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🏫 ICSE Schools

Middle School
Classes

Classes 6-8

3
Classes
39
Subjects
228
Chapters
39
Books Ready
🎓 Taught to the board's own syllabus
🌐 Online LMS Included
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What is Middle School?

Middle School is the part of ICSE Schools that covers these school years. Every class in it is taught to that board's own syllabus, chapter by chapter, with the lessons, the book and the practice a pupil works through in the year.

🚀
What a pupil gets

Every class comes with the whole year in one place:

  • The subjects of that class, chapter by chapter
  • A lesson for every section of every chapter
  • The official board book beside our own lesson, free to read
  • Slides and a voice-over for each chapter
  • Practice questions and a year-end paper
  • The same class on the phone, the tablet and the TV
Every Class Includes
🖥 LMS Classes
📖 Ebook
📊 PPT Slides
🎬 Videos
📝 Practice Exam
🏁 Year-End Paper
📄 The Official Board Book

Middle School — The Classes

3 classes · Open a class to see its subjects and chapters

▶
ICSE Class 6
🎓 Open this class
Arts Education 8 chapters
▶ Form 11 classes
Objects and Still Life — part 1
Objects and Still Life — part 2
Objects and Still Life — part 3
Objects and Still Life — part 4
PANCHATANTRA — part 4
PANCHATANTRA — part 5
PEOPLE IN ACTION — part 1
Lines and Shapes in Nature and in Man-made Objects
Size Words in Art: Small, Big, Tall, Huge and Tiny
Making 2-D Forms with Paper, Pencil and Paint
Making 3-D Forms with Clay, Cardboard and Found Materials
▶ Colour 12 classes
PEEPING OUT OF THE WINDOW — part 2
PEEPING OUT OF THE WINDOW — part 3
Changing the Typical Picture — part 1
Changing the Typical Picture — part 2
Changing the Typical Picture — part 3
Nature’s Palette — part 1
Nature’s Palette — part 2
Nature’s Palette — part 4
Spotting Colours in Nature: Leaf Green, Sea Blue and Sky Blue
Colours of Fruits, Flowers and Plants: Lemon Yellow, Bottle Green and More
Primary, Secondary and Warm and Cool Colours
Mixing Colours to Make Light and Dark Shades
▶ Texture 7 classes
TEXTURES IN NATURE — part 1
TEXTURES IN NATURE — part 2
Rough and Smooth, Soft and Hard: Feeling Textures Around Us
Textures of Fur, Feathers, Wool, Sand and Fabric
Making Rubbings of Bark, Leaves and Coins
Showing Texture in a Drawing Using Dots, Lines and Patterns
Collage with Textured Materials
▶ Composition 9 classes
PANCHATANTRA — part 2
Bansuri — chapter 1 — part 4
Activity 15.1: Positive and Negative Space in Simple Icons
PANCHATANTRA — part 3
What Composition Means: Placing Colours and Forms Together
Composing a Landscape: Foreground, Middle Ground and Background
Composing a Seascape and a Cityscape
Balance in a Picture: Arranging Objects on a Page
Arranging Forms in 3-D: A Table-top Composition
▶ Tools & Techniques 9 classes
Assessment — part 2
ARTS OF THE PEOPLE, WITH THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE — part 2
ARTS OF THE PEOPLE, WITH THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE — part 3
Make a Silhouette, and Two Shading Techniques: Cross-Hatching and Stippling
Create Stencils from Objects: The Six Printed Steps
Drawing Tools: Pencils, Charcoal, Crayons and Pastels
Painting Tools and Mediums: Brushes, Poster Colours and Watercolours
Printing Techniques: Block Printing and Thumb Printing
Choosing the Right Tool and Material for the Technique
▶ Art (Visual Arts) Vocabulary 7 classes
Kriti — chapter 15 — part 1
Kriti — chapter 15 — part 2
Words for Art Techniques: Sketching, Shading, Printing and Collage
Hues, Shades and Tints: Talking About Colour
Names of Tools and Accessories Used in Art
Mediums and Materials: Naming What an Artwork Is Made Of
Using Art Words When We Describe a Work of Art
▶ Responding to the Artefacts and Nature 5 classes
