operative Society

› Merits and Demerits of Co-operative Societies

› Multi-State Co-operative Societies

• e-Business — 11 classes

› 5.2 e-Business

› 5.2.1 Scope of e-Business

› 5.3 Benefits of e-Business

› 5.4 Limitations of e-Business

› 5.5 Online Transactions

› 5.6 Security and Safety of e-Transactions: e-Business Risks

› 5.7 Resources Required for Successful e-business Implementation

› 5.1 Introduction

› Money Collection: How Payment Is Taken Across Different Kinds of Sales

› Blockchain and Its Use in e-Business

› Payment Mechanisms in e-Business

• e-Commerce — 3 classes

› What Q-Commerce Is and How Quick Delivery Works

› Artificial Intelligence in e-Commerce

› Advantages and Challenges of e-Commerce Platforms

• e-Banking — 5 classes

› Electronic Fund Transfers: RTGS and NEFT

› Instant Payments: IMPS and UPI

› e-Wallets and Mobile Banking

› Debit Cards and Credit Cards Compared

› The Demand Draft as a Banking Instrument

• Wholesale trade — 4 classes

› 10.3 Wholesale Trade

› 10.3.1 Services to Manufacturers

› 10.3.2 Services to Retailers

› Meaning and Features of Wholesale Trade

• Retail trade — 12 classes

› 10.4 Retail Trade

› 10.4.1 Services to Manufacturers and Wholesalers

› 10.4.2 Services to Consumers

› 10.5 Types of Retailing Trade

› 10.5.1 Itinerant Retailers

› 10.5.2 Fixed Shop Retailers

› Retail Trade and the Departmental Store

› Multiple Shops (Chain Stores)

› Non-Store Retailing: Mail Order Business and Tele-Shopping

› Automated Vending Machines and Selling Through the Internet

› Features of Retail Trade

› Digital and Omnichannel Retailing

• Risks in business — 5 classes

› 1.6 Business Risk

› 1.6.1 Nature of Business Risks

› 1.6.2 Cause of Business Risks

› The Concept of Risk Taking: Internal and External Risks

› Insurable and Non-Insurable Business Risks

• Insurance — 5 classes

› 4.5 Insurance

› 4.5.1 Fundamental principle of Insurance

› 4.5.2 Functions of Insurance

› Banking and Insurance

› Meaning and Features of Insurance

• Principles of insurance — 5 classes

› 4.5.3 Principles of Insurance

› 4.5.4 Types of Insurance

› Utmost Good Faith and Insurable Interest

› Indemnity, Contribution and Subrogation

› Causa Proxima: The Nearest Cause

• Concept of re-insurance and double insurance — 2 classes

› Re-Insurance: Meaning and Why Insurers Use It

› Double Insurance: Meaning and Its Effect on Claims

• Concept of assurance; Comparison between assurance and insurance — 2 classes

› Assurance: Meaning and How It Works

› Assurance and Insurance Compared

• Types of insurance — 8 classes

› 4.6 Communication Services

› Life Insurance

› Health Insurance

› Fire Insurance

› Marine Insurance

› Motor Insurance

› Social Insurance

› Fidelity Insurance

Accountancy

31 chapters · 162 classes

• A brief history of Accounting — 3 classes

› The Story of Accounting: From Early Records to Double Entry

› Accounting in India and the Modern Profession

› How Accounting Grew with Trade, Companies and Technology

• Basic Terms — 4 classes

› 1.5 Basic Terms in Accounting

› Business Entity, Assets, Liabilities, Capital and Dual Aspect

› The Accounting Equation and the Effect of Transactions

› Vouchers and Supporting Documents

• Meaning and definition of Book-keeping, Accounting and Accountancy — 6 classes

› Book Keeping: Meaning, Need, Objectives and Advantages

› Introduction to Book Keeping and Accounting

› Accounting: Meaning, Objectives, Advantages and Users

› 1.1 Meaning of Accounting

› 1.2 Accounting as a Source of Information

› Book-keeping and Accounting Compared, and the Accounting Cycle

• Stakeholders of accounting information — 1 class

› Stakeholders and Their Information Needs

• Specialised fields of accounting — 3 classes

› Financial Accounting: Purpose and Scope

› Cost Accounting: Tracking the Cost of Producing Goods

› Management Accounting and How the Three Fields Differ

• GAAP — 5 classes

› 2.1 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

› 2.2 Basic Accounting Concepts - I

› 2.2 Basic Accounting Concepts - II

› Business Entity, Dual Aspect and the Accounting Equation

› Need for Adjustments

• Basis of accounting — 2 classes

› 2.3 Systems and Basis of Accounting

› Cash Basis and Accrual Basis Compared with Examples

• Accounting Standards — 2 classes

› 2.5 Accounting Standards and GST

› What Accounting Standards Are and Why Businesses Follow Them

• IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) — 2 classes

› What IFRS Are and Why the World Wants One Language of Accounts

› IFRS and Indian Accounting Standards: A Short Comparison

• Accounting equation — 3 classes

› 3.2 Accounting Equation

› Solving Accounting Equation Problems: Assets, Liabilities and Capital

› Usefulness of the Accounting Equation and Practice Sums

• Journal — 9 classes

› Journal and Subsidiary Books

› Need for Journal and Journal Entries

› Journal Proper

› 3.4 Journal

› Marshalling of Assets and Liabilities, and the Opening Entry

› Classification of Accounts: Personal, Real and Nominal

› Rules of Debit and Credit and Double Entry in Practice

› Simple and Compound Journal Entries

› GST in Journal Entries: Input and Output Tax

• Ledger — 9 classes

› Ledger: Meaning, Importance and Form

› Ledger, Posting and Balancing of Accounts

› Posting from Journal to Ledger

› Balancing of Ledger Accounts

› 3.5 The Ledger

› 3.6 Posting from Journal to Ledger

› Balancing Ledger Accounts

› Closing Entries for the Trading and Profit and Loss Account

› Closing Stock as an Adjustment

• Sub-division of journal — 12 classes

› Subsidiary Books I: Purchase, Sales and Return Books

› Subsidiary Books II: Cash Book Overview and Journal Proper

› 4.1 Cash Book: Single Column

› 4.1 Double Column Cash Book

› 4.1 Petty Cash Book

› Balancing the Cash Book

› Purchases Book and Purchases Return Book

› Sales Book and Sales Return Book

› Necessity of the Cash Book and the Simple Cash Book

› Cash Book and Petty Cash Book

› Double Column Cash Book: Cash and Discount Columns

› Petty Cash Book on the Imprest System

• Trial Balance — 6 classes

› Meaning and Objectives of a Trial Balance

› Preparing a Trial Balance: Three Methods

› Why a Tallied Trial Balance Isn't Proof: Classifying Errors

› Trial Balance: Meaning, Objectives, Features, Format and What It Proves

› Preparing a Trial Balance by the Balance Method

› Trial Balance by the Balance Method

• Bank Reconciliation Statement — 10 classes

› Cash Book, Pass Book and Why They Differ

› Reasons for Difference and Their Effect on Each Balance

› Preparing the BRS Starting from the Cash Book Balance

› Preparing the BRS Starting from the Pass Book Balance, Overdraft and Mixed Problems

› 5.1 Need for Reconciliation

› 5.1 Timing Differences

› 5.1 Differences Caused by Errors

› Preparing the BRS: Rules and a Worked Example

› BRS Practice: Overdrafts and Error Adjustments

› The Amended Cash Book: Correcting the Books Before Reconciling

• Depreciation — 14 classes

› Depreciation: Meaning, Causes and Need

› Straight Line Method

› Diminishing Balance (Written Down Value) Method

› Fixed Asset Accounting: Journal Entries, Asset Account and Comparing the Two Methods

› Depreciation: Meaning and Related Terms

› Causes and Need for Depreciation

› Factors Affecting the Amount of Depreciation

› The Straight Line and Written Down Value Methods

› Straight Line vs Written Down Value: A Comparative Analysis

› Recording Depreciation: Two Methods, With Worked Examples

› More Practice: Recording Depreciation with a Provision for Depreciation Account

› Disposal of an Asset: The Asset Disposal Account

› Practice: More Asset Disposal Problems

› Additions to an Existing Asset

• Bills of Exchange — 6 classes

› Bills of Exchange: Nature, Parties and Terms

› Maturity Date, Grace Days and Journal Entries When the Bill Is Retained

› Discounting a Bill and Endorsing a Bill

› Bills in the Books of Drawer and Drawee: Mixed Problems

› Negotiable Instruments: Promissory Notes, Bills and Cheques

› Ledger Accounts for Bills Receivable and Bills Payable, and Dishonour of a Bill

• Capital and Revenue Expenditure/Income — 4 classes

› Capital and Revenue Expenditure

› Capital and Revenue Receipts

› Deferred Revenue Expenditure and Classification Practice

› Capital vs Revenue: Expenditure and Receipts

• Provisions and Reserves — 3 classes

› Provisions

› Reserves: Meaning, Types, and Reserve vs Provision

› Revenue vs Capital Reserves, and the Secret Reserve

• Trading, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of a sole trader, (Horizontal Format) without adjustments — 10 classes

› Financial Statements and the Trading Account

› The Profit and Loss Account

› The Balance Sheet

› Closing Stock and Gross Profit / Net Profit Calculations

› Preparing Final Accounts from a Trial Balance: Full Worked Problems

› The Trading Account: Relevant Items

› Gross Profit and Net Profit

› Cost of Goods Sold and Closing Stock

› The Balance Sheet: Preparation and Relevant Items

› Financial Statements: Purpose and Overview

• Preparation of Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet with necessary adjustments — 10 classes

› Outstanding and Prepaid Expenses

› Accrued Income and Income Received in Advance

› Depreciation as an Adjustment

› Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts

› Provision for Discount on Debtors

› Manager's Commission

› Interest on Capital and Interest on Drawings

› Practice: A Full Adjusted Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet

› Practice: More Adjustments Combined

› Practice: Manager's Commission and Interest Together

• Marshalling of a Balance Sheet — 3 classes

› Marshalling the Balance Sheet: Order of Liquidity

› Marshalling the Balance Sheet: Order of Permanence

› Practice: Arranging a Balance Sheet in Both Orders

• Adjusting, closing and transfer entries — 3 classes

› Adjusting Entries at the Close of the Year

› Closing Entries for Nominal Accounts

› Transfer Entries to Capital Account and Practice

• Types of Errors — 4 classes

› Rectifying Errors That Don't Affect the Trial Balance

› Errors of Omission and Errors of Commission

› Errors of Principle and Compensating Errors

› Classifying Errors: Which Ones the Trial Balance Reveals

• Rectification of errors after the preparation of trial balance and through suspense account if required — 2 classes

› The Suspense Account: Rectifying Errors That Do Affect the Trial Balance

› Practice: Full Rectification Problems, With and Without a Suspense Account

• Rectification of errors after the preparation of Final Accounts through P/L Adjustment A/c if required — 3 classes

› Why Errors Found After Final Accounts Need a Different Method

› The Profit and Loss Adjustment Account Explained

› Practice: Rectification Through the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account

• Preparation of Suspense Account — 3 classes

› Why a Suspense Account Is Opened and How the Difference Arises

› Preparing the Suspense Account Step by Step

› Practice: Closing the Suspense Account After Rectification

• Introduction to Not-for-profit-Organisation — 5 classes

› What a Not-for-profit Organisation Is: Meaning and Objectives

› Why Clubs, Societies and Trusts Need Their Own Accounts

› Special Items: Subscriptions, Donations and Legacies

› Special Items: Entrance Fees, Life Membership and Special Funds

› Special Items: Sale of Old Assets, Stock of Stationery and Sports Material

• Different accounting books maintained and differences among them — 5 classes

› Books a Not-for-profit Organisation Keeps

› The Receipts and Payments Account

› The Income and Expenditure Account

› Receipts and Payments Account Compared with Income and Expenditure Account

› The Balance Sheet of a Not-for-profit Organisation

• Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account and Closing Balance Sheet — 4 classes

› From Receipts and Payments Account to Income and Expenditure Account: Method

› Preparing Income and Expenditure Account: Worked Problem

› Preparing the Closing Balance Sheet of a Club

› Practice: Complete Final Accounts of a Society with Adjustments

• Computerised Accounting System (CAS) — 6 classes

› Understanding the Computerised Accounting System

› Salient Features of a Computerised Accounting System

› Grouping and Coding of Accounts

› Using CAS Software: Security Features, Advantages and Limitations

› Accounting Information System: Meaning and Core Sub-systems

› Accounting Information System: Remaining Sub-systems and MIS

Entrepreneurship

20 chapters · 102 classes

• Entrepreneur — 6 classes

› The Concept of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur, and Enterprise

› Types of Entrepreneurs by Business, Technology, Motivation, and Generation

› Competencies of an Entrepreneur

› Functions of an Entrepreneur

› Attitudes and Motivation of an Entrepreneur

› Ethical Entrepreneurship

• Entrepreneurial Motivation: Types of motivation; Theory of Achievement Motivation — 4 classes

› McClelland's Theory, Entrepreneur vs Employee, and Intrapreneurship

› Finding and Listing Motives (Needs and Desires)

› Sources of Motivation and Inspiration

› Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

• Introduction to Entrepreneurship — 8 classes

› Myths, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Entrepreneurship

› The Process of Entrepreneurship

› Social Entrepreneurship: Concept and Characteristics

› 1.7 Starting a Business — Basic Factors

› The Need for Entrepreneurship in the Economy

› Barriers to Entrepreneurship, Business Incubation, and Government Support

› Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship

› Types of Entrepreneurships

• Entrepreneurship as a Catalyst for Innovation — 4 classes

› Innovations Leading to Entrepreneurial Ventures

› Trend Spotting, Creativity & Innovation, Selecting the Right Opportunity

› Invention and Innovation: How They Differ

› Types of Innovation: Product, Process, Marketing and Organisational

• Intrapreneurship — 4 classes

› What Intrapreneurship Means

› Characteristics of an Intrapreneur

› Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship Compared

› Encouraging Intrapreneurship Inside an Organisation

• Business Ideas — 7 classes

› Generating and Evaluating Business Ideas

› Feasibility Study and Opportunity Assessment

› Problem Identification & Idea Generation (Idea Fields)

› Idea & Opportunity Assessment, Market Assessment

› Exploring Opportunities — Sensing, Factors & Environment Scanning (PESTEL)

› Techniques for Exploring Business Ideas

› Screening Business Ideas

• Assessing Business Attractiveness — 6 classes

› Why Assess the Attractiveness of a Business

› Technical Analysis of a Business Idea

› Market Analysis of a Business Idea

› Financial Analysis of a Business Idea

› Organisational Analysis of a Business Idea

› Competition Analysis

• Business Plans — 5 classes

› Preparing and Executing a Business Plan

› Feasibility Study vs Business Plan, and the Role of Family and Society

› Functions of a Business Plan

› Format of a Business Plan

› Drafting a Simple Business Plan Step by Step

• Reasons for failure in business plans — 3 classes

› Quality, Timeliness and Business Failure

› Common Reasons Why Business Plans Fail

› Learning from Failed Plans and Rebuilding

• Emergence of India as a Global Startup Hub — 5 classes

› 9.9.1 Why is IPR Important for Entrepreneurs?

› 9.7 MSME and Entrepreneurship Development

› India's Rise as a Global Startup Hub

› The Startup India Action Plan 2016

› Obstacles Faced by Startups in India

• Sustainable Development — 3 classes

› What Sustainable Development Means

› Why Sustainable Development Is Important

› Pillars of Sustainable Development: Economic, Social and Environmental

• Sustainability in Business — 3 classes

› Why Businesses Need Sustainability

› Sustainable Practices in Business Operations

› Benefits of Sustainable Business Practices

• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) — 9 classes

› 6.1 Introduction

› 6.2 Concept of Social Responsibility

› 6.3 Need for Social Responsibility

› 6.3.1 Arguments for Social Responsibility

› 6.3.2 Arguments against Social Responsibility

› 6.3.3 Reality of Social Responsibility

› 6.4 Kinds of Social Responsibility

› 6.5 Social Responsibility Towards Different Interest Groups

› 6.6 Business and Environmental Protection

• Business Ethics — 4 classes

› 6.7 Business Ethics

› 6.7.1 Concept of Business Ethics

› 6.7.2 Elements of Business Ethics

› Significance of Business Ethics

• Corporate Governance — 4 classes

› What Corporate Governance Means

› Why Good Corporate Governance Matters

› The National Foundation for Corporate Governance (NFCG)

› Role of NFCG in Promoting Good Governance

• Key Acts and Regulations Governing Entrepreneurship in India — 9 classes

› 9.2 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

› 9.3 Role of MSME

› 9.9.2 Types of IPs

› Private Company: Meaning and Features

› 3.3.3 Government Company

› The Companies Act 2013 and Entrepreneurs

› The MSMED Act and Its Provisions

› The Patents Act and Protecting an Invention

› Other Laws Governing Entrepreneurship in India

• Government Schemes for Entrepreneurs — 7 classes

› 9.5 Problems Associated With MSME

› Startup India Scheme

› Stand-Up India Scheme

› Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)

› Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)

› TREAD Scheme for Women Entrepreneurs

› MSME Champions Scheme

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) — 3 classes

› What Artificial Intelligence Means

› How AI Works in Simple Terms

› AI in Everyday Life and Business

• Impact of AI Tools on Entrepreneurship — 4 classes

› AI Tools Used by Entrepreneurs

› How AI Tools Help Start and Run a Business

› Benefits and Limits of AI Tools for Entrepreneurs

› Choosing and Using AI Tools Wisely

• Ethical Concerns of AI — 4 classes

› Ethical Concerns of AI: An Overview

› Bias and Fairness in AI Systems

› Privacy and Data Protection with AI

› Responsible Use of AI in Business

Mathematics

15 chapters · 176 classes

• Sets — 19 classes

› Introduction to Sets

› Representing Sets — Roster Form and Set-Builder Form

› The Empty Set

› Finite and Infinite Sets

› Equal Sets

› Subsets

› Subsets of the Set of Real Numbers and Intervals

› The Universal Set

› Venn Diagrams

› Union of Sets

› Intersection of Sets and Disjoint Sets

› Difference of Sets

› Complement of a Set and De Morgan's Laws

› Chapter Review — Miscellaneous Examples and Summary

› Subsets, Cardinality and Power Set

› Union and Intersection of Sets

› Finite and Infinite Sets

› Exercise 1.2, and Venn Diagrams

› Complement of a Set

• Relations & Functions — 9 classes

› Ordered Pairs and the Cartesian Product of Sets

› The Cartesian Product of Sets — Worked Examples

› Relations: Domain, Codomain and Range

› Functions — Definition and Basic Examples

› Standard Real Functions and Their Graphs

› The Algebra of Real Functions

› Miscellaneous Examples — Applying Relations and Functions

› Chapter Summary and Historical Note

› Exercise 3.3 (Question 2), Identity and Constant Functions

• Trigonometry — 17 classes

› 3.1 Introduction and 3.2 Angles

› 3.2.1 Degree Measure and 3.2.2 Radian Measure

› 3.2.3-3.2.4 Radians, Real Numbers and Degree Conversion

› 3.3 Trigonometric Functions (unit circle definitions)