LOOK AROUND — part 2
Looking Closely at the Beauty of Nature
Looking at Artefacts: Pots, Fabrics, Toys and Tools
Responding to What We See: Sketching, Describing and Discussing
Sharing Our Responses with Others: Talking and Listening About Art
▶ Perspective 7 classes
PEOPLE IN PLACES — part 1
PEOPLE IN PLACES — part 2
Activity 15.2: One Object, Four Ways - Contour, Silhouette, Shading and Icon
What Perspective Means: How Objects Appear to Our Eyes
Near Objects Look Big and Far Objects Look Small
The Horizon Line and Vanishing Point
Drawing a Road, a Railway Track or a Building in Perspective
Biology 5 chapters
▶ Plant Life 14 classes
Diversity in the Living World — part 1
Diversity in the Living World — part 2
Diversity in the Living World — part 3
Diversity in the Living World — part 4
Diversity in the Living World — part 5
Diversity in the Living World — part 6
Diversity in the Living World — part 11
Diversity in the Living World — part 12
Activity 10.4: Watching a Bean Plant for Three Months
The Life Cycle of a Bean Plant
Activity 10.3: Setting Up Three Beakers
Herbs, Shrubs and Trees: How to Tell Them Apart
Roots, Stems and Leaves: What Each Part Does
Flowers, Fruits and Seeds: How Plants Make New Plants
▶ The Cell 11 classes
The Lens, the Microscope, and Activity 2.1: A Flask of Water
Robert Hooke's Micrographia, Leeuwenhoek, and the Word 'Cell'
Activity 2.2: Making an Onion Peel Slide, Step by Step
Activity 2.3: Your Own Cheek Cells, and the Three Parts of a Cell
What Each Part of a Cell Does, and 2.1.1 Variation in Shape and Structure
2.2 Levels of Organisation: Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
Growing Spirulina in a Tank, and 2.5 Why the Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life
What Makes a Bacterial Cell Different: The Nucleoid, and the Snapshots Begin
Keep the Curiosity Alive: Label the Cell, and Aanandi's Two Test Tubes (Fig. 2.14)
Plant Cells and Animal Cells Compared
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
▶ Human Body 13 classes
What Animals Eat, and the Alimentary Canal (Fig. 9.1)
Why Chapati Turns Sweet: Saliva, Oral Hygiene, and Activity 9.1 (Table 9.1)
What the Iodine Showed, and How Food Moves Down the Food Pipe (Fig. 9.2)
Inside the Stomach (Fig. 9.3), Alexis St. Martin, and the Six-Metre Small Intestine (Fig. 9.4)
The Pancreas, Absorption, and the Finger-like Projections (Fig. 9.5)
The Large Intestine, Egestion, the Bacteria That Help, and the Charaka Samhita
9.2.1 Respiration in Humans: The Path Air Takes (Fig. 9.8)
Activity 9.2: A Working Model of Breathing (Fig. 9.9), and the Mechanism (Fig. 9.10)
Gas Exchange in the Alveoli (Fig. 9.12), and the Word Equation of Respiration (Fig. 9.13)
The Circulatory System, Smoking, and 9.2.2 How Fish Breathe (Fig. 9.14)
The Heart, Blood and Blood Vessels
The Excretory System and How the Body Removes Waste
The Nervous System and the Skeletal System in Brief
▶ Health and Hygiene 14 classes
Mindful Eating: A Path to a Healthy Body — part 4
Mindful Eating: A Path to a Healthy Body — part 5
Mindful Eating: A Path to a Healthy Body — part 8
Mindful Eating: A Path to a Healthy Body — part 10
Mindful Eating: A Path to a Healthy Body — part 11
3.1 Health Is More Than Not Falling Sick: Activity 3.1, the WHO Definition, and Fig. 3.1
3.2 How Can We Stay Healthy? Activity 3.2: Listing Good Habits and Bad Ones
3.2.1 Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: the Seven Rules and Fig. 3.2
3.2.2 Keep the Environment Clean: Activity 3.3, the Two Playgrounds of Fig. 3.3, and the AQI
3.3 Signs and Symptoms, and 3.4 What a Disease Is and the Two Types
3.4.1 How Communicable Diseases Spread, Fig. 3.4, and What a Vector Is
Iron and Vitamin B12, Dorothy Hodgkin, and 6.4.2 Personal Hygiene (Fig. 6.1)
A Balanced Diet and the Nutrients in It