› 3.3.1 Sign of Trigonometric Functions

› 3.3.2 Domain, Range and Behaviour of Trig Functions

› 3.4 Sum and Difference Formulas for Sine and Cosine

› Sum and Difference Formulas for Tangent and Cotangent

› Double Angle and Triple Angle Identities

› Sum-to-Product and Product-to-Sum Identities

› Worked Applications of the Identities (Examples 10-17, Ex 3.3)

› Miscellaneous Applications: Combining Several Identities

› Chapter Summary and Historical Note

› The Area of a Sector of Angle Theta

› The Length of an Arc of a Sector

› Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions

› Half Angle Formulae for Sine, Cosine and Tangent

• Complex Numbers — 10 classes

› Why We Need Complex Numbers

› Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

› Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

› Powers of i, Square Roots of Negative Numbers and Key Identities

› Modulus and Conjugate of a Complex Number

› The Argand Plane

› Chapter Review: Worked Problems, Summary and the History of Complex Numbers

› Argument of a Complex Number and the Polar Form

› Square Root of a Complex Number

› Cube Roots of Unity and Their Properties

• Quadratic Equations — 12 classes

› 4.2 What a Quadratic Equation Is, and Its Standard Form

› 4.3 Roots of a Quadratic Equation, and Example 3

› Examples 4 and 5: Factorisation, and a Root That Repeats

› 4.4 Nature of Roots: The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

› Examples 7 and 8: The Discriminant at Work, and the Pole in the Park

› Example 9, and Exercise 4.3

› 4.4 Nature of Roots

› Quadratic Equations Having a Common Root

› Quadratic Functions and the Shape of Their Graphs

› Sign of a Quadratic Expression for Different Values of x

› Solving Linear Inequalities in One Variable

› Solving Quadratic Inequalities

• Permutations and Combinations — 14 classes

› Introduction and the Fundamental Principle of Counting

› Combining the Addition and Multiplication Principles

› Permutations - Meaning and Arranging Distinct Objects

› Factorial Notation

› The Formula nPr, and Permutations with Repetition

› Permutations of Objects Not All Distinct - the Theory

› Applying nPr - Numbers, Digits and Solving for n or r

› Permutations with Restrictions - Letters, Vowels and Fixed Positions

› Combinations - Meaning and the Formula nCr

› Applying Combinations - Committees and Card Selections

› Combining Permutations and Combinations - Selecting and Arranging Together

› Combining Permutations and Combinations - Ordering and Positioning Problems

› Chapter Review - Summary and the History of Permutations and Combinations

› Circular Permutations: Arranging Objects Around a Table

• Binomial Theorem — 8 classes

› Why We Need the Binomial Theorem

› Pascal's Triangle: A Pattern for the Coefficients

› From Pascal's Triangle to Combinations

› The Binomial Theorem: Statement and Proof by Induction

› The General Term and Special Cases

› Worked Applications of the Binomial Theorem

› Exercises, Summary and the History of the Theorem

› Finding the Middle Term or Terms of a Binomial Expansion

• Sequence and Series — 16 classes

› What Is a Sequence? Meaning, Notation and the General Term

› From Sequence to Series: Sigma Notation and Building New Sequences

› Geometric Progressions: A Constant Ratio, and Their General Term

› Summing a G.P.: Deriving the Formula and Its First Uses

› More Sums in a G.P., and What Happens as the Number of Terms Grows Without Bound

› Geometric Mean: Inserting Terms Between Two Numbers in a G.P.

› Arithmetic Mean vs Geometric Mean: Why A Is Never Less Than G

› Bringing It Together: Worked Miscellaneous Problems on G.P.

› 5.2 What an Arithmetic Progression Is

› 5.3 The nth Term of an AP

› Deriving the Sum Formula, and Its Other Forms

› The Method of Differences (Example 7)

› A Faster Method: nth Term by Combinations

› Chapter Summary, Revision Checklist, and the Story Behind These Ideas

› A Historical Note, and Infinite GP Practice (Examples 4-5)

› Special Series: Sums of Natural Numbers, Their Squares and Their Cubes

• Straight Lines — 14 classes

› Revisiting Coordinate Geometry: A Quick Recall

› Slope of a Line and the Angle of Inclination

› Finding the Slope from Two Given Points

› Parallel and Perpendicular Lines: Conditions on Slope

› The Angle Between Two Lines, and Testing Collinearity by Slope

› The Point-Slope Form, and Lines Parallel to the Axes

› The Two-Point Form and the Slope-Intercept Form

› The Intercept Form and the General Equation of a Line

› The Distance of a Point From a Line

› Distance Between Two Parallel Lines, and the Chapter's Harder Problems

› A Line Through a Fixed Point - Exercise 4.4

› The Section Formula: Internal and External Division of a Line Segment

› Family of Lines Through the Intersection of Two Lines

› Locus of a Moving Point and Finding Its Equation

• Circles — 9 classes

› The Circle as a Locus and Its Standard Equation

› Circles with Centre at the Origin and Circles Touching the Axes

› Equation of a Circle in Diameter Form

› The General Equation of a Circle: Finding Centre and Radius

› Circle Through Three Points and Other Given Conditions

› Intercepts Made by a Circle on the Coordinate Axes

› The Parametric Form of a Circle

› Relative Position of Two Circles: Intersecting, Touching and Separate

› Mixed Problems on Circles

• Conic Section — 10 classes

› Sections of a Cone: How One Surface Gives Four Curves

› The Circle: Definition and Standard Equation

› The Parabola: Definition and Standard Equations

› The Parabola: Latus Rectum and Worked Problems

› The Ellipse: Definition, Axes and Eccentricity

› The Ellipse: Latus Rectum and Worked Problems

› The Hyperbola: Definition, Eccentricity and Standard Equation

› The Hyperbola: Latus Rectum and Worked Problems

› Conics at Work: Real-Life Applications

› Chapter Review: Summary and the History of Conic Sections

• Introduction to three-dimensional Geometry — 6 classes

› Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in Three Dimensions

› Coordinates of a Point in Space

› Distance Between Two Points

› Chapter Summary and Working Through the Exercises

› The Section Formula in Three Dimensions

› Midpoint of a Segment and Centroid of a Triangle in Space

• Limits and Derivatives — 14 classes

› Introduction to Calculus and Rates of Change

› The Falling-Body Problem - Estimating Instantaneous Velocity

› The Geometric Picture - From Secant to Tangent

› The Intuitive Idea of a Limit

› Left-Hand and Right-Hand Limits

› The Algebra of Limits

› Limits of Polynomial and Rational Functions

› Comparing Functions - the Sandwich Theorem

› The Standard Trigonometric Limits

› Derivatives - Definition and the First Principles Method

› The Algebra of Derivatives - Sum, Product and Quotient Rules

› Derivatives of Polynomial and Trigonometric Functions

› Chapter Review - Miscellaneous Examples and Summary

› Indeterminate Forms and Evaluating Limits by Factorisation and Rationalisation

• Statistics — 9 classes

› Why We Need Measures of Dispersion, and the Range

› Mean Deviation About the Mean and the Median (Ungrouped Data)

› Mean Deviation for a Discrete Frequency Distribution

› Mean Deviation for a Continuous Distribution, the Step-Deviation Shortcut, and Its Limits

› Variance and Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data

› Standard Deviation of Discrete and Continuous Frequency Distributions

› The Shortcut (Step-Deviation) Method for Variance and Standard Deviation

› Putting Dispersion to Work: Miscellaneous Problems and Chapter Review

› Combined Mean and Combined Standard Deviation of Two Groups

• Probability — 9 classes

› Random Experiments, Sample Space and Events as Subsets

› Types of Events: Impossible, Sure, Simple and Compound

› The Algebra of Events: Complement, 'Or', 'And' and 'But Not'

› Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events

› The Axiomatic Approach to Probability

› Equally Likely Outcomes, the Addition Rule, and 'Not A'

› Worked Practice: Combining 'Or', 'And' and 'Not'

› Worked Applications: The Miscellaneous Examples

› Chapter Summary, Historical Note and Review

Physics

14 chapters · 82 classes

• Physical World and Measurement — 6 classes

› Introduction and the International System of Units

› Significant Figures

› Dimensions, Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations

› Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications

› 1.4.2 Significant Figures

› Errors in Measurement: Absolute, Relative and Percentage Error

• Motion in a Straight Line — 9 classes

› Motion, Position and the Idea of Instantaneous Velocity

› Acceleration and Velocity-Time Graphs

› Deriving the Kinematic Equations of Motion

› Applying the Kinematic Equations: Free Fall and Real-World Problems

› Reading a Position-Time Graph

› Velocity-Time Graphs: Shape and Slope

› 2.2 Frame of Reference

› Speed, Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

› Uniform and Non-uniform Motion Along a Straight Line

• Motion in a Plane — 6 classes

› Scalars, Vectors and How to Add Them

› Resolving Vectors and Adding Them by Components

› Motion in a Plane: Position, Velocity and Acceleration

› Projectile Motion

› Uniform Circular Motion

› Relative Velocity in One and Two Dimensions

• Laws of Motion — 5 classes

› Aristotle's Fallacy, Inertia and Newton's First Law

› Momentum, Newton's Second Law and Impulse

› Newton's Third Law, Conservation of Momentum and Equilibrium

› Common Forces in Mechanics and Friction

› Circular Motion, Banked Roads and Solving Problems with Free-Body Diagrams

• Work, Power and Energy — 5 classes

› The Scalar Product, Work and the Work-Energy Theorem

› Kinetic Energy, Variable Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem

› Potential Energy and the Conservation of Mechanical Energy

› Spring Potential Energy, Non-Conservative Forces and Power

› Collisions in One and Two Dimensions

• Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body — 7 classes

› Rigid Bodies, Kinds of Motion and the Centre of Mass

› Motion of the Centre of Mass and Linear Momentum of a System

› The Vector Product, Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration

› Torque, Angular Momentum and Their Conservation

› Equilibrium of a Rigid Body, Couples, Moments and Centre of Gravity

› Moment of Inertia and Kinematics of Rotation

› Dynamics of Rotation, Angular Momentum About a Fixed Axis

• Gravitation — 5 classes

› From Falling Bodies to Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

› Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, the Constant G and g on the Earth

› Variation of g and Gravitational Potential Energy

› Escape Speed and Earth Satellites

› Energy of an Orbiting Satellite and the Chapter's Ideas

• Mechanical Properties of Solids — 4 classes

› Elasticity, Stress, Strain and the Stress-Strain Curve

› Young's Modulus and Shear Modulus

› Bulk Modulus, Poisson's Ratio and Elastic Potential Energy

› Applications of Elastic Behaviour and Design of Structures

• Mechanical Properties of Fluids — 6 classes

› Fluids, Pressure, Pascal's Law and Variation of Pressure with Depth

› Atmospheric and Gauge Pressure, Barometer, Manometer and Hydraulic Machines

› Streamline Flow, Equation of Continuity, Bernoulli's Principle and Torricelli's Law

› Dynamic Lift, Viscosity and Stokes' Law

› Surface Energy, Surface Tension and Angle of Contact

› Drops, Bubbles, Capillary Rise and the Chapter's Ideas

• Thermal Properties of Matter — 6 classes

› Temperature, Heat, Thermometers and the Ideal Gas Scale

› Thermal Expansion

› Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry

› Change of State and Latent Heat

› Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection

› Radiation, Blackbody Radiation and Newton's Law of Cooling

• Thermodynamics — 6 classes

› Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

› Heat, Internal Energy, Work and the First Law of Thermodynamics

› Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Gases

› State Variables and Thermodynamic Processes

› The Second Law, Reversible and Irreversible Processes

› Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes

• Kinetic Theory — 5 classes

› Molecular Nature of Matter and the Behaviour of Gases

› Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas: the Pressure of a Gas

› The Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature and rms Speed

› Law of Equipartition of Energy and Specific Heats of Gases

› Specific Heat of Solids and the Mean Free Path

• Oscillations — 6 classes

› Periodic and Oscillatory Motion: Period, Frequency and Displacement

› Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle

› Velocity, Acceleration and the Force Law of SHM

› Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

› The Simple Pendulum

› Oscillations of a Spring: Time Period and Spring Constant

• Waves — 6 classes

› What Is a Wave? Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

› Displacement Relation in a Progressive Wave

› The Speed of a Travelling Wave and the Speed of Sound

› The Principle of Superposition and Reflection of Waves

› Standing Waves and Normal Modes of Strings and Pipes

› Beats and the End-of-Chapter Problems

Chemistry

9 chapters · 172 classes

• Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry — 13 classes

› 1.5.1 Law of Conservation of Mass

› 1.5.2 Law of Definite Proportions

› 1.5.3 Law of Multiple Proportions

› 1.5.4 Gay Lussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes

› 1.5.5 Avogadro's Law

› 1.6 Dalton's Atomic Theory and 1.7.1 Atomic Mass

› 1.7.2 Average Atomic Mass

› 1.7.3 Molecular Mass

› 1.7.4 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept

› 1.8 Mole Concept, 1.9 Percentage Composition and 1.9.1 Empirical Formula

› 1.9.1 Empirical Formula (worked example, contd.) and 1.10 Stoichiometry

› 1.10 Stoichiometric Calculations and 1.10.1 Limiting Reagent

› 1.10.2 Reactions in Solutions — Concentration Terms

• Structure of Atom — 30 classes

› 2.1 Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles

› 2.1.1 Discovery of Electron

› 2.1.2 Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron

› 2.1.3 Charge on the Electron

› 2.1.4 Discovery of Protons and Neutrons

› 2.2.1 Thomson Model of Atom

› 2.2.2 Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom

› 2.2.3 Atomic Number and Mass Number

› 2.2.4 Isobars and Isotopes

› 2.2.5 Drawbacks of Rutherford Model

› 2.3.1 Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation

› 2.3.2 Particle Nature of Electromagnetic

› 2.3.3 Evidence

› 2.4.1 Explanation of Line Spectrum of

› 2.4.2 Limitations of Bohr’s Model

› 2.5.1 Dual Behaviour of Matter

› 2.5.2 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

› 2.6 Quantum Mechanical Model of

› 2.6.2 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

› 2.6.3 Energies of Orbitals

› 2.6.4 Filling of Orbitals in Atom

› 2.6.5 Electronic Configuration of Atoms

› 2.6.6 Stability of Completely Filled and

› 6.1 Discovery of Subatomic Particles

› 6.4 Limitation of Rutheford Model of Atom

› 6.5 Bohr’s model

› 6.6 Check Your Understanding

› Bohr's Model of the Atom

› Checkpoint: The Three Subatomic Particles

› Chapter 6 Review: Check Your Understanding

• Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties — 14 classes

› 3.1 Why do we Need to Classify Elements?

› 3.2 Genesis of Periodic Classification

› 3.3 Modern Periodic Law and the Present Form of the Periodic Table

› 3.4 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100

› 3.5 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table

› 3.6.1 The s-Block Elements

› 3.6.2 The p-Block Elements

› 3.6.3 The d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)

› 3.6.4 The f-Block Elements (Inner-Transition Elements)

› 3.6.5 Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids

› 3.7 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements

› 3.7.1 Trends in Physical Properties

› 3.7.2 Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties

› 3.7.3 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity

• Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure — 34 classes

› 4.1 KÖssel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding

› 4.1.1 Octet Rule

› 4.1.2 Covalent Bond

› 4.1.3 Lewis Representation of Simple

› 4.1.4 Formal Charge

› 4.1.5 Limitations of the Octet Rule

› 4.2 Ionic (Electrovalent) Bond and 4.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy

› 4.3 Bond Parameters

› 4.3.1 Bond Length

› 4.3.2 Bond Angle

› 4.3.3 Bond Enthalpy

› 4.3.4 Bond Order

› 4.3.5 Resonance Structures

› 4.3.6 Polarity of Bonds

› 4.4 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

› 4.5 Valence Bond Theory

› 4.5.1 Orbital Overlap Concept

› 4.5.2 Directional Properties of Bonds

› 4.5.3 Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals

› 4.5.4 Types of Overlapping and Nature of

› 4.5.5 Strength of Sigma and pi Bonds

› 4.6 Hybridisation

› 4.6.1 Types of Hybridisation

› 4.6.2 Other Examples of sp3, sp2 and sp

› 4.6.3 Hybridisation of Elements

› 4.7 Molecular Orbital Theory

› 4.7.1 Formation of Molecular Orbitals

› 4.7.2 Conditions for the Combination of Atomic Orbitals

› 4.7.3 Types of Molecular Orbitals

› 4.7.4 Energy Level Diagram for Molecular Orbitals

› 4.7.5 Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour

› 4.8 Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules and 4.9 Hydrogen Bonding

› 4.9.1 Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond

› 4.9.2 Types of H-Bonds

• Chemical Thermodynamics — 11 classes

› 5.1 Thermodynamic Terms: System, Surroundings and Types of Systems

› 5.1.3-5.1.4 The State of the System and Internal Energy as a State Function

› Heat, the First Law of Thermodynamics and Pressure-Volume Work

› Enthalpy as a New State Function and Heat Capacity

› Extensive and Intensive Properties, Cp-Cv Relation and Calorimetry

› Standard Enthalpy of Reaction, Phase Transformations and Enthalpy of Formation

› Thermochemical Equations and Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation

› Enthalpies of Combustion, Atomization, Bond, Lattice, Solution and Dilution

› Spontaneity and Entropy

› Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity; the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics

› Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium

• Equilibrium — 35 classes

› 6.1.1 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium

› 6.1.2 Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium

› 6.1.3 Solid – Vapour Equilibrium

› 6.1.4 Equilibrium Involving Dissolution

› 6.1.5 General Characteristics of

› 6.4 Homogeneous Equilibria

› 6.4.1 Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems

› 6.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria

› 6.6.1 Predicting the Extent of a

› 6.6.2 Predicting the Direction of the Reaction

› 6.6.3 Calculating Equilibrium

› 6.8.1 Effect of Concentration Change

› 6.8.2 Effect of Pressure Change

› 6.8.3 Effect of Inert Gas Addition

› 6.8.4 Effect of Temperature Change

› 6.8.5 Effect of a Catalyst

› 6.9 Ionic Equilibrium in Solution

› 6.10 Acids, Bases and Salts

› 6.10.1 Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases

› 6.10.2 The Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

› 6.10.3 Lewis Acids and Bases

› 6.11 Ionization of Acids and Bases

› 6.11.1 The Ionization Constant of Water

› 6.11.2 The pH Scale

› 6.11.3 Ionization Constants of Weak Acids

› 6.11.5 Relation between Ka and Kb

› 6.11.6 Di- and Polybasic Acids and Di-

› 6.11.8 Common Ion Effect in the

› 6.11.7 Factors Affecting Acid Strength

› 6.11.9 Hydrolysis of Salts and the pH of their Solutions

› 6.12 Buffer Solutions

› 6.12.1 Designing Buffer Solution

› 6.13 Solubility Equilibria of

› 6.13.1 Solubility Product Constant

› 6.13.2 Common Ion Effect on Solubility

• Redox Reactions — 7 classes

› Classical Idea of Redox Reactions – Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

› Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions

› Oxidation Number

› Types of Redox Reactions

› Balancing of Redox Reactions

› Redox Reactions as the Basis for Titrations, and the Limitations of the Concept of Oxidation Number

› Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes

• Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques — 12 classes

› General Introduction & Tetravalence of Carbon

› Structural Representations of Organic Molecules

› Classification of Organic Compounds

› IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes

› Nomenclature of Compounds with Functional Groups & Substituted Benzene

› Isomerism: Structural and Stereoisomerism

› Organic Reaction Mechanism: Fission, Substrate, Nucleophiles & Electrophiles

› Electron Displacement Effects: Inductive Effect and Resonance

› Resonance Effect, Electromeric Effect, Hyperconjugation & Types of Reactions

› Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds

› Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds

› Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds

• Hydrocarbons — 16 classes

› 9.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons

› 9.2 Alkanes: Structure, Nomenclature and Isomerism

› 9.2.2 Alkanes: Preparation

› 9.2.3 Alkanes: Physical and Chemical Properties

› 9.2.4 Alkanes: Conformations

› 9.3 Alkenes: Structure of the Double Bond and Nomenclature

› 9.3.3 Alkenes: Isomerism (Structural and Geometrical)

› 9.3.4 Alkenes: Preparation

› 9.3.5 Alkenes: Properties (Addition Reactions and Markovnikov's Rule)

› 9.4 Alkynes: Nomenclature, Isomerism and Structure of the Triple Bond

› 9.4.3-9.4.4 Alkynes: Preparation and Properties

› 9.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and Structure of Benzene

› 9.5.3-9.5.4 Aromaticity and Preparation of Benzene

› 9.5.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

› 9.5.6 Directive Influence of Substituents in Benzene

› 9.6 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

Biology

19 chapters · 116 classes

• The Living World — 2 classes

› 1.1 Diversity in the Living World

› 1.2 Taxonomic Categories

• Biological Classification — 6 classes

› Why Classification Systems Changed -- the Five Kingdoms

› 2.1 Kingdom Monera

› 2.2 Kingdom Protista

› 2.3 Kingdom Fungi

› 2.4 and 2.5 -- Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia (a preview)

› 2.6 Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens

• Plant Kingdom — 6 classes

› How Plants Are Classified

› 3.1 Algae

› 3.2 Bryophytes

› 3.3 Pteridophytes

› 3.4 Gymnosperms

› 3.5 Angiosperms

• Animal Kingdom — 9 classes

› 4.1 Basis of Classification

› 4.2.1-4.2.4 Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes

› 4.2.5-4.2.8 Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca

› 4.2.9-4.2.11 Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and what makes a Chordate

› Vertebrate classes I: Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia

› Vertebrate classes II: Reptilia and Aves

› Vertebrate classes III: Mammalia

› Comparing every phylum: Table 4.2 and the chapter's throughline

› Protochordates, Vertebrates and Their Adaptations

• Morphology of Flowering Plants — 8 classes

› The Root

› The Stem and The Leaf

› The Inflorescence, and a Flower's General Plan

› Parts of a Flower I: Calyx, Corolla and Androecium

› Parts of a Flower II: Gynoecium, Placentation, and the Fruit

› The Seed: Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous

› Describing a Plant Scientifically: Floral Formula and Diagram

› Family Solanaceae, and How Morphology Enables Classification

• Anatomy of Flowering Plants — 8 classes

› The Tissue Systems: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular

› Anatomy of Roots: Dicot vs Monocot

› Anatomy of Stems: Dicot vs Monocot

› Anatomy of Leaves: Dorsiventral vs Isobilateral

› Apical Meristem: How Plants Grow Longer

› Lateral and Intercalary Meristems

› Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

› Xylem, Phloem and the Three Tissue Systems

• Structural Organisation in Animals: Frog — 4 classes

› Organ and Organ System; The Frog's Way of Life

› Frog Morphology and the Digestive System

› Frog Anatomy: Respiration, Circulation and Excretion

› Frog Anatomy: Nervous System, Senses and Reproduction

• Cell - the Unit of Life — 8 classes

› What Is a Cell? Cell Theory and an Overview

› Prokaryotic Cells: Envelope, Appendages and Ribosomes

› Eukaryotic Cells: the Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall

› The Endomembrane System: ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuoles

› Mitochondria and Plastids: the Semi-Autonomous Organelles

› Ribosomes, the Cytoskeleton, and Cilia and Flagella

› Centrosome and Centrioles; The Nucleus

› Chromosome Classification and Microbodies

• Biomolecules — 10 classes

› How Living Tissue Is Analysed, and Its Small Molecules

› Primary and Secondary Metabolites; Biomacromolecules

› Proteins and Polysaccharides

› Nucleic Acids and the Four Levels of Protein Structure

› Enzymes: Action, Kinetics and Classification

› Carbohydrates: Definition and Classification

› Polysaccharides and the Importance of Carbohydrates

› Amino Acids: Structure, Classification and Zwitter Ion

› Structure of Proteins: Peptide Bond to Quaternary Structure

› Nucleic Acids: Composition, Structure and Functions

• Cell Cycle and Cell Division — 5 classes

› The Cell Cycle: Interphase and Its Phases

› M Phase (Mitosis): Prophase Through Telophase

› Cytokinesis and the Significance of Mitosis

› Meiosis I: Homologous Pairing and Crossing Over

› Meiosis II and the Significance of Meiosis

• Photosynthesis in higher plants — 6 classes

› What We Know About Photosynthesis, and Where It Happens

› Photosynthetic Pigments and Light Absorption

› Light Reactions: From Photons to ATP and NADPH

› The Calvin Cycle: Fixing Carbon Using ATP and NADPH

› The C4 Pathway and Photorespiration

› Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

• Respiration in Plants — 5 classes

› Do Plants Breathe? Glycolysis: Glucose to Pyruvate

› Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration

› Aerobic Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle

› The Electron Transport System and the Respiratory Balance Sheet

› The Amphibolic Pathway and Respiratory Quotient

• Plant Growth and Development — 5 classes

› Growth: Phases, Rates and Conditions

› Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation

› Development: Plasticity in Plants

› Plant Growth Regulators: Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins

› Plant Growth Regulators: Ethylene, Abscisic Acid, and Seed Dormancy

• Breathing and exchange of gases — 4 classes

› Respiratory Organs and the Human Respiratory System

› Mechanism of Breathing: Volumes and Capacities

› Exchange and Transport of Respiratory Gases

› Regulation of Respiration and Respiratory Disorders

• Body fluids and circulation — 6 classes

› Blood: Plasma and Formed Elements

› Blood Groups and Coagulation

› Lymph and Circulatory Pathways Across Animals

› The Human Heart and the Cardiac Cycle

› ECG and Double Circulation

› Regulation of Cardiac Activity and Circulatory Disorders

• Excretory products and their elimination — 6 classes

› Nitrogenous Wastes and Excretory Structures Across Animals

› The Human Excretory System and Nephron Structure

› Urine Formation: Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion

› The Counter-Current Mechanism: Concentrating Urine

› Regulation of Kidney Function and Micturition

› Other Excretory Organs and Kidney Disorders

• Locomotion and Movement — 6 classes

› Types of Movement and Muscle Classification

› Skeletal Muscle Structure: The Sarcomere, Actin and Myosin

› The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction

› The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton

› The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton and Joints

› Disorders of the Muscular and Skeletal System

• Neural Control and Coordination — 5 classes

› The Human Neural System: Organisation

› Neuron Structure and the Nerve Impulse

› Synaptic Transmission

› The Central Neural System: Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

› 6.1.1 What Happens in Reflex Actions?

• Chemical Co-ordination and Integration — 7 classes

› Chemical Coordination: the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

› Pineal, Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

› Thymus and the Adrenal Gland

› The Pancreas: Glucagon and Insulin

› The Gonads: Testis and Ovary

› Hormones of the Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract

› The Mechanism of Hormone Action

Home Science

7 chapters · 65 classes

• Concept and Scope of Home Science — 3 classes

› Concept and Fields of Home Science

› Career Options and Recent Trends in Home Science

› Importance and Relevance of Home Science to Family and Society

• Food and Nutrition — 13 classes

› Food, Nutrition and Health: Key Terms and Functions of Food

› Macro-nutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats

› Micro-nutrients: Vitamins A, B Complex, C, D, Calcium, Iron and Iodine

› Food, Health, Diseases and Malnutrition

› The Concept of a Balanced Diet

› 3.1-3.3 Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness: Key Concepts

› 3.4-3.5 Planning Balanced Diets: Food Groups and the Food Guide Pyramid

› The ICMR Basic Food Groups, Water and Roughage

› 2.1 Understand Macronutrients and Their Functions

› 2.2 Explore Micronutrients and Their Role in Health

› 2.3 Analyze Daily Nutritional Requirements for Different Age Groups

› Basal Metabolic Rate: Meaning and Factors That Change It

› Recommended Dietary Allowances and Deficiency Disorders of Key Nutrients

• Storage and Preservation of Food — 6 classes

› Hygiene During Food Storage: Perishables, Leftovers, Refrigerator and Freezer

› Why We Process Food: Spoilage, Perishability, and Types of Processed Foods

› Causes of Food Spoilage: Microbes, Enzymes and Surroundings

› Storing Perishable, Semi-Perishable and Non-Perishable Foods

› Convenience Foods: Types, Uses and Limits

› Principles and Methods of Food Preservation

• Resource Management — 9 classes

› Resources: Meaning, Classification and Characteristics

› Managing Resources: The Management Process

› Time Management: Meaning, Importance and the Idea of Resources

› Making a Time Plan: Factors, Steps, Dovetailing and Peak Load

› Energy Management and Fatigue

› Work Simplification: Meaning and Ways

› Resources: Definition, Characteristics and Types

› Time Management: Planning Your Day

› Decision Making in Management: Steps and Types of Decisions

• Human Development — 12 classes

› Concept of Growth and Development

› Principles of Growth and Development

› Factors Affecting Growth and Development

› Age-Specific Milestones from Birth to 3 Years

› Childhood (3 to 11 Years): Early and Middle Childhood Milestones

› Adolescence I: Physical, Biological and Motor Changes

› Adolescence II: Social, Emotional, Cognitive and Language Characteristics

› 1.1 Explore Key Concepts of Human Development

› 1.2 Analyze Stages of Human Growth Across the Lifespan

› Perspectives of Human Development: Major Views Compared

› Personality Development: Meaning, Determinants and Traits

› Image Building: Appearance, Communication and Confidence

• Care and Maintenance of Textiles — 14 classes

› Introduction, Mending and the Laundry Cycle

› Stain Removal: Types, Techniques and Reagents

› Removing Dirt: Water, Soaps, Detergents and Methods of Washing

› Finishing, Drying and Ironing

› Dry-cleaning and Storage of Textile Products

› Fibre Properties and Other Factors Affecting Fabric Care

› Care Labels, Review Questions and Practicals

› Soaps and Detergents: How They Clean, How They Differ and How to Select Them

› Finishing Agents and Stain-Removing Reagents: Blue, Stiffening Agents, Bleaches and Solvents

› Stain Removal: Classification, Identification, Methods and Precautions

› Storage of Fabrics: Cotton, Silk, Wool and Synthetics

› 5.7 Getting to Know Important Fibres

› Laundering Cotton and Linen

› Laundering Wool, Silk and Rayon

• Communication and Extension — 8 classes

› 6.1 Understanding Communication: Meaning, Types and the Process

› 6.2 Media: Meaning, Classification and Functions

› 6.3 Communication Technology: From Radio to Teleconferencing

› Method 1: Campaigns (with the Swachh Bharat Mission)

› Method 2: Radio and Television

› Methods 3 and 4: Print Media and Information and Communication Technologies

› Individual, Group and Mass Communication Compared

› Social Media as a Communication Tool: Benefits and Risks

Fashion Designing

5 chapters · 32 classes

• Introduction to Fashion — 9 classes

› Understanding Fashion: Definition and Factors Influencing Fashion

› Key Concepts and Terminology of Fashion

› Movement of Fashion: Forecasting, Pendulum Swing and Fashion Cycles

› Theories of Fashion Movement and Types of Fashion Consumers

› Fashion Regulatory Bodies, Fashion Professionals and Institutes

› 5.1 Explore Fashion Terminology and Key Concepts

› 5.3 Identify Different Fashion Career Pathways and Roles

› Classification of fashion: haute couture, ready-to-wear and mass fashion

› Fashion and current trends: what drives them and how to follow them

• Design Details — 8 classes

› Design, Designers and the Design Process

› Elements of Design: Point, Line, Shape and Texture

› Colour Theory: Hue, Tint, Shade and Tone

› Principles of Design: Rhythm, Balance, Emphasis and Contrast

› Silhouette and Proportion in Apparel

› Session 1: Elements of Design

› Session 2: Principles of Design

› Types of design: structural and decorative design in a garment

• Wardrobe Planning — 6 classes

› 2.5 Select Appropriate Fabrics for Specific Apparel Projects

› 2.1 Identify Different Fabric Types and Their Uses

› Different figure types and dressing to suit each

› Planning a wardrobe: needs, budget and basic pieces

› Buying fabrics: what to check before you pay

› Clothing as a powerful resource: image, confidence and communication

• Designers — 4 classes

› Fashion Designers and Brands, and International Trade in Fashion

› 1.3 Understand the Role of Fashion Designers and Creative Professionals

› Five Indian designers and their signature styles

› Five international designers and their styles

• Care of Clothes — 5 classes

› Common stains and how to identify them

› Stain removal methods for different stains and fabrics

› Storage of clothes: folding, hanging and protection from damp and moths

› Maintaining clothes: washing, ironing and small repairs

› Principles of closet organisation

Electricity & Electronics

12 chapters · 91 classes

• Introduction to electricity — 10 classes

› 1.1 Electricity

› 1.1.1 Source of Electricity

› 1.1.3 Energy Foundation

› 1.1.4 Conductors and Insulators

› 1.2.1 Voltage

› Electricity as a Source of Energy: Resistance, Voltage, Current, Power and Energy

› The Atom: Elements, Bohr Atomic Model and Atomic Energy Levels

› Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance and Combinations of Cells

› The Coulomb: Unit of Charge and Simple Charge Calculations

› Production of Electricity: Generation from Different Sources

• Electric circuit — 8 classes

› 1.2.2 Current

› 1.3.2 Open and Closed Circuit

› 1.4 Ohm’s Law

› 1.4.1 Ohm’s Experiment

› Ohm's Law

› Electric Current and Currents in Conductors

› Ohm's Law and Drift of Electrons

› Ohm's Law for a Whole Circuit with the Internal Resistance of the Source

• Equivalence — 7 classes

› Series and Parallel Connections of Cells

› Series Resistance Circuits and Equivalent Resistance

› Parallel and Series-Parallel Resistance Circuits

› Resistivity and the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

› Ammeter Shunts: Extending the Range of an Ammeter

› Voltmeter Multipliers: Extending the Range of a Voltmeter

› The Ohmmeter: Principle and Use

• Work, power and energy — 6 classes

› Relation between Electrical, Mechanical and Thermal Units

› Dynamometer Type Wattmeter

› Induction Type Energy Meter

› Electrical Work, Power and Energy: Joule, Watt and Kilowatt-hour

› Energy Calculations for Household Appliances

› Electricity Tariff and Preparing a Bill

• Heating effect of an electric current — 8 classes

› Joule's Law of Electric Heating and Domestic Applications

› Heating Efficiency

› Lighting Effect of Electric Current and Filaments Used in Lamps

› Immersion Heater: Construction, Working, Faults, Testing and Repairs

› Geyser and Thermostat: Defects, Testing, Installation and Precautions

› Electric Arc and Resistance Welding

› The Carbon Arc Lamp

› Fuses: Types, Rating and Selection

• Chemical effect of an electric current — 6 classes

› Primary Cells: Wet Cell, Dry Cell and Battery

› Secondary Cells and the Lead Acid Cell

› Discharging, Recharging and Common Charging Methods

› Preparation of Electrolyte and Care and Maintenance of Secondary Cells

› Electrolysis: Electrolytes, Electrodes and Ions

› The Voltameter and Electrochemical Equivalent

• Electromagnetism — 9 classes

› Magnetic Force and the Lorentz Force

› Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor and Motion in a Magnetic Field

› The Biot-Savart Law

› Ampere's Circuital Law, the Solenoid and Force Between Parallel Currents

› The Bar Magnet and Its Field Lines

› Magnetism and Gauss's Law

› Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity

› Magnetic Flux Density and Permeability

› Right-hand Rules for the Direction of Field and Force

• Electromagnetic induction — 9 classes

› Faraday and Henry's Experiments, and Magnetic Flux

› Faraday's Law of Induction

› Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy

› Motional Electromotive Force

› Inductance: Mutual and Self

› Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

› Dynamically Induced e.m.f.: Magnitude and Direction

› Static Induction, Self-induced e.m.f. and Inductance

› Mutually Induced e.m.f. and Energy Stored in an Inductance

• Elementary electrostatics — 9 classes

› Electric Charge and Its Basic Properties

› Coulomb's Law and Forces Between Multiple Charges

› Electric Field, Field Lines and Electric Flux

› Dielectrics, Polarisation and Capacitors

› The Parallel Plate Capacitor and Combinations of Capacitors

› Energy Stored in a Capacitor

› Capacitor and Its Capacity

› Energy Stored in a Capacitor

› Electric Flux Density and Permittivity

• Alternating current — 9 classes

› Generation of A.C. Voltage and Wave Shape

› Peak, Average, Instantaneous and R.M.S. Values; Form Factor and Crest Factor

› Phase, Phase Difference, Power and Power Factor

› A.C. Series Circuits with Resistance and Inductance, and Resistance and Capacitance

› Generation of A.C. Voltage and Wave Shape

› A.C. Quantities: Cycle, Frequency, Peak, Average, Instantaneous and R.M.S. Values

› AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor

› Phasors and AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor

› Capacitive Reactance and the A.C. Capacitor Circuit

• Transformer — 5 classes

› Types of Transformer: Step-up, Step-down, Voltage, Current and Auto-Transformer

› Construction, Working Principles and Applications of Different Types of Transformers

› Transformers

› Iron Losses in a Transformer: Hysteresis and Eddy Currents

› E.M.F. Equation and Voltage Ratio of a Single-phase Transformer

• Lighting — 5 classes

› Gaseous Discharge Lamps: Working and Applications

› Light Units: Candela, Lumen and Lux

› Photometry and the Inverse Square Law of Illumination

› Filament Lamps and Gas-filled Lamps

› Fluorescent Lamps: Construction, Starter and Choke

Engineering Science

12 chapters · 64 classes

• Velocity and acceleration — 8 classes

› Motion, Position and the Idea of Instantaneous Velocity

› Acceleration and Velocity-Time Graphs

› Deriving the Kinematic Equations of Motion

› Applying the Kinematic Equations: Free Fall and Real-World Problems

› Newton's Laws of Motion and the Idea of Force

› Force, Mass and Acceleration: Solving Problems

› Acceleration Due to Gravity and Measuring g

› Variable Acceleration Treated Graphically

• Angular velocity and angular acceleration — 4 classes

› The Vector Product, Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration

› Moment of Inertia and Kinematics of Rotation

› Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity: Worked Problems

› Angular Acceleration: Rotating Machine Parts

• Composition and resolution of velocity — 6 classes

› Scalars, Vectors and How to Add Them

› Resolving Vectors and Adding Them by Components

› Motion in a Plane: Position, Velocity and Acceleration

› Projectile Motion

› Composition and Resolution of Velocities: Boat and River Problems

› Simple Projectile Problems: Horizontal and Vertical Motion Combined

• Measurement and effects of force — 6 classes

› Force: Units, Measurement and Effects on a Body

› Concurrent Forces and Equilibrium

› Triangle and Parallelogram of Forces

› Polygon of Forces, Resultant and Equilibrant

› Bow's Notation for Framed Structures

› Forces on an Inclined Plane

• Moments — 6 classes

› Torque, Angular Momentum and Their Conservation

› Equilibrium of a Rigid Body, Couples, Moments and Centre of Gravity

› Parallel Forces and Their Resultant

› Levers and the Principle of Moments

› Loaded Beams and Support Reactions

› Centre of Gravity and Stability of Bodies

• Pressure in liquids and its transmission — 7 classes

› Fluids, Pressure, Pascal's Law and Variation of Pressure with Depth

› Density and Specific Gravity

› Archimedes' Principle and Its Applications

› Laws of Floatation

› Hydraulic Pumps and Jacks

› Lift Pump and Force Pump

› The Siphon

• Air Pressure — 5 classes

› Atmospheric and Gauge Pressure, Barometer, Manometer and Hydraulic Machines

› Boyle's Law with Numericals

› Barometers: Simple and Fortin Types

› Manometers and the Bourdon Gauge

› The Bicycle Pump

• Temperature and temperature scales — 3 classes

› Temperature, Heat, Thermometers and the Ideal Gas Scale

› Temperature Scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin Conversions

› Fixed Points and Calibrating a Thermometer

• Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases — 4 classes

› Thermal Expansion

› Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solids

› Coefficient of Cubical Expansion of Solids and Liquids

› Charles' Law and Absolute Temperature

• Quantity of heat — 7 classes

› Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry

› Change of State and Latent Heat

› Heat, Internal Energy, Work and the First Law of Thermodynamics

› Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Gases

› Melting and Boiling Points and Their Dependence on Pressure

› Heat as a Form of Energy

› Calorific Value of Fuels

• Conduction, convection and radiation — 5 classes

› Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection

› Radiation, Blackbody Radiation and Newton's Law of Cooling

› Thermal Conductivity and Good and Poor Conductors

› Natural and Forced Convection in Daily Life

› Radiation Compared with Conduction and Convection

• Conversion of heat to mechanical energy and vice versa — 3 classes

› Relation between Electrical, Mechanical and Thermal Units

› Joule's Experiment and the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

› Numericals on the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

Computer Science

13 chapters · 146 classes

• System of Numeration — 11 classes

› 2.2 Number System

› 2.2.1 Decimal Number System

› 2.2.2 Binary Number System

› 2.2.3 Octal Number System

› 2.2.4 Hexadecimal Number System

› 2.2.5 Applications of Hexadecimal Number System

› 2.3 Conversion between Number Systems

› 2.3.1 Conversion from Decimal to other Number

› 2.3.2 Conversion from other Number Systems to

› 2.3.3 Conversion from Binary Number to Octal/

› 2.3.4 Conversion of a Number with Fractional Part

• Encodings — 5 classes

› 2.1 Introduction

› 2.1.1 American Standard Code for Information

› 2.1.2 Indian Script Code for Information Interchange

› 2.1.3 Unicode

› Data Encodings: BCD, Gray Code and Parity Bits for Error Detection

• Propositional logic, Hardware implementation, Arithmetic operations — 9 classes

› Propositions and Truth Values in Logic

› Logical Operators: NOT, AND and OR with Truth Tables

› Compound Statements, Tautology and Contradiction

› Basic Logic Gates: NOT, AND and OR

› Universal Gates: NAND and NOR, and the XOR Gate

› Boolean Laws and Simplifying Expressions

› Building Circuits from Boolean Expressions

› Binary Addition and Subtraction

› Half Adder and Full Adder Circuits

• Introduction to Object Oriented Programming using Java — 5 classes

› Java Programming Basics: OOP Introduction, Data Types, Variables and Operators

› Fundamentals of Java Programming, Introduction to Java and Object Oriented Programming

› Class Design

› Writing, Compiling and Running a First Java Program

› Defining a Class in Java: Fields and Methods

• Objects — 6 classes

› What an Object Is: State, Behaviour and Identity

› Creating Objects from a Class with new

› Accessing Fields and Calling Methods on Objects

› Object References, null and Assigning One Object to Another

› Encapsulation and Access Modifiers: public and private

› Practice: Modelling Real-world Things as Classes and Objects

• Primitive values, Wrapper classes, Types and casting — 4 classes

› Java Language Elements and Operators

› Wrapper Classes and String Manipulation

› Primitive Types in Java: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char and boolean

› Type Casting: Widening and Narrowing Conversions

• Variables, Expressions — 7 classes

› Variables and Data Types: Integers, Floats and Strings

› Input, Arithmetic and Type Conversion

› 6.1 Python Basics: Programs, Variables, Data Types and Input

› Expressions and the Precedence of Operators

› 5.4 Variables

› Declaring and Initialising Variables in Java

› Writing and Evaluating Expressions in Java

• Statements, Scope — 17 classes

› Selection Statements: if, if-else and switch-case

› 6.1 Introduction

› 6.2 Selection

› 6.3 Indentation

› 6.4 Repetition

› 6.4.1 The ‘For’ Loop

› 6.4.2 The ‘While’ Loop

› 6.5 Break and Continue Statement

› 6.5.1 Break Statement

› 6.5.2 Continue Statement

› 6.6 Nested Loops

› Control Flow

› 7.4 Scope of a Variable

› 7.5.1 Built-in functions

› Iteration Statements in Java: for, while and do-while

› Jump Statements in Java: break and continue

› Scope of Variables in Java: Local, Instance and Block Scope

• Methods and Constructors — 6 classes

› Methods in Java: Declaring and Calling

› Parameters, Return Values and Method Overloading

› Pass by Value and Passing Objects to Methods

› Constructors: Purpose and Default Constructor

› Parameterised Constructors and Constructor Overloading

› The this Keyword and Static Members

• Arrays, Strings — 7 classes

› Array

› 8.2 Strings

› 8.3 String Operations

› One-dimensional Arrays in Java: Declaring, Initialising and Traversing

› Two-dimensional Arrays in Java

› The String Class in Java: Creating Strings and Common Methods

› Searching and Sorting an Array

• Basic input/output and Text File Handling — 5 classes

› Basic Input in Java with the Scanner Class

› Basic Output in Java: print, println and printf

› Text Files: Reading with File and Scanner

› Text Files: Writing with FileWriter and PrintWriter

› Handling File Errors with try and catch

• Introduction to Python — 36 classes

› 5.1 Introduction to Python

› 5.1.1 Features of Python

› 5.1.2 Working with Python

› 5.1.3 Execution Modes

› 5.2 Python Keywords

› 5.3 Identifiers

› 5.5 Comments

› 5.6 Everything is an Object

› 5.7 Data Types

› 5.7.1 Number

› 5.7.2 Sequence

› 5.7.3 Set

› 5.7.4 None

› 5.7.5 Mapping

› 5.7.6 Mutable and Immutable Data Types

› 5.7.7 Deciding Usage of Python Data Types

› 5.8 Operators

› 5.8.2 Relational Operators

› 5.8.1 Arithmetic Operators

› 5.8.3 Assignment Operators

› 5.8.5 Identity Operators

› 5.8.4 Logical Operators

› 5.9 Expressions

› 5.8.6 Membership Operators

› 5.9.1 Precedence of Operators

› 5.10 Statement

› 5.11 Input and Output

› 5.12 Type Conversion

› 5.12.1 Explicit Conversion

› 5.12.2 Implicit Conversion

› 5.13 Debugging

› 5.13.1 Syntax Errors

› 5.13.2 Logical Errors

› 5.13.3 Runtime Error

› The Python Interpreter and the >>> Prompt

› Basics of Python: Character Set, Tokens and Modes

• Trends in computing and ethical issues — 28 classes

› 11.1 Introduction

› 11.2 Digital Footprints

› 11.3 Digital Society and Netizen

› 11.3.1 Net Etiquettes

› 11.3.2 Communication Etiquettes

› 11.3.3 Social Media Etiquettes

› 11.4 Data Protection

› 11.4.1 Intellectual Property Right (IPR)

› 11.4.2 Violation of IPR

› 11.4.3 Public Access and Open Source Software

› 11.5 Cyber Crime

› 11.5.1 Hacking

› 11.5.2 Phishing and Fraud Emails

› 11.5.3 Ransomware

› 11.5.4 Combatting and Preventing Cyber Crime

› 11.6 Indian Information Technology Act (IT Act)

› Software Licenses and the Open Source Software Movement

› Intellectual Property Rights, Plagiarism and Digital Property Rights

› 6.4 Data Protection: Intellectual Property Rights and their Violation

› 4.2 Software Licences, Open Source, Intellectual Property and Plagiarism

› Future, Ethical and Social Implications of Generative AI

› Augmented Reality

› Protecting Privacy, Defining Security, and Why It Matters More Now

› Cyber Security Don'ts, and Revision Time

› Artificial Intelligence: Meaning and Everyday Uses

› Internet of Things: Connected Devices and Smart Systems

› Virtual Reality and How It Differs from Augmented Reality

› Software Copyright and Patents

Geometrical & Mechanical Drawing

2 chapters · 37 classes

• Plane Geometry — 15 classes

› Plane Geometry

› Constructing Circles and Their Tangents

› Inscribing Circles Inside Regular Figures

› The Ellipse: Definition, Parts and Three Construction Methods

› The Parabola: Two Construction Methods

› Involute and Cycloid: The Curves Behind Gear Teeth

› Helix and Sine Curve: Threads and Waves

› 6.2 Similar Figures

› 6.3 Similarity of Triangles

› Plain and Diagonal Scales

› Enlargement and Reduction of Irregular Plane Figures

› Constructing Triangles and Quadrilaterals

› Constructing Regular Polygons

› Normals to Curves and Loci of Moving Points

› The Rectangular Hyperbola

• Solid Geometry — 22 classes

› Solid Geometry

› Projection Basics: Solids, Views and the Language of Projection

› Orthographic Projection: Planes, Quadrants and First and Third Angle Methods

› Projection of Points in All Four Quadrants

› Projection of Straight Lines: Reference-Plane Positions and True Length

› Projection of Plane Figures: Perpendicular and Oblique Planes

› Projection of Solids: Prisms, Pyramids, Cylinders and Cones

› Fundamentals of Isometric Projection

› Isometric Projection of Prisms, Pyramids and Frustums

› Isometric Projection of Cylinders, Cones, Spheres and Hemispheres

› Combination of Two Solids in Isometric Projection

› Isometric Projection: Meaning, Isometric Axes and Isometric Scale

› Isometric and Non-Isometric Lines, and the Steps of Isometric Drawing

› Isometric Projection of Triangles, Squares and Pentagons

› Isometric Projection of Hexagons and Circular Figures

› Isometric Drawing (Isometric View) and Chapter Review

› Auxiliary Planes: Auxiliary Views of Solids

› Intersection of Solids

› True Length of a Line and Its Inclinations

› Sections of Solids and Their True Shapes

› Development of Surfaces of Solids

› Oblique Projection of Plane Figures and Solids

Geometrical & Building Drawing

2 chapters · 36 classes

• Plane Geometry — 15 classes

› Plane Geometry

› Constructing Circles and Their Tangents

› Inscribing Circles Inside Regular Figures

› The Ellipse: Definition, Parts and Three Construction Methods

› The Parabola: Two Construction Methods

› Involute and Cycloid: The Curves Behind Gear Teeth

› Helix and Sine Curve: Threads and Waves

› 6.2 Similar Figures

› 6.3 Similarity of Triangles

› Plain and Diagonal Scales

› Enlarging and Reducing Irregular Plane Figures

› Constructing Triangles, Quadrilaterals and Polygons

› Normals to Circles and Curves

› Loci: Paths of Moving Points

› The Rectangular Hyperbola: Construction

• Solid Geometry — 21 classes

› Solid Geometry

› Projection Basics: Solids, Views and the Language of Projection

› Orthographic Projection: Planes, Quadrants and First and Third Angle Methods

› Projection of Points in All Four Quadrants

› Projection of Straight Lines: Reference-Plane Positions and True Length

› Projection of Plane Figures: Perpendicular and Oblique Planes

› Projection of Solids: Prisms, Pyramids, Cylinders and Cones

› Fundamentals of Isometric Projection

› Isometric Projection of Prisms, Pyramids and Frustums

› Isometric Projection of Cylinders, Cones, Spheres and Hemispheres

› Combination of Two Solids in Isometric Projection

› Isometric Projection: Meaning, Isometric Axes and Isometric Scale

› Isometric and Non-Isometric Lines, and the Steps of Isometric Drawing

› Isometric Projection of Triangles, Squares and Pentagons

› Isometric Projection of Hexagons and Circular Figures

› Isometric Drawing (Isometric View) and Chapter Review

› Auxiliary Planes: Auxiliary Views of Solids

› Intersection of Solids: Prism with Prism and Cylinder with Cylinder

› Sections of Solids: Cutting Planes and True Shape

› Development of Surfaces of Prisms, Cylinders, Pyramids and Cones

› Oblique Projection: Cavalier and Cabinet Methods

Art

6 chapters · 28 classes

• Drawing or Painting from Still Life — 5 classes

› Still Life: Drawing, Composition and Colour Treatment

› Arranging a Still Life

› Accurate Drawing: Measuring, Proportion and Light and Shade

› Composition and Emphasis in Still Life

› Colour Treatment, Originality and How the Still Life Is Marked

• Drawing or Painting from Nature — 5 classes

› Sketching from Life and Nature: Observation, Still Life and Memory

› Studying the Structure of Natural Forms: Leaves, Flowers and Shells

› Drawing and Painting Natural Forms in Colour

› Outdoor Subject: Choosing a Scene and Composing It

› Outdoor Subject: Light, Depth and Colour in a Landscape

• Drawing or Painting of a Living Person — 4 classes

› Proportions of the Human Figure

› Full Figure Study: Pose, Balance and Gesture

› Head Study: Structure of the Face and Features

› Light, Shade and Colour in a Study of a Living Person

• Original Imaginative Composition in Colour — 4 classes

› The Practical Paper: Painting a Composition from Memory

› Finding a Theme and Making Thumbnail Sketches for a Composition

› Colour Schemes and Mood in an Imaginative Composition

› Balance, Rhythm and Focal Point in a Composition

• Crafts 'A' — 4 classes

› Designing a Book Page or Cover

› Designing a Poster

› Designing a Card and Patterned Paper

› Calligraphy: Letter Forms and Lettering in Layout

• Crafts 'B' — 6 classes

› Planning Craftwork: Materials, Tools and Examination Expectations

› Pottery and Sculpture

› Weaving and Dyed Cloth

› Embroidery, Mosaic and Collage

› Puppets and Prints

› Local Crafts of Your Region

Music (Hindustani, Carnatic or Western)

33 chapters · 199 classes

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Introduction to Musical Terms — 9 classes

› Nada and Shruti

› Swar and Saptak

› Thaat, Jati, Laya and Tala: a first look

› Basic Terms of Sangeet, Nada, Swar and Thaat

› Dhwani: Musical Sound and Noise

› Varna: Sthayi, Arohi, Avarohi and Sanchari

› Alankar: Patterns of Notes in Ascent and Descent

› Raga: Its Meaning and Essential Features

› Taal: Matra, Vibhag, Sam, Tali and Khali

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Forms of Composition — 7 classes

› Dhrupad: origin and style

› Khayal: origin and style

› Tarana: origin and style

› Bada Khayal: Slow Composition and Its Elaboration

› Chhota Khayal: Fast Composition and Its Elaboration

› Bada Khayal and Chhota Khayal Compared

› Sthayi and Antara in a Khayal Composition

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Introduction to Ragas — 9 classes

› Raga Yaman: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi and Swaras

› Raga Yaman: Aroh, Avroh, Pakad and Time of Singing

› Raga Bhupali: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi and Swaras

› Raga Bhupali: Aroh, Avroh, Pakad and Time of Singing

› Raga Khamaj: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi and Swaras

› Raga Khamaj: Aroh, Avroh, Pakad and Time of Singing

› Raga Bhairav: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi and Swaras

› Raga Bhairav: Aroh, Avroh, Pakad and Time of Singing

› Raga Desh: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Taal and Taal-lipi — 6 classes

› Teentaal: 16 Matras, Vibhag and Theka

› Writing Teentaal in Dugun and Chaugun Layakari

› Dadra Taal: 6 Matras and Theka

› Kaharwa Taal: 8 Matras and Theka

› Jhaptaal: 10 Matras and Theka

› Taal-lipi: Writing the Four Taals in Notation

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Swarlipi of Chota Khayal — 6 classes

› Swarlipi Method: Reading and Writing Notation of a Chhota Khayal

› Chhota Khayal in Raga Yaman: Notation

› Chhota Khayal in Raga Bhupali: Notation

› Chhota Khayal in Raga Khamaj: Notation

› Chhota Khayal in Raga Bhairav: Notation

› Chhota Khayal in Raga Desh: Notation

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music — 3 classes

› Tansen: life and contribution

› V.N. Bhatkhande: life and contribution

› V.D. Paluskar: life and contribution

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Topics of general interest related to Music — 4 classes

› Writing a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic: Planning and Structure

› Essay Practice: Music and Society

› Essay Practice: Music and Its Role in Daily Life, Festivals and Education

› Essay Practice: Folk Music, Classical Music and Light Music Compared

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Introduction to Musical Terms — 5 classes

› Basic Terms: Sangeet, Dhwani, Nada, Shruti, Swara, Saptak, Alankar, Thaat, Jati

› Dhwani: Musical Sound and Noise

› Varna: Sthayi, Arohi, Avarohi and Sanchari

› Raga: Its Meaning and Essential Features in Instrumental Music

› Taal: Matra, Vibhag, Sam, Tali and Khali

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Types and techniques of String Instruments — 6 classes

› Gamak, Meend and Kan

› Krintan, Zamzama, Ghaseet and Sut

› Chal Thaat and Achal Thaat: Moveable and Fixed Notes

› Murki and Khatka: Quick Ornaments on a String Instrument

› Kampan: Shaking the Note on a String Instrument

› Playing Krintan, Zamzama, Murki, Khatka and Kampan: A Practice Class

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Introduction to Ragas — 6 classes

› Raga: Meaning and Features

› Raga Yaman for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad

› Raga Bhupali for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad

› Raga Khamaj for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad

› Raga Bhairav for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad

› Raga Desh for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Taal and Taal-lipi — 5 classes

› Teentaal: 16 Matras, Vibhag and Theka

› Dadra Taal: 6 Matras and Theka

› Kaharwa Taal: 8 Matras and Theka

› Jhaptaal: 10 Matras and Theka

› Taal-lipi: Writing the Four Taals in Notation

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Swarlipi of Razakhani/Drut Gat — 8 classes

› Gat in Instrumental Music

› Razakhani Gat: A Brief History

› Razakhani Gat with Todas in the Three Ragas

› Swarlipi of a Razakhani Gat in Raga Yaman

› Swarlipi of a Razakhani Gat in Raga Bhupali

› Swarlipi of a Drut Gat in Raga Khamaj

› Swarlipi of a Drut Gat in Raga Bhairav

› Swarlipi of a Drut Gat in Raga Desh

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music — 4 classes

› Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande: Life and Work

› Bhatkhande's Thaat System and Notation Method

› Vishnu Digambar Paluskar: Life and Work

› Paluskar's Gandharva Mahavidyalaya and Music Education

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Topics of general interest related to Music — 3 classes

› Writing a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic: Planning and Structure

› Essay Practice: Instrumental Music in India

› Essay Practice: Role of Music in Society and Education

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music — 4 classes

› Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande: Life and Work

› Bhatkhande's Notation System and Its Use in Taal

› Vishnu Digambar Paluskar: Life and Work

› Paluskar's Contribution to Music Teaching and Taal Notation

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Terms related to Tabla — 6 classes

› Theka and Avartan: The Basic Cycle of a Taal

› Kism and Mukhda: Varieties and Openings in Tabla

› Mohra and Tukda: Short Closing Pieces

› Uthaan: The Opening Piece in Tabla Solo

› Paran: Compositions Drawn from Pakhawaj

› Peshkara: Improvised Elaboration of a Theka

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Taal and Taal-lipi — 6 classes

› Teentaal on the Tabla: Matras, Vibhag and Theka

› Ektaal on the Tabla: Matras, Vibhag and Theka

› Chaartaal on the Tabla: Matras, Vibhag and Theka

› Rupak Taal on the Tabla: Matras, Vibhag and Theka

› Tivra Taal: Matras, Vibhag and Theka

› Writing the Five Taals in Notation, with Dugun and Chaugun

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Five Pranas of Taal — 5 classes

› Kaal: Time in Taal

› Marg: The Path of Taal

› Kriya: Gestures that Mark the Taal

› Ang: The Parts of a Taal

› Kala: Subdivisions of Time in a Taal

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Syllables of Tabla — 4 classes

› Basic Techniques, Bols and Combinations of Syllables

› Producing Syllables on the Dahina: Na, Tin, Tun, Te and Ta

› Producing Syllables on the Bayan: Ge, Ghe, Ka and Kat

› Producing Syllables Played on Both Drums: Dha, Dhin and Dhage

• Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Topics of general interest related to Music — 3 classes

› Writing a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic: Planning and Structure

› Essay Practice: Tabla and Its Place in Indian Music

› Essay Practice: Rhythm in Indian Life and Music

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): The fundamental technical terms and their meanings — 6 classes

› History and Theory of Indian Music - Class XII

› Nada, Sruti and Svara: Basic Terms of Carnatic Music

› Sthayi, Arohana and Avarohana in Carnatic Music

› Raga, Tala and Laya as Technical Terms

› Janaka and Janya Ragas, Melakarta and Sampurna

› Technical Terms Review: Using the Vocabulary of Carnatic Music Correctly

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Principles of Sa, re, ga, ma, notations — 5 classes

› The Sa Re Ga Ma Notation: Names of the Seven Svaras

› Symbols of the Notation: Dots, Lines and Gaps for Octaves and Time Values

› The Notation System of K.V. Srinivasa Iyengar's Music Books

› The Notation System of P. Sambamoorthy's South Indian Music Series

› Reading and Writing a Simple Composition in Notation

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Raga classification in Carnatic Music — 6 classes

› Why Ragas Are Classified: Janaka and Janya Ragas

› The Scheme of the 72 Melakartas: Purva and Uttara Parts

› The Two Madhyamas and the Six Rishabha-Gandhara Combinations

› The Names of the 12 Chakras

› Katapayadi Formula: Finding the Number of a Melakarta

› Practice: Working Out Melakartas with the Katapayadi Formula

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Lakshanas of the following 24 ragas — 10 classes

› Lakshanas of the Six Prescribed Ragas

› Raga Lakshanas of the Ten Prescribed Ragas

› Lakshanas of Todi, Saveri and Chakravakam

› Lakshanas of Bhairavi, Anandha Bhairavi and Karaharapriya

› Lakshanas of Shri Ranjani, Ritigoula and Mukhari

› Lakshanas of Harikambhoji, Natakuranji and Kedaragoula

› Lakshanas of Sahana, Kambhoji and Yadukulakambhoji

› Lakshanas of Sankarabharana, Hamsadhwani and Begada

› Lakshanas of Atana, Nata and Purvakalyani

› Lakshanas of Shanmukhapriya, Kalyani and Saranga

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Manodharma Sangita and its forms — 5 classes

› Manodharma Sangita in Detail

› Raga Alapana: Paddati of Developing a Raga

› Kalpana Svaras: Singing Improvised Svara Patterns

› Practice: Raga Alapana and Kalpana Svaras on a Prescribed Raga

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Dasavida gamakas — 5 classes

› Gamaka in Carnatic Music: Meaning and Importance

› Arohana, Avarohana, Dhalu and Sphurita Gamakas

› Kampita, Namita and Mudrita Gamakas

› Tribhinna, Ullasita, Humphita and Plavita Gamakas

› Singing the Ten Gamakas in a Raga

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): The scheme of the 35 Talas — 8 classes

› Nada, Laya, Tala, Jati and Gati

› Suladi Sapta Talas and the Technical Terms of Rhythm

› The Scheme of the 35 Talas: Suladi Sapta Talas and Five Jatis

› Chapu Tala and Its Varieties

› Desadi and Madhyadi Talas

› Kriya and Anga: The Actions and Limbs of a Tala

› Laya, Gati and Matra

› The Shadangas of a Tala

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Musical forms and their association — 7 classes

› Musical Forms: Kriti, Padam, Javali, Tiruppugazh and Ragamalika

› Compositions in Authentic Tradition: Kriti, Padam, Javali, Tillana, Ragamalika

› Musical Forms of Carnatic Music

› Gita and Tana Varna: Beginner Forms

› Padavarna: Structure and Features

› Tillana: Structure and Features

› Comparing Kriti, Padam and Javali

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): History of Carnatic Music — 11 classes

› Roots of Carnatic Music and Purandara Dasa, the Graded Lessons

› The Trinity: Tyagaraja, Muthuswamy Dikshitar and Syama Sastri

› Brief History of Carnatic Music: Four Great Composers

› Brief History of Carnatic Music and Its Great Composers

› Jayadeva, Ramamatya and Somanatha: Early Writers on Music

› Narayana Tirtha, Bhadrachala Ramadas and Kshetrajna

› Venkatamakhi and the Scheme of Melakartas

› Paidala Guruthy Sastri, Arunachalam Kavirayar and Gopalakrishna Gharat

› Svati Tirunal and Subbaraya Shastri

› Veena Kuppayyar, Mysore Sadasiva Rao, Patnam Subramanya Iyar and Pallavi Seshayyar

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Classification of musical instruments into stringed, wind and percussion group — 6 classes

› Concert Instruments and Classification of Musical Instruments

› Structure of the Vina

› Structure of the Violin and the Tampura

› Structure of the Gottuvadyam and the Flute

› Tuning of the Human Voice

› Compass of the Main Instruments of South India

• Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Musical sound and voice — 5 classes

› Pitch, Intensity and Timbre of Musical Sound

› Sympathetic Vibration and Resonance in Musical Instruments

› Echoes and Their Effect on Music

› Musical Intervals and the Ratio of Notes

› Grahabhedam: Shifting the Tonic to Produce New Ragas

• Western Music (874) - Section A: Harmony, etc. — 9 classes

› Four-part Writing: Chords on the Degrees of a Major Scale

› Four-part Writing: Chords on the Degrees of a Minor Scale

› Chord Inversions: First and Second Inversions

› The Dominant Seventh Chord and Its Resolution

› Modulation to Related Keys

› Figured and Unfigured Bass

› Harmonizing a Given Melody

› Melody Writing

› Analysing Rhythmic Structure and Harmonic Progressions

• Western Music (874) - Section B: Prescribed Works — 7 classes

› Beethoven, Symphony No. 2 in D Major: The Composer and the Work

› Beethoven, Symphony No. 2: First and Second Movements

› Beethoven, Symphony No. 2: Scherzo and Finale

› Bach, Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor: Prelude

› Bach, Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor: Fugue Structure

› Schubert, Erl King: The Poem, the Piano and the Voices

› Cesar Franck, Violin and Piano Sonata: The Last Movement

Physical Education

15 chapters · 107 classes

• Concept of Physical Education — 7 classes

› Meaning, Aims, Objectives and Importance of Physical Education

› What is Physical Education? Need and Importance

› Objectives of Physical Education

› Scope of Physical Education: A Multi-disciplinary Subject

› Myths and Misconceptions about Physical Education, and the Chapter Exercise

› Concept, Aims and Objectives of Physical Education

› Physical Activity, Games, Sports and Recreation

• Individual Aspects and Group Dynamics — 6 classes

› Interest in Sport: Meaning and Ways to Build It

› Attitude: Meaning and Its Effect on Performance

› Motivation: Intrinsic and Extrinsic

› Motivating Players and Teams in Practice

› Leadership: Meaning and Qualities of a Leader

› Types of Leaders and Leadership Styles in Sport

• Effects of Physical Exercise on Human Body Systems — 10 classes

› Effects of Physical Activity on Bones and Muscles

› Effects of Physical Activity on Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

› Effect of Exercise on the Muscular System

› Effect of Exercise on the Cardiorespiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

› Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory System

› The Skeletal System

› Muscular and Respiratory Systems

› Effects of Exercise on the Body's Systems

› A Brief Introduction to the Human Body

› Effects of Exercise on the Digestive System

• Nutrition, Weight Control & Exercise — 12 classes

› Balanced Diet and Nutrition

› Macro and Micro Nutrients; Carbohydrates

› Proteins and Fats (Lipids)

› Water and Vitamins

› Minerals

› Healthy Weight and Eating for Weight Control

› The Pitfalls of Dieting

› Pre-Exercise, During-Exercise and Post-Training Nutrition

› General Nutrition

› Planning a Balanced Diet: The Nutri-Planner

› Body Image, Obesity and the Energy Balance

› Importance of Diet in Sports: Nutrients for Exercise and Training

• Physical Fitness & Wellness — 10 classes

› Meaning and Importance of Wellness, Health and Physical Fitness

› Components of Wellness, Health and Fitness

› Meaning and Components of Health-Related Physical Fitness; Muscular Strength

› Improving Strength and Muscular Endurance

› Flexibility, Body Composition and Cardiovascular Endurance

› Physical Fitness Test Battery

› Factors Affecting Physical Fitness and the Influence of Sports on Well-being

› Classification and Types of Tests

› 2.2 Explore the Five Components of Physical Fitness

› Physique and Body Types: Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph

• Games and Sports – a global perspective — 4 classes

› Major Sports Competitions: Olympics, Commonwealth, Asian and National Games

› The Olympics as a Social Force: Peace, Unity and Culture

› History of the Modern Olympic Games

› The Asian Games: Origin and Growth

• Cricket — 8 classes

› Cricket

› Cricket: History, Ground and Ways of Scoring Runs

› Cricket: Ways of Getting Out and the Rules of the Game

› Cricket: Batting, Bowling, Wicket-keeping and Fielding Skills

› Cricket: How the Game Works

› Cricket: From Test Matches to the IPL, and India's Story

› Cricket: Umpires, Scorers and Umpiring Signals

› Cricket: Team Strategies and Captaincy

• Football — 6 classes

› Football

› Football: History, Field and Rules of the Game

› Football: Fundamental Skills, Lead-up Activities and the Goalkeeper

› Football: Referee, Assistants and the Laws of the Game

› Football: Team Formations and Strategies

› Football: Major Tournaments

• Hockey — 6 classes

› Hockey

› Hockey: History, Field and Equipment

› Hockey: Rules, Free Hits, Penalties and Shootout

› A Hundred Years of Indian Hockey

› Hockey: Dribbling, Pushing, Hitting and Other Skills

› Hockey: Umpires, Team Strategies and Tournaments

• Basketball — 6 classes

› Basketball

› Team Games and Basketball: History, Court and Rules

› Basketball: Dribbling, Passing, Shooting, Defence and Rebounding

› Basketball: The Game and Its Skills

› Basketball: Naismith, the YMCA and India

› Basketball: Officials, Violations and Tournaments

• Volleyball — 6 classes

› Volleyball

› Volleyball: History, Court, Net and Rules

› Volleyball: Smash, Block and Lead-up Activities

› Volleyball: Serve, Pass and Set

› Volleyball: Officials, Rotation and Team Strategy

› Volleyball: Major Tournaments

• Badminton — 6 classes

› Badminton

› Badminton: History, Events, Court and Rules

› Badminton: Grips, Service and Return of Service

› Badminton: Strokes and Footwork

› Badminton: Officials, Faults and Lets

› Badminton: Strategies and Tournaments

• Tennis — 6 classes

› Tennis: History, Equipment and Court

› Tennis: Scoring, Grips and Serves

› Tennis

› Tennis: Forehand, Backhand and Volley

› Tennis: Officials, Laws and Grand Slam Tournaments

› Tennis: Strategy in Singles and Doubles

• Swimming — 8 classes

› Swimming: Introduction, History and Rules

› Swimming: Starts, Turns and Race Tactics

› Swimming

› Meaning and Types of Tournaments; Knock-Out Tournament Fixtures

› Consolation and Double Knock-Out Tournaments

› League and Combination Tournaments

› Unit 5 Introduction: Swimming

› Swimming: The Four Competitive Strokes

• Athletics — 6 classes

› Athletics

› 4.5 Learn the Essentials of Officiating in Sports

› Athletics: History, Track Layout and the List of Events

› Track Events: Sprints, Distance Races, Hurdles and Relays

› Field Events: Jumps and Throws

› Athletics: Rules, Skills and Major Competitions

Environmental Science

7 chapters · 62 classes

• Environment – The Foundation of Life — 5 classes

› What the Environment Is: Its Living and Non-Living Components

› Why We Need Environmental Science

› Scope of Environmental Science: The Subjects It Draws On

› Applications of Environmental Science in Daily Life and Industry

› Careers and Responsible Citizenship in Environmental Science

• Modes of Existence — 9 classes

› What Are Primary Activities? Hunting and Gathering

› Pastoralism: Nomadic Herding and Commercial Livestock Rearing

› Subsistence Agriculture: Shifting Cultivation and Intensive Farming

› Commercial Farming I: Plantation Agriculture, Grain Cultivation and Mixed Farming

› Not Everywhere at Once: The Regions of Early Farming

› The Industrial Mode of Existence: Factories, Fossil Fuels and Growing Cities

› Ecological Impact of Each Mode of Existence on Land, Water and Wildlife

› Social Organisation and Ideology Across the Modes of Existence

› Ecological Conflicts: Who Claims the Resource?

• Ecology — 17 classes

› What an Ecosystem Is

› The Structure of an Ecosystem, and the Pond

› Productivity: GPP, NPP and Secondary Productivity

› Decomposition

› Energy Flow: The Sun, PAR and the Two Laws

› Consumers and the Grazing Food Chain

› The Detritus Food Chain and the Food Web

› Trophic Levels, Standing Crop and the Ten Per Cent Law

› Ecological Pyramids: The Three Types

› 13.1 Eco-system: What are Its Components?

› 13.1.1 Food Chains and Webs, and the Flow of Energy

› Biogeochemical Cycles and the Water Cycle

› The Oxygen Cycle

› Habitat and Niche: Where an Organism Lives and What It Does

› Major Biomes of the World and Their Climates

› The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles

› The Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycles

• Pollution — 11 classes

› Environmental Pollution and Water Pollution in India

› Air Pollution and Noise Pollution

› Urban Waste Disposal: The Problem and the Daurala Case Study

› Industrial Pollution, Environmental Degradation and Its Control

› Emerging Water Problems: Quality Deterioration and Groundwater Depletion

› Water Conservation, Pollution Prevention and Recycling

› Loudness, Intensity and Noise

› Disrupting Nutrient Cycles: Eutrophication and Nutrient Overload

› Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Caused by Pollution

› Atmospheric Pollution: Acid Rain, Smog and the Greenhouse Effect

› Pollution Control Measures and Regulations

• Legal Regimes for Sustainable Development — 7 classes

› Constitutional Provisions and the Environment in India

› The Water, Air and Environment (Protection) Acts

› Wildlife and Forest Conservation Laws

› Pollution Control Boards and the National Green Tribunal

› International Environmental Agreements: Stockholm, Rio and Paris

› Trade and Environment: WTO Rules, CITES and the Basel Convention

› Guiding Principles: Polluter Pays and Precaution

• Technology and Environment — 6 classes

› Technological Evolution and Its Models of Growth

› Technology and Its Environmental Footprint

› Renewable Energy: Solar, Wind, Hydro and Biomass

› Technology and Human Health

› Traditional Systems of Medicine: Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani

› Choosing Appropriate Technology for Sustainable Living

• Design and Planning for Environmental Conservation and Protection — 7 classes

› 13.2 How do Our Activities Affect the Environment? The Ozone Layer

› Conservation of Biodiversity

› Community Conservation and Sacred Groves

› Analysing a Local Ecosystem: Survey and Sampling Methods

› Human-Environment Interactions: Mapping Pressures and Benefits

› Designing Solutions: From Problem Statement to Conservation Plan

› Evaluating a Conservation Design: Cost, Benefit and Community Role

Biotechnology

11 chapters · 133 classes

• Historical background; definition, discoveries and modern era — 12 classes

› 1.1 Historical Perspectives

› 1.2 Foundations of Modern Biotechnology and Applications in Medicine

› Microbes in Household Products

› Fermented Beverages

› 3.1 Explore the Basics of Fermentation Processes

› 3.2 Identify Different Types of Fermentation Microorganisms

› What Biotechnology Is

› Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration

› Defining Biotechnology: The OECD and EFB Definitions

› Milestones in Biotechnology: From Early Discoveries to the Modern Era

› Making Curd and Beer: Microbes at Work

› Good Laboratory Practice and Good Manufacturing Practice

• Scope and importance of biotechnology — 16 classes

› 1.2.2 Applications in Crop Production and Agriculture

› 1.2.3 Applications in Food Processing and Environmental Protection

› 1.3 Biotechnology in India: Institutional and Industrial Landscape

› 1.3.2 Biotechnology in India: Achievements and Innovations

› Ethical Issues and the GEAC

› Biopiracy: Basmati, Turmeric and Neem

› 5.1 Explore the Role of Biotechnology in Industry

› 5.2 Identify Key Biotech Applications in Agriculture

› 5.3 Analyze Biotechnological Advances in Healthcare

› What Biotechnology Is Applied To, and the Three Ways to Grow More Food

› 6.1.8 Biosafety Issues in Microbial Technology

› 6.2.6 Biosafety in Plant Genetic Engineering

› Branches of Biotechnology

› Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology: Patents and Trade Secrets

› Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Biotechnology

› Leading Biotechnology Institutes in India and the World

• Biochemical technology and biostatistics — 7 classes

› 9.1 Statistics for Biology: Correlation, Regression, and Key Terms

› 9.1 Probability, Sample Design, and Common Statistical Abuses

› Acids, Bases and the pH Scale

› Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation and Calculating pH of Buffers

› Buffers in Living Systems and in the Laboratory

› Probability: Basic Rules and Simple Problems

› Types of Biological Data: Qualitative and Quantitative

• Cell: as a basic unit of life — 14 classes

› What Is a Cell? Cell Theory and an Overview

› Prokaryotic Cells: Envelope, Appendages and Ribosomes

› Eukaryotic Cells: the Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall

› The Endomembrane System: ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuoles

› Mitochondria and Plastids: the Semi-Autonomous Organelles

› Ribosomes, the Cytoskeleton, and Cilia and Flagella

› Centrosome and Centrioles; The Nucleus

› Chromosome Classification and Microbodies

› 1.1 Identify Cell Structures and Their Functions

› 2.2 Membrane Transport and the Cell Wall

› Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Compared

› The Bacterial Cell: Structure and Shapes

› Gram Staining: Procedure and Gram-positive vs Gram-negative Cells

› Chromosomal Organisation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• Cell cycle, cell division and signal transduction — 13 classes

› The Cell Cycle: Interphase and Its Phases

› M Phase (Mitosis): Prophase Through Telophase

› Cytokinesis and the Significance of Mitosis

› Meiosis I: Homologous Pairing and Crossing Over

› Meiosis II and the Significance of Meiosis

› 5.1 Cell Signalling and 5.2 Metabolic Pathways Overview

› 5.3 The Cell Cycle and Its Phases

› 5.3.2 Mitosis: Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis

› 5.3.3 Meiosis

› 5.3.3 Meiosis I and Meiosis II: Detailed Stages

› 5.3.4 Significance of Meiosis

› Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Cyclin and CDK Complexes

› Checkpoints, Cell Death and Loss of Cell-cycle Control

• Biomolecules — 15 classes

› How Living Tissue Is Analysed, and Its Small Molecules

› Primary and Secondary Metabolites; Biomacromolecules

› Proteins and Polysaccharides

› Nucleic Acids and the Four Levels of Protein Structure

› Enzymes: Action, Kinetics and Classification

› 3.1 Carbohydrates: Classification and Monosaccharides

› 3.1 Carbohydrates: Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides

› 3.2 Fatty Acids and Lipids

› 3.3 Amino Acids

› 3.4 Protein Structure: Overview and Primary Structure

› 3.4 Protein Structure: Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure

› 3.5 Nucleic Acids: Overview and the Polynucleotide Chain

› 3.5 Nucleic Acids: Types of RNA

› 5.2.1 Introduction to the World of Proteins

› Vitamins: Fat-soluble and Water-soluble

• Techniques involved in separation of biomolecules — 10 classes

› 12.2 Centrifugation and Its Types

› 12.3.1-12.3.2 Electrophoresis: Principle and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

› 12.3.3-12.3.4 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) and Tracking Dyes

› 12.5 Chromatography: Principle, Adsorption, Partition, and Ion-Exchange Chromatography

› 12.5 Gel Filtration, Affinity, HPLC and Gas Chromatography

› 5.2.4 Purification of Proteins

› Paper Chromatography and Calculating the Rf Value

› Ion Exchange Chromatography in Practice

› Isoelectric Focusing: Separating Proteins by Charge

› Centrifuge Types and Choosing a Method for Separation

• Immune system in higher animals — 10 classes

› Immunity and the Four Innate Barriers

› Acquired Immunity: Antibodies and the Two Lymphocytes

› Active and Passive Immunity, Vaccination and Immunisation

› Allergies and Auto-immunity

› The Immune System in the Body: Lymphoid Organs

› 12.4 ELISA: Direct and Indirect ELISA

› Thymus and the Adrenal Gland

› Antigens and Antibodies: Structure and Classes

› Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity Compared

› Plant Defence Against Pathogens

• Laws of Inheritance — 20 classes

› Genetics, Mendel and the Pea Plant

› The Monohybrid Cross and the 3:1 Ratio

› The Punnett Square, the Genotypic Ratio and the Test Cross

› The Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation

› Incomplete Dominance, and What Dominance Really Is

› Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles and ABO Blood Groups

› The Dihybrid Cross

› The Law of Independent Assortment and the 9:3:3:1 Ratio

› Mutation and Pedigree Analysis

› Mendelian Disorders: Colour Blindness and Haemophilia

› Mendelian Disorders: Sickle-cell Anaemia, Phenylketonuria and Thalassemia

› Chromosomal Disorders

› 8.1.2 Down Syndrome and Klinefelter's Syndrome

› 8.1.2 Turner's Syndrome, and an Introduction to Monogenic Disorders and Pedigree Analysis

› Mutations, the Reading Frame, and tRNA the Adapter Molecule

› 6.1.1 Mendel's Foundational Work and the Monohybrid Cross

› 6.4-6.5 Sex-linked and Extrachromosomal Inheritance

› 8.3 Polygenic Disorders and Mitochondrial Inheritance

› Inborn Errors of Metabolism

› Genetic Terms: Gene, Allele, Genotype, Phenotype and Homozygous vs Heterozygous

• Gene Mapping — 6 classes

› The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

› Linkage and Recombination

› 6.2 Linkage and Crossing Over

› 6.3 Recombination

› Mapping Genes on Chromosomes: Map Units and Three-point Crosses

› Genetics of Cancer: Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes

• Introduction to Cell Culture Technology — 10 classes

› 6.3.1-6.3.2 Introduction & Animal Cell Culture Techniques

› 6.3.3-6.3.5 Characterization, Gene Delivery & Scale-up

› 6.1.1-6.1.2 Introduction & Microbial Culture Techniques

› 6.1.7 Applications of Microbial Culture Technology

› 6.2.1-6.2.2 Introduction & Cell/Tissue Culture Techniques

› Instruments in a Cell Culture Laboratory

› Sterilisation Methods in Cell Culture

› Cell Sorting and Cell Counting

› Nutrient Media for Cell Culture

› Cryopreservation of Cells

Mass Media & Communication

6 chapters · 41 classes

• Communication — 7 classes

› Mass Media and Mass Communication: Definition and Functions

› Aspects of Mass Communication

› Barriers to Communication

› Methods of Communication: Verbal, Non-verbal and Visual

› 1.2 Explore Linear Communication Models and Their Applications

› 1.3 Analyze Interactive Communication Models in Modern Media

› Levels of Communication: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Group and Mass

• Basics of Journalism — 10 classes

› 2.1 Identify the Key Elements of News Reporting

› 2.2 Analyze Various Types of News Articles

› 2.3 Develop Strong Interviewing Techniques for Journalists

› 2.4 Practice Writing Clear and Concise News Leads

› 2.5 Explore the Editing Process: From First Draft to Final Copy

› Journalism: Meaning and Role in Society

› What Makes News: Understanding News and Its Components

› News Values: Why Some Events Become News

› Reporting and Editing Techniques

› Photo Journalism: Telling the News with Pictures

• Radio Programs — 8 classes

› Evolution of Radio in India: Before and After Independence

› Content Analysis of Radio Programmes

› Production Process: Radio

› 3.1 Explore the History and Evolution of Radio Broadcast

› 3.2 Understand the Components of a Radio Studio

› 3.3 Identify Key Roles in Radio Production

› Why Radio Programmes Matter

› Types of Radio Programmes: News, Talk, Music, Drama and Features

• Programs for Television — 7 classes

› Evolution of Television: Doordarshan, Colour TV and Satellite Transmission

› Soap Operas: Daily and Weekly Soaps, Genres and Primary Audience

› The Segmented Audience, Gaze, Flow and Continuous Interruption on TV

› Film-based and Music-based Programmes, Educational TV and Non-fiction on TV

› Understanding Fiction: Story as a Self-contained World and a Subjective Experience

› Pre-production Project: Storyboard and Non-fiction

› Television and Cinema Compared

• Public Relations — 4 classes

› Public Relations: Meaning, Aims and Role

› Tools and Publics of Public Relations

› Planning a PR Campaign

› Running and Evaluating a PR Campaign

• Media Regulatory Bodies — 5 classes

› Why Media Needs Regulation

› TRAI: Role and Functions

› Press Council of India: Role and Functions

› CBFC: Role and Functions in Film Certification

› ASCI and NBSA: Advertising and Broadcast Standards

Hospitality Management

5 chapters · 36 classes

• Soft Skills in Hospitality — 10 classes

› Soft skills and personality

› Personality development

› Positive work attitude

› First impression and grooming

› Basic social etiquettes

› Positive body language and summary

› Qualities Required in a Hospitality Professional

› Hospitality English: greeting, welcoming and addressing guests

› Hospitality English: telephone, written and guest-complaint communication

› Motivation in hospitality work: needs, rewards and staying motivated

• Basic Management Principles — 6 classes

› What management is and why a hotel needs it

› Fayol's fourteen principles of management: division of work to unity of command

› Fayol's fourteen principles of management: remuneration to esprit de corps

› Levels of management: top, middle and supervisory

› Hotel hierarchy: the staff structure of a large hotel

› Hotel hierarchy in a small hotel and how management levels fit it

• Hospitality Management and Tourism — 3 classes

› Components of Tourism and the Link Between Tourism and Hospitality

› Scope of the Hospitality Industry: Core and Allied Areas

› How tourism and hospitality depend on each other: worked examples

• Services offered in Hospitality — 6 classes

› Hospitality

› Operations of Five Star Hotel

› Introduction to Allied Areas of Hospitality Industry

› Services offered to guests: rooms, food, laundry and travel help

› Special and personalised guest services

› Characteristics of hospitality personnel: attitude, grooming and teamwork

• Departments in a Hotel — 11 classes

› Departmental Organization on the Basis of Functions

› Departmental Organization on the Basis of Revenue

› 1.3 Explore the Role of the Front Office in Hotel Operations

› 1.4 Describe Front Office Organizational Structure and Key Positions

› 4.5 Discover Food and Beverage Services in Hospitality

› 2.1 Understand Front Office Operations and Guest Services

› 2.2 Explore Food and Beverage Service Techniques

› 2.3 Identify Key Roles in Housekeeping Management

› Food Production Department: the kitchen and its brigade

› Accommodation Operations: housekeeping and the cleaning of guest rooms

› How the four main departments work together for one guest stay

Legal Studies

41 chapters · 207 classes

• Constitution-Meaning & Functions — 7 classes

› Learning Outcomes

› I. Meaning of the term Constitution

› II. Definition of the term Constitution

› Making and Sources of the Constitution of India

› III.A A Modern Constitution

› Functions of a Constitution

› Constitutional Courts: The Role of the Supreme Court and High Courts

• Salient Features of the Constitution of India — 16 classes

› III.B Lengthiest Written Constitution

› III.C Preamble to the Constitution

› III.D(i) Fundamental Rights

› III.D(ii) Directive Principles of State Policy

› III.D(iii) Fundamental Duties

› III.E-G Amendment Procedure, Adult Suffrage and Single Citizenship

› III.H-J Independent Judiciary, Emergency Provisions and Federal-Unitary Character

› III.K Division of Power: Centre-State Relations

› III.L Schedules to the Constitution

› Learning Outcomes

› I. Concept of Separation of Powers

› II. Historical Background and Evolution of Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of Powers

› III. Evaluation of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers

› IV.A Separation of Powers in Practice: Britain

› IV.B Separation of Powers in Practice: The United States of America

› IV.C Separation of Powers in Practice: India

• Preamble to the Indian constitution — 4 classes

› Constitutional Framework: The Preamble and Fundamental Rights

› Importance of the Preamble

› Can the Preamble Be Amended? Kesavananda Bharati and the 42nd Amendment

› Is the Preamble Justiciable? Judicial Views on the Preamble

• Differences between Administrative Law & Constitution Law — 4 classes

› Learning Outcomes

› I. Background

› II. Administrative Law and Constitutional Law: Key Differences

› III. Reasons for Growth, Development and Study of Administrative Law

• Understanding the term Law and the province of Jurisprudence- Science of Law — 6 classes

› Learning Outcomes

› I. Introduction

› II. Historical Perspective

› III.0 Introduction: The Case of the Speluncean Explorers

› IV. Function and Purposes of Law

› Jurisprudence: Meaning, Scope and Province

• Understanding the connotations of Law through different perspectives - Schools of Law — 5 classes

› III.1 Natural Law School

› III.2 Analytical School

› III.3 Historical School

› III.4 Sociological School

› III.5 Realist School

• Main Sources of Law — 6 classes

› Learning Outcomes

› I. Where does law come from?

› II. Custom as a Source of Law

› III. Importance of custom as a Source of Law in India

› IV. Judicial Precedent as a Source of Law

› V. Legislation as a Source of Law

• Dynamics of the Law bringing changes in Society and the Society forcing Law to change — 4 classes

› Learning Outcomes

› I. Need for Law Reform: II. Law reforms in India

› III. Recent Law Reforms in Independent India

› How Society Shapes Law and Law Shapes Society: Case Illustrations

• Civil Procedural Law — 9 classes

› Learning Outcomes

› 4.1. Hierarchy of Civil Courts

› 4.2. Jurisdiction of Civil Courts

› 4. Original Jurisdiction

› 5. Appellate Jurisdiction

› 4.3. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC)

› 4.4. Stages of a Civil Suit

› 4.5. Judgement, Decree and Order

› 4.6.Res Sub Judice and Res Judicata

• Connotations of ‘Consumer’ and his Rights under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 & 2019 — 6 classes

› Who Is a Consumer? Definition under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019

› Rights of Consumers under the Act

› Consumer Protection Councils and the Central Consumer Protection Authority

› Consumer Disputes Redressal: District, State and National Commissions

› Unfair Trade Practices, Misleading Advertisements and Product Liability

› Offences and Penalties: Sections 89 to 91

• Intellectual Property Rights — 3 classes

› Meaning of Intellectual Property and International Obligations (WIPO)

› Kinds of Intellectual Property: Copyright, Patent, Trademark, GI and Designs

› The TRIPS Agreement and India's Obligations

• The Copyright Act, 1957 — 5 classes

› Copyright

› The Idea-Expression Dichotomy

› Works Protected by Copyright: Section 13

› Rights of the Copyright Owner: Section 14

› Authorship, First Ownership and Duration of Copyright

• The Trademark Act, 1999 — 4 classes

› Trademark and Geographical Indication

› Meaning and Prerequisites for Registration of a Trademark

› Importance and Functions of Trademarks

› Registration, Duration and Renewal of a Trademark

• The Patents Act, 1970 — 6 classes

› Meaning and Purpose of a Patent

› Novelty as a Condition of Patentability

› Inventive Step and Industrial Application

› Inventions That Cannot Be Patented

› Rights of a Patentee and Duration of a Patent

› From Application to Grant: The Patent Procedure

• Geographical Indication (GI) of Goods — 5 classes

› Geographical Indications: Meaning and Examples from India

› Objectives of the Geographical Indications Act, 1999

› Conditions for Registration of a Geographical Indication

› Registered Proprietor and Authorised User

› Duration, Renewal and Infringement

• Connotations of marriage — 4 classes

› VII. Marriage and Divorce

› I. Nature of Family Laws in India

› Meaning of Marriage in Hindu Law: Sacrament and Contract

› Nature and Objects of Hindu Marriage

• Ceremonies and rituals associated with marriage — 4 classes

› Customary Rites and Ceremonies in a Hindu Marriage

› Saptapadi and Other Essential Ceremonies under Section 7

› Role of Custom in the Validity of a Marriage

› Registration of Hindu Marriages

• Schools of Hindu Law — 4 classes

› Sources of Hindu Law

› The Mitakshara School

› The Dayabhaga School

› Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Compared

• Application of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955- Who qualifies as a Hindu under section 3 — 4 classes

› Scope and Application of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

› Hindu by Religion: Birth and Conversion

› Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs under the Act

› Persons to Whom the Act Does Not Apply

• Essential conditions for a valid Hindu marriage — 5 classes

› Section 5: Overview of the Conditions for a Valid Marriage

› Monogamy: Neither Party May Have a Living Spouse

› Sound Mind and Free Consent of the Parties

› Minimum Age for Marriage

› Prohibited Degrees and Sapinda Relationship

• Void Marriage & Voidable Marriage - Meaning and Differences — 5 classes

› Void Marriages: Section 11

› Voidable Marriages: Section 12

› Void and Voidable Marriages Compared

› Legitimacy of Children of Void and Voidable Marriages

› Case Studies on Void and Voidable Marriages

• Concept of Restitution of Conjugal Rights and Judicial Separation — 4 classes

› Restitution of Conjugal Rights: Section 9

› Defences and Constitutional Validity of Restitution

› Judicial Separation: Section 10 and Its Grounds

› Restitution, Judicial Separation and Divorce Compared

• Concept of Divorce - three main theories: Fault, Irretrievable Breakdown and Mutual Consent — 5 classes

› Meaning of Divorce and How the Law Developed

› The Fault Theory: Grounds under Section 13

› The Irretrievable Breakdown Theory

› Divorce by Mutual Consent: Section 13B

› Comparing the Three Theories of Divorce

• Legal provisions for maintenance in husband-wife relationships under Sections 24 and 25 of the Hindu Marriage Act — 4 classes

› Interim Maintenance and Litigation Expenses: Section 24

› Permanent Alimony and Maintenance: Section 25

› Factors a Court Considers in Fixing Maintenance

› Who Can Claim Maintenance and When an Order Can Be Changed

• Concept of Crime; Object of Criminal Law — 6 classes

› Objectives of Criminal Law and Legislations

› Distinction Between Intention and Motive

› Stages of Crime

› 4.1 Meaning of Crime, Categories of Offences and Bail

› Learning Outcomes and Introduction to India Criminal Law Reform

› Elements of a Crime: Actus Reus and Mens Rea

• Substantive Criminal Law & Criminal Procedural Law- Meaning & differences — 4 classes

› The Indian Evidence Act: Admission and Confession

› Substantive Criminal Law: Meaning and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita

› Criminal Procedural Law: Meaning and Purpose

› Substantive and Procedural Criminal Law Compared

• Main systems of Criminal Justice Administration System - Adversarial system and Inquisitorial system: their essence and differences — 2 classes

› Adversarial and Inquisitorial Systems

› 4.2 Meaning of Criminal Justice

• Evolution of Criminal Justice System of India – From Ancient to Present — 5 classes

› Criminal Justice in Ancient India: Dharmashastras and Royal Courts

› Criminal Justice in the Medieval Period

› The British Period: The Indian Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code

› Reforms after Independence

› From Colonial Codes to the 2023 Criminal Laws

• Rationale behind enacting BNSS — 3 classes

› 4.3 Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS)

› Why the Criminal Procedure Code Was Replaced: Aims of the BNSS

› Key Changes in the BNSS: Technology and Time Limits

• Important Procedures under BNSS — 6 classes

› 4.5 Concept of First Information Report (FIR)

› 4.6 Stages of Criminal Trial under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023

› Giving Electronic Information of a Cognizable Offence

› Informing the Victim of Progress in the Investigation

› Search and Seizure with Audio-Video Recording

› The Chargesheet and Time Limits for Investigation

• Hierarchy & Classes of Criminal Courts: from Magistrate’s Court to the Supreme Court — 3 classes

› 4.4 Types of Criminal Courts in India

› 4.3. Hierarchy of Courts in India

› Structure, Hierarchy of Courts and Legal Officers in India

• Cognizable offence and non-Cognizable offence- Meaning & differences — 4 classes

› What Is an Offence? Meaning and Classification

› Cognizable Offences and Police Powers

› Non-cognizable Offences and the Need for a Magistrate's Order

› Cognizable and Non-cognizable Offences Compared

• FIR (Section 173) and Complaint (Section 223) – Meaning and to whom it is made; Zero FIR — 5 classes

› 4.1 Understand the Importance of the FIR in Criminal Procedure

› 4.2 Identify the Key Elements Required in a First Information Report

› FIR under Section 173: Who Records It and Where

› Complaint to a Magistrate under Section 223

› Zero FIR: Meaning and Purpose

• Arrest-How is arrest made (section 43), Entitlements of an Arrested person, Legal aid to accused at State expense in certain cases [Section 341(1)] — 8 classes

› Fundamental Rights in Focus: Right to Life and Personal Liberty

› Brief History of Legal Services and the Indian Legal System

› The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

› Legal Services: Meaning and Types

› 4.2 Access to Justice; Legal aid & Lok adalats

› Denial of Legal Aid and Legal Aid for Social Justice

› How an Arrest Is Made: Section 43

› Rights of an Arrested Person: Information, Lawyer, Medical Examination and Production before a Magistrate

• Importance of cyber laws and security in the digital era — 6 classes

› I. Introduction

› II. Cyber Safety and Security

› IV. Cyber Law

› V. Cyber Law in India

› VI. History of Cyber Law in India

› Learning Outcomes

• Need for regulation in cyber space — 3 classes

› III. Cyber Crime

› Why Cyberspace Needs Regulation: Anonymity, Borderless Crime and Data

› Jurisdiction and Enforcement Challenges in Cyberspace

• Meaning of Cyber safety and Security — 4 classes

› Meaning of Cyber Safety and Cyber Security

› Cyber Hygiene: Passwords, Updates and Privacy Settings

› Protecting Personal Data and Staying Safe on Social Media

› Institutions for Cyber Safety: CERT-In and Cyber Crime Portals

• Definition and categories of cyber-crime — 4 classes

› Meaning and Definition of Cyber Crime

› Categories of Cyber Crime: Against Persons, Property and the State

› Computer as Target and as Tool of Crime

› Child Sexual Abuse Material: Meaning and Legal Consequences

• Specific types of Cyber Crimes (Meaning only) — 5 classes

› Cyberbullying and Cyberstalking

› Online Grooming and Sextortion

› Job Fraud and Card Fraud

› Phishing, Vishing and Smishing

› Identity Theft

• Key provisions and objectives of the IT Act, 2000 — 5 classes

› VII. Scope or Extent of The Information Technology Act, 2000

› VIII. The Journey of Section 66A of Information Technology Act, 2000: Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, AIR 2015 SC 1523.

› Objectives of the Information Technology Act, 2000

› Electronic Records and Digital Signatures under the Act

› Offences and Penalties under the IT Act

• Artificial Intelligence, blockchain, and future challenges in cybersecurity — 5 classes

› Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity: Defence and Misuse

› Deepfakes and AI-enabled Fraud

› Blockchain and the Security of Records

› Keeping Law Abreast of Technology: Future Challenges

› Data Protection in India: The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

Artificial Intelligence

24 chapters · 187 classes

• Artificial Intelligence — 7 classes

› What is Artificial Intelligence?

› Evolution of AI

› Types of AI

› Benefits and Limitations of AI

› 1.1 Define Artificial Intelligence and Its Key Concepts

› 1.2 Explore the History and Evolution of AI Technology

› 1.5 Investigate Real-World Applications of AI in Various Industries

• Role of data and information, evolution computing — 11 classes

› What is Data Literacy? Data Collection

› Exploring Data and Levels of Measurement

› What Is Data?

› Data vs Information

› 2.1 Identify Different Types of Data

› 2.2 Explore Primary vs Secondary Data Sources

› 2.3 Distinguish Between Qualitative and Quantitative Data

› 2.4 Analyze Data Formats: Structured vs Unstructured

› 2.2.1 Types of Data: Textual and Numeric

› Binary logic: how computers use 0 and 1

› Deterministic and probabilistic problems

• Overview of Decision making — 8 classes

› 1.1 Understand the Basics of Decision Trees

› 1.2 Explore Components of Decision Trees: Nodes and Edges

› 1.3 Analyze How Decision Trees Make Predictions

› 1.4 Define Rule-Based Systems and Their Purpose

› 1.5 Compare Decision Trees and Rule-Based Systems

› Data Privacy: What It Means and Why It Can Be Compromised

› Protecting Privacy, Defining Security, and Why It Matters More Now

› Cyber Security Don'ts, and Revision Time

• Components of AI project framework — 18 classes

› The AI Project Cycle: Six Stages, First Guesses

› 1.2.1 Problem Scoping: Definition and Choosing a Theme

› The 4Ws Problem Canvas: Who, What, Where, Why

› The Problem Statement Template, Worked for Pest Management

› 1.2.2 Data Acquisition: Training Data, Testing Data, Data Features

› Ways to Acquire Data, and Why the Source Must Be Reliable

› 1.2.3 Data Exploration: A Recap Quiz, and Why We Explore Before Modelling

› Why We Visualise Data

› 1.2.4 Modelling Begins: Telling AI, ML and DL Apart

› 1.2.5 Evaluation Begins: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1, and the First Forest-Fire Case

› True Negative, False Positive, False Negative: Finishing the Forest-Fire Cases

› 1.2.6 Deployment: Putting the Model to Work

› Revisiting the AI Project Cycle

› 5.3 Design an AI Model Framework for Your Project

› Revision Time: Problem Scoping

› Revision Time: Data Acquisition

› Revision Time: Data Exploration

› Why We Evaluate Models

• Overview of Data representation and programming in Python — 6 classes

› Basics of Python: Character Set, Tokens and Modes

› Data Types, Operators and Expressions in Python

› Control Statements: Selection in Python

› Control Statements: Iteration in Python

› 1.3 Implement Basic Python Functions for Data Handling

› Variables and assignment in Python

• Brief History and Primary elements of AI — 9 classes

› Domains of AI

› AI Terminologies: Machine Learning and Deep Learning

› Revisiting AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning

› Learning-Based Approach and Supervised Learning

› Unsupervised Learning

› 1.4 Examine AI Technologies: Machine Learning and Deep Learning

› 3.2 Create Your First Model: Using Teachable Machine for Image Recognition

› 3.3 Experiment with Sound: Building Audio Recognition Models

› Information retrieval: how a search finds relevant documents

• Domain of Natural Language Processing (NLP) — 14 classes

› Understanding Human Language Complexity

› Introduction to Natural Language Processing (NLP)

› NLP Tasks: Emotion Detection, Sentiment Analysis and Classification

› Chatbots

› Phases of NLP

› Applications of NLP

› Introduction to Natural Language Processing

› Applications of NLP

› Chatbots

› 4.3 Explore Common NLP Applications in Everyday Life

› Text understanding and text generation

› Machine translation

› Dialogue systems

› Types of searches

• Potential use of AI — 7 classes

› The Three Domains of AI and Everyday Applications

› More AI Applications, and the Three Strands of a Braid

› Opportunities in AI across Various Industries

› AI in smartphones

› AI in auction sites and e-commerce

› AI in scanners and text recognition

› AI in social networking

• AI and Society — 6 classes

› Statistics in Disaster Management and Sports

› Statistics in Disease Prediction and Weather Forecasting

› 4.2 Analyze Case Studies of AI in Healthcare and Medicine

› 4.1 Identify Key Real-World AI Applications in Various Industries

› AI in transportation

› AI in agriculture

• Matrices — 5 classes

› Introduction to Matrices

› Types of matrices

› Matrix addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication

› Matrix multiplication

› Transpose of a matrix and matrices in AI

• Vectors and its applications — 4 classes

› What a vector is: magnitude and direction

› Vector addition and subtraction

› Scalar multiplication and the dot product

› Vectors in AI and data science

• Set Theory — 5 classes

› Sets and set notation

› Set operations: union, intersection and difference

› Set theory and relational algebra

› Data table joins

› Applying set operations to data tables

• Simple Statistical Concepts — 8 classes

› Statistical Analysis of Data

› Mean and Median

› Mean Absolute Deviation and Standard Deviation

› Activity: Mean and Variability

› 5.4 Calculate the Median in Various Data Sets

› 5.5 Understand Mode and Its Importance in Data Analysis

› Summarising Data: Mean, Median and Mode

› Variance: meaning and calculation

• Data Visualization using Python Programming — 14 classes

› 4.1 Understand the Importance of Data Visualisation in Data Science

› 4.2 Install and Set Up Matplotlib for Data Visualization

› 4.3 Create Basic Plots Using Matplotlib: Line and Bar Charts

› 4.4 Explore Data Visualization Customization in Matplotlib

› 4.5 Introduction to Seaborn: Enhancing Visualisations with Style

› 4.2 Explore Matplotlib: Creating Your First Line Plot

› 4.3 Customize Your Matplotlib Plots with Styles and Annotations

› 4.4 Introduction to Seaborn: Enhancing Statistical Graphics

› Handling Missing Values

› 4.6 Apply Data Visualization Skills through a Project

› 4.6 Compare Matplotlib and Seaborn for Effective Data Storytelling

› Representing Data and Data Visualization with Python

› Creating charts in Excel

› Detecting and handling outliers with pandas

• Data Visualization using Statistical Graphs — 7 classes

› Why Data Visualization Matters

› Dot Plots and Bar Graphs

› Histograms: Bins and Shapes

› Single-Variable and Multi-Variable Plots

› Tabular and Graphical Data Interpretation: Tables, Bar Graphs, Pie Charts

› Applying Data Visualization: Practice and Review

› Scatter plots: reading the relationship between two variables

• Introduction to Dimensionality of Data — 4 classes

› What dimensions of data mean

› Representing two-dimensional and three-dimensional data

› Visualising multi-dimensional data

› Reducing dimensions: why and how

• Introduction to Data Cleaning — 9 classes

› 2.1 Identify Common Data Quality Issues

› 2.2 Apply Data Validation Techniques

› 2.3 Explore Different Data Cleaning Methods

› 2.5 Standardize Formats for Consistency

› 3.3 Apply Data Cleaning Methods to Remove Inaccuracies

› 3.4 Standardise Data Formats for Consistency

› 1.5 Analyze Data Using Pandas: Cleaning and Transforming Datasets

› Finding and removing duplicates with pandas

› Fixing inconsistent data with pandas

• Exploring Kaggle Datasets — 6 classes

› 1.4 Dive into Pandas for Data Structures: Series and DataFrames

› 1.5 Analyze Data with Pandas: DataFrames and Series

› Recap of NumPy and Pandas Libraries

› Accuracy, Usability Scores, and the Features of a Dataset

› Finding and downloading a Kaggle dataset

› Creating a DataFrame from a Kaggle file and manipulating rows and columns

• Data Transformation and Standardization — 5 classes

› 2.4 Implement Data Transformation Techniques

› 2.6 Prepare a Cleaned Dataset for Analysis

› 2.2 Clean and Preprocess Raw Data Using Techniques

› 2.3 Transform Data Structures for Analysis

› Standardising data: z-score and min-max scaling

• Introduction to Data Modeling — 4 classes

› Why data is modelled

› The relational data model

› The entity-relational model

› The dimensional data model

• Regression analysis — 8 classes

› 3.2 Explore Types of Regression Analysis

› 3.3 Identify Variables and Data Collection Techniques

› 3.4 Construct a Simple Linear Regression Model

› Regression Algorithms - I

› Regression Algorithms - II

› Supervised Learning: Correlation and Regression

› Reinforcement, Classification and Regression Models

› Linear Regression Algorithm

• Linear Regression Equation — 4 classes

› 3.5 Interpret Regression Outputs and Coefficients

› The least square regression line

› Properties of regression lines

› Regression coefficients and their meaning

• Solving Linear Equations — 4 classes

› Linear equations in one variable

› Solving simultaneous linear equations

› Applications of linear equations in real problems

› Linear equations in machine learning

• Ethical Practices in AI — 14 classes

› Ethics in Artificial Intelligence and the Five Pillars of AI Ethics

› Bias in AI: Awareness and Sources of Bias

› Mitigating Bias in AI Systems

› Developing AI Policies

› Ethics and Personal Data: Jack, and 5.34 Billion Smartphone Users

› The Four AI Ethics Principles, and Human Rights in Detail

› Bias and Privacy in Detail

› 2.1 Define and Discuss Ethics in Artificial Intelligence

› 2.2 Identify Examples of Bias in AI Systems

› 2.3 Explore the Impact of AI Bias on Society

› 2.6 Create a Presentation on Ethical AI Practices

› 4.5 Evaluate Ethical Considerations in Real-World AI Implementations

› The environmental impact of AI

› An AI code of ethics

Robotics

25 chapters · 115 classes

• What is a robot? — 5 classes

› What Makes a Machine a Robot

› Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous Robots

› Sensing the World: How Robots Gather Information

› The Sense-Think-Act Cycle

› Role of Artificial Intelligence in Robot Decisions

• New Age Robotics Systems — 4 classes

› Smart Manufacturing with Robots and AI

› Robots in Healthcare and Surgery

› Autonomous Vehicles: Sensing, Mapping and Driving

› Machine Learning in Modern Robotic Systems

• Components of Robots — 6 classes

› Visualising a Robot System Before Building It

› Designing and Modelling a Robot Part with CAD

› Sensors as the Robot's Input

› Actuators as the Robot's Output

› Control Units: The Robot's Brain

› Putting the Components Together

• Relating Physics & Mathematics to Robotics — 4 classes

› Motion and Forces Acting on a Robot

› Vectors and Vector Spaces for Robotics

› Matrix Operations for Robot Calculations

› Control Ideas from Physics and Mathematics

• Project Management — 4 classes

› Defining Goals and Scope of a Robotics Project

› Planning Tasks, Time and Resources

› Executing a Robotics Project in Stages

› Monitoring Progress and Managing Risks

• Frames and Reference Frames — 4 classes

› What a Frame of Reference Is

› Fixed, Body and Tool Frames of a Robot

› Describing Position and Orientation in a Frame

› Moving Between Frames: Translation and Rotation

• Degrees of Freedom — 4 classes

› Degrees of Freedom of a Body in Plane and Space

› Joints and Their Degrees of Freedom

› Counting Degrees of Freedom of a Mechanism

› Degrees of Freedom in Robot Arms

• Planar Mechanisms — 4 classes

› Links, Joints and Kinematic Chains

› Four-Bar Linkage and Other Planar Mechanisms

› Motion of Planar Mechanisms

› Using Planar Mechanisms in Robot Design

• Spatial Mechanism — 4 classes

› From Planar to Spatial Mechanisms

› Spatial Joints: Ball, Cylindrical and Screw

› Degrees of Freedom of Spatial Mechanisms

› Spatial Mechanisms in Robot Arms

• Robot Kinematics — 4 classes

› What Robot Kinematics Studies

› Forward Kinematics of a Simple Arm

› Inverse Kinematics: Finding the Joint Angles

› Robot Workspace and Reach

• Different Components of Robot — 4 classes

› Mechanical Parts of a Robot: Frame, Links and Joints

› Electrical Parts: Wiring, Power and Drivers

› Sensors, Actuators and Controller Working Together

› End Effectors and Grippers

• Coordinate Systems — 4 classes

› Cartesian Coordinates in Two and Three Dimensions

› Polar, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

› Joint Space and Task Space

› Changing from One Coordinate System to Another

• Specification of Robots — 4 classes

› Reading a Robot Data Sheet

› Payload, Reach and Speed

› Accuracy, Repeatability and Resolution

› Choosing a Robot for a Task from Its Specification

• Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) — 5 classes

› Truth Values and the AND Operator

› The OR Operator

› The NOT Operator

› Truth Tables for Combined Conditions

› Boolean Logic in Robot Decisions

• Microcontroller / SBC Architecture — 5 classes

› What a Microcontroller Is and Its Main Blocks

› Memory, Input and Output Pins of a Microcontroller

› What a Single Board Computer Is

› Comparing Microcontrollers and Single Board Computers

› Choosing a Board for a Robot

• Programming Fundamentals — 8 classes

› Basics of Python: Character Set, Tokens and Modes

› Data Types, Operators and Expressions in Python

› Control Statements: Selection in Python

› Control Statements: Iteration in Python

› Functions and Modules in Python for Robot Programs

› Lists and Strings in Python

› Reading Sensor Input and Driving Outputs in Code

› Writing a Complete Robot Control Program

• Debugging and Testing — 4 classes

› Why Robot Programs Fail: Types of Errors

› Finding Bugs Step by Step

› Testing Sensors and Actuators Separately

› Testing the Whole Robot and Recording Results

• Motors and Sensors — 5 classes

› DC Motors and How They Spin

› Servo Motors and Position Control

› Stepper Motors and Precise Steps

› Light, Distance and Touch Sensors

› Choosing the Right Motor or Sensor

• Batteries — 4 classes

› How a Battery Stores and Gives Energy

› Types of Batteries Used in Robots

› Voltage, Capacity and Discharge Rate

› Charging and Caring for Batteries Safely

• Communication protocol — 5 classes

› Why Robot Parts Need to Talk

› Serial Communication: UART

› I2C and SPI Communication

› Wireless Links: Bluetooth and Wi-Fi

› Choosing a Communication Protocol

• Power Requirement — 4 classes

› Working Out a Robot's Power Needs

› Voltage Regulation and Power Distribution

› Matching Battery, Motors and Controller

› Saving Power in Robot Design

• Control Systems — 5 classes

› What a Control System Is

› Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control

› Feedback and Error

› On-Off and Proportional Control

› PID Control: An Introduction

• Manipulators — 5 classes

› What a Manipulator Is

› Types of Manipulator Arms and Their Joints

› Grippers and End Effectors

› Reach, Workspace and Payload

› Using Manipulators in Industry

• Mobile Robots — 5 classes

› Wheeled Robots and How They Steer

› Legged and Tracked Robots

› Differential Drive Movement

› Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance

› Line Following and Path Planning

• Drones — 5 classes

› What a Drone Is and Its Main Parts

› How a Multi-Rotor Drone Flies

› Sensors and Flight Controllers in Drones

› Safe and Legal Use of Drones

› Uses of Drones in Daily Life and Industry

Applied Mathematics

24 chapters · 217 classes

• Sets — 13 classes

› Introduction to Sets and Representation of a Set

› Types of Sets, Subsets and the Power Set

› Universal Set and Intervals as Subsets of R

› Venn Diagrams and Operations on Sets

› Practical Problems on Operations on Sets

› Representing Sets — Roster Form and Set-Builder Form

› Subsets of the Set of Real Numbers and Intervals

› Venn Diagrams

› Complement of a Set and De Morgan's Laws

› Subsets

› Difference of Sets

› Symmetric Difference of Two Sets

› Laws of the Algebra of Sets: Commutative, Associative and Distributive

• Relations & Functions — 11 classes

› 4.2 Ordered Pairs and the Cartesian Product of Two Sets

› 4.4 Relations: Domain, Range and Co-domain

› 4.5 Types of Relations: Empty, Universal and Equivalence Relations

› 4.6 Functions as a Special Type of Relation

› Ordered Pairs and the Cartesian Product of Sets

› The Cartesian Product of Sets — Worked Examples

› Relations: Domain, Codomain and Range

› Functions — Definition and Basic Examples

› Standard Real Functions and Their Graphs

› The Algebra of Real Functions

› Miscellaneous Examples — Applying Relations and Functions

• Trigonometry — 14 classes

› 3.1 Introduction and 3.2 Angles

› 3.2.1 Degree Measure and 3.2.2 Radian Measure

› 3.2.3-3.2.4 Radians, Real Numbers and Degree Conversion

› 3.3 Trigonometric Functions (unit circle definitions)

› 3.3.1 Sign of Trigonometric Functions

› 3.3.2 Domain, Range and Behaviour of Trig Functions

› 3.4 Sum and Difference Formulas for Sine and Cosine

› Sum and Difference Formulas for Tangent and Cotangent

› Double Angle and Triple Angle Identities

› Sum-to-Product and Product-to-Sum Identities

› Worked Applications of the Identities (Examples 10-17, Ex 3.3)

› Miscellaneous Applications: Combining Several Identities

› Chapter Summary and Historical Note

› Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions

• Logarithm — 11 classes

› Indices and the Laws of Exponents

› Logarithms and Antilogarithms

› Applying Logarithms — Growth, Decay and the Richter Scale

› Introduction to Logarithms and the Inverse-of-Exponents Idea

› Logarithmic and Exponential Form - Exercise 2.1

› Proving the Product and Quotient Rules

› Power Rule, Change of Base, and Two Special Log Values

› Logarithm Rules in Practice (Examples 3-5)

› Common Logarithms: Rules and Worked Examples

› Natural Logarithms and the Number e

› Finding Antilogarithms and Using Log Tables

• Complex Numbers — 11 classes

› Why We Need Complex Numbers

› Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

› Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

› Powers of i, Square Roots of Negative Numbers and Key Identities

› Modulus and Conjugate of a Complex Number

› The Argand Plane

› Chapter Review: Worked Problems, Summary and the History of Complex Numbers

› Complex Numbers — A First Look

› Polar Form of a Complex Number

› Argument of a Complex Number and Its Principal Value

› Multiplicative Inverse of a Complex Number

• Quadratic Equations — 13 classes

› 4.2 What a Quadratic Equation Is, and Its Standard Form

› 4.3 Roots of a Quadratic Equation, and Example 3

› Examples 4 and 5: Factorisation, and a Root That Repeats

› 4.4 Nature of Roots: The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

› Examples 7 and 8: The Discriminant at Work, and the Pole in the Park

› Example 9, and Exercise 4.3

› 4.2 Quadratic Equations

› 4.3 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation

› 4.4 Nature of Roots

› Roots from the Quadratic Formula: Worked Problems

› Quadratic Functions and Their Parabolic Graphs

› Sign of a Quadratic Expression

› Solving Quadratic Inequalities

• Permutations and Combinations — 14 classes

› Counting Basics — Factorial Notation and the Rule of Sum

› The Rule of Product (Fundamental Principle of Multiplication)

› Permutations of Distinct Objects — the nPr Formula

› Applying nPr — Word Arrangements and Dictionary Ranking

› Permutations of Objects Not All Distinct (Repeated Letters)

› Circular Permutations and Permutations with Restrictions

› Combinations — the nCr Formula and Its Properties

› Applying Combinations — Committees, Cards and Geometry

› Combinations with Repetition, Miscellaneous Problems and Summary

› Factorial Notation

› Permutations - Meaning and Arranging Distinct Objects

› Permutations of Objects Not All Distinct - the Theory

› Combining Permutations and Combinations - Selecting and Arranging Together

› Combining Permutations and Combinations - Ordering and Positioning Problems

• Binomial Theorem — 7 classes

› Why We Need the Binomial Theorem

› Pascal's Triangle: A Pattern for the Coefficients

› From Pascal's Triangle to Combinations

› The Binomial Theorem: Statement and Proof by Induction

› The General Term and Special Cases

› Worked Applications of the Binomial Theorem

› Middle Term(s) in a Binomial Expansion

• Sequence and Series — 16 classes

› Sequences, Series and the Arithmetic Progression

› Working with an Arithmetic Progression: Selecting Terms, the Sum Formula and the Arithmetic Mean

› Geometric Progression: Definition, General Term and the Sum Formula

› The Geometric Mean and the AM-GM Relationship

› Infinite Geometric Progression and Growth-and-Decay Applications

› Revision: Key Formulas and Real-Life Applications of AP and GP

› What Is a Sequence? Meaning, Notation and the General Term

› From Sequence to Series: Sigma Notation and Building New Sequences

› Geometric Progressions: A Constant Ratio, and Their General Term

› Summing a G.P.: Deriving the Formula and Its First Uses

› More Sums in a G.P., and What Happens as the Number of Terms Grows Without Bound

› Geometric Mean: Inserting Terms Between Two Numbers in a G.P.

› Arithmetic Mean vs Geometric Mean: Why A Is Never Less Than G

› A Historical Note, and Infinite GP Practice (Examples 4-5)

› Chapter Summary, Revision Checklist, and the Story Behind These Ideas

› Special Series: Sum of First n Natural Numbers, Squares and Cubes

• Straight Lines — 15 classes

› Slope of a Line and the Angle of Inclination

› Finding the Slope from Two Given Points

› Parallel and Perpendicular Lines: Conditions on Slope

› The Angle Between Two Lines, and Testing Collinearity by Slope

› The Point-Slope Form, and Lines Parallel to the Axes

› The Two-Point Form and the Slope-Intercept Form

› The Intercept Form and the General Equation of a Line

› The Distance of a Point From a Line

› Distance Between Two Parallel Lines, and the Chapter's Harder Problems

› 12.1-12.3 Slope of a Line and the Angle Between Two Lines

› 12.4 Standard Forms of the Equation of a Line

› Distance Formulas and Worked Problems on Straight Lines

› A Line Through a Fixed Point - Exercise 4.4

› Family of Lines Through the Intersection of Two Lines

› Locus of a Moving Point and Its Equation

• Circles — 6 classes

› 12.5-12.6 The Circle

› The Circle: Definition and Standard Equation

› Diameter Form of the Equation of a Circle

› General Equation of a Circle: Centre and Radius

› Parametric Equations of a Circle

› Circle Through Three Given Points

• Parabola — 5 classes

› Sections of a Cone: How One Surface Gives Four Curves

› The Parabola: Definition and Standard Equations

› The Parabola: Latus Rectum and Worked Problems

› 12.7-12.8 The Parabola

› Focus, Directrix and Axis of a Parabola in Worked Problems

• Limits and Derivatives — 11 classes

› The Intuitive Idea of a Limit

› Left-Hand and Right-Hand Limits

› The Algebra of Limits

› Limits of Polynomial and Rational Functions

› Comparing Functions - the Sandwich Theorem

› The Standard Trigonometric Limits

› Derivatives - Definition and the First Principles Method

› The Algebra of Derivatives - Sum, Product and Quotient Rules

› Derivatives of Polynomial and Trigonometric Functions

› Limits of a Function

› Derivatives: Instantaneous Rate of Change

• Measures of dispersion — 13 classes

› Why We Need Measures of Dispersion, and the Range

› Mean Deviation About the Mean and the Median (Ungrouped Data)

› Mean Deviation for a Discrete Frequency Distribution

› Mean Deviation for a Continuous Distribution, the Step-Deviation Shortcut, and Its Limits

› Variance and Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data

› Standard Deviation of Discrete and Continuous Frequency Distributions

› The Shortcut (Step-Deviation) Method for Variance and Standard Deviation

› Putting Dispersion to Work: Miscellaneous Problems and Chapter Review

› Measures of Dispersion — Range and Quartile Deviation

› Measures of Dispersion — Mean Deviation

› Variance and Standard Deviation

› Coefficient of Variation: Comparing Consistency of Two Series

› Combined Mean and Combined Standard Deviation of Two Groups

• Skewness and Kurtosis — 4 classes

› Skewness, Kurtosis and Percentile Rank

› Skewness: Positive, Negative and Symmetric Distributions from Graphs

› Measuring Skewness from a Frequency Distribution

› Kurtosis: Leptokurtic, Mesokurtic and Platykurtic Curves

• Correlation Analysis — 5 classes

› Quartile Rank and Correlation

› Scatter Diagrams and the Idea of Correlation

› Covariance of Two Variables

› Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation

› Spearman's Rank Correlation

• Linear Regression — 6 classes

› Scatter Diagrams and the Line of Best Fit

› The Method of Least Squares

› Lines of Regression of Y on X and X on Y

› Regression Coefficients and Their Properties

› Estimating Values Using Regression Lines

› Regression and Correlation Together: Worked Problems

• Probability — 11 classes

› Random Experiment and Sample Space

› Events and Their Probability

› Random Experiments, Sample Space and Events as Subsets

› Types of Events: Impossible, Sure, Simple and Compound

› The Algebra of Events: Complement, 'Or', 'And' and 'But Not'

› Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events

› The Axiomatic Approach to Probability

› Equally Likely Outcomes, the Addition Rule, and 'Not A'

› Worked Practice: Combining 'Or', 'And' and 'Not'

› Theorem of Total Probability

› Addition Theorem of Probability

• Mathematical Reasoning — 6 classes

› Mathematical Statements — What Makes a Statement Acceptable

› Negation and Compound Statements: And, Or

› Quantifiers and Conditional Statements: If-Then, Converse, Contrapositive

› If and Only If, Validating Statements, and Categorical Syllogism

› Logical Reasoning Applications: Coding-Decoding, Blood Relations, Odd Man Out

› Logical Functions in Spreadsheets and Chapter Review

• Interest and Interest Rates — 6 classes

› A. Interest, Interest Rates and Their Types

› B. Simple Interest, Compound Interest and Equivalency

› C. Effective Rate, Present Value, Net Present Value and Future Value

› 7.4 Nominal and Effective Rate of Interest

› Compounding Frequency and Its Effect on Interest

› APR, AER and Annualised Yield

• Present value, net present value and future value — 5 classes

› Compounding: Finding Future Value of a Sum

› Discounting: Finding Present Value of a Future Sum

› Net Present Value of a Series of Cash Flows

› Capital Budgeting with NPV

› Comparing Investment Options Using Present Value

• Annuities, Calculating value of Regular Annuity — 5 classes

› D. Annuities: Types, Future Value, Present Value and Applications

› Immediate Annuity (Ordinary Annuity) and Its Future Value

› Annuity Due

› Deferred Annuity

› General Annuity and Worked Problems

• Fundamentals of Taxation — 5 classes

› E. Income Tax and GST

› F. Bills, Tariffs, Surcharges and Utility Charges

› Direct and Indirect Taxes Compared

› Goods and Services Tax: CGST, SGST and UTGST

› Calculating GST on a Sale: Worked Problems

• Bills, tariff rates, fixed charge, surcharge, service charge — 4 classes

› Reading an Electricity Bill: Tariff Rates and Fixed Charge

› Surcharge and Service Charge on Bills

› Water and Other Supply Bills

› Calculating a Bill from Given Tariff Slabs

Socially Useful Productive Work and Community Service (SUPW)

7 chapters · 35 classes 100 marks

• Socially Useful Productive Work — 6 classes

› What Socially Useful Productive Work Means and Why It Matters

› Choosing a Craft and Preparing for the Work

› Organising Materials, Tools and Time for Craft Work

› Building Craft Skills Step by Step

› Researching Your Craft: Sources, Methods and Improvements

› Completing the Product and Keeping the Record Card

• Community Service — 6 classes

› What Community Service Means: Work That Benefits Others

› Identifying a Community Need and Planning a Project

› Skills and Resourcefulness in Community Service

› Carrying Out a Service Project with a Team

› Maintaining the Record Card for Community Service

› The Scheme for Day Schools: How Community Service Is Organised

• Emergence of new Society — 4 classes

› A Changing Society: Why New Ways of Living Are Emerging

› The 'Greens': Who They Are and What They Value

› The 'Culture Creatives': Their Outlook and Influence

› Emerging Trends in Modern Society: Technology, Environment and Lifestyle

• Atmosphere and Climate Change — 5 classes

› The Atmosphere and the Greenhouse Gas Effect

› Global Warming: Causes and Evidence

› Consequences of Climate Change for People and Nature

› Mitigation: Reducing Emissions and Adapting to Change

› What Individuals, Schools and Governments Can Do

• Equity, Equality, Social Justice — 5 classes

› Equity and Equality: How They Differ

› Constitutional Provisions for Equality and Social Justice

› Political Aspirations of Marginalised Groups

› Social Imbalances in India: Caste, Gender and Income

› Towards a Sustainable and Just Society

• The Energy Debate — 5 classes

› Where Our Energy Comes From

› Burning Fossil Fuels: Benefits and Costs

› Nuclear Energy: Promise and Risks

› Fuel Conservation at Home, School and in Industry

› Debating the Energy Future: Weighing the Options

• Reaching Out — 4 classes

› Communication Networks: From Postal Service to Mobile Phones

› How Computer Networks and the Internet Connect the World

› The Internet as a Global Knowledge Base

› Using the Internet Wisely and Safely for Learning and Service

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Curriculum current at the date of issue.