Public Sanitation: Clean Water, Drains and Waste Disposal
▶ Adaptation 7 classes
Diversity in the Living World — part 7
Diversity in the Living World — part 8
Diversity in the Living World — part 9
Diversity in the Living World — part 10
Why Living Things Need Adaptations
Adaptations of Desert Plants and Animals
Adaptations of Water, Mountain and Polar Organisms
Chemistry 5 chapters
▶ Introduction to Chemistry 4 classes
Chemistry All Around Us: Everyday Uses
Chemicals in Food and Medicines
Chemicals in Cosmetics, Textiles and Cleansing Agents
Chemicals in Agriculture and Industry
▶ Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 10 classes
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 1
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 2
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 3
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 4
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 5
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 6
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 7
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 8
Materials Around Us — part 7
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 7
▶ Matter 17 classes
7.2 Interparticle Attractions, and Acharya Kanad's Parmanu
7.2.1 The Solid State: Activity 7.3 (Fig. 7.3) and the Melting Pictures of Fig. 7.4
What a Melting Point Is, the Odd Case of Ice, and Table 7.1
7.2.2 The Liquid State: Activity 7.4 and the Three Containers of Fig. 7.5
A Finger Through Water (Fig. 7.6), the Boiling Point, and Why Spilled Water Disappears
7.2.3 The Gaseous State: Activity 7.5 and the Two Gas Jars of Fig. 7.7
Why Gases Fill Everything: the Iodine Version (Fig. 7.8), and What a Fluid Is
7.3 Activity 7.6: The Syringe (Fig. 7.9), and Why Water Will Not Compress
Thermal Energy Decides the State, and the 'Let Us Wrap Up!' Table
Snapshots, and Keep the Curiosity Alive: Questions 1 and 2(i) to 2(iv)
Activity 5.1 and Table 5.1: Eleven Everyday Changes, and the Senses That Notice Them
5.1 Physical Change: Activity 5.2 with Paper, a Balloon and Chalk (Fig. 5.1)
5.2 Chemical Change: Activity 5.3, Blowing into Tap Water and Lime Water (Fig. 5.2)
The Chemical Equation, and Activity 5.4: Vinegar and Baking Soda (Fig. 5.3)
5.3.1 Rusting and 5.3.2 Combustion: Activity 5.5 and the Covered Candle (Figs. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6)
Keep the Curiosity Alive: The Camphor, the Chair With No Particles, and the Candle of Fig. 7.16
Matter Expands on Heating and Contracts on Cooling
▶ Water 10 classes
Nature’s Treasures — part 3
A Journey through States of Water — part 8
Activity 7.7: Three Water Levels A, B and C (Fig. 7.10), and Where the Sugar Sits (Fig. 7.11)
Why Sand Does Not Dissolve, the Empty Gaps of Fig. 7.12, and What 'Particle' Can Mean
A Journey through States of Water — part 1
A Journey through States of Water — part 5
The Chashni Puzzle, and Activity 9.1: How Much Salt Will Water Take?
Nature’s Treasures — part 2
Why Water Is Called the Universal Solvent
Water Scarcity: Using Water Wisely and Keeping Water Resources Clean
▶ Air and Atmosphere 6 classes
Pollution, and the Agreements from Montreal 1987 to Paris 2015
13.3.2 The Right Size for an Atmosphere, the Ozone Layer, and Mangalyaan
Why a Dam Is Broader at Its Base (Fig. 6.8), and 6.2 the Atmosphere Above Us
3.2.2 Keep the Environment Clean: Activity 3.3, the Two Playgrounds of Fig. 3.3, and the AQI
What Air Is Made Of: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Other Gases
Why Air Is Essential for Life
Computer Studies 8 chapters
▶ Categories of Computers and Computer Languages 7 classes
Generations of Computers: First to Fifth
Types of Computers: Analog, Digital and Hybrid
Computers by Purpose: General Purpose and Special Purpose
Computers by Size, Speed and Price: Micro, Mini, Mainframe and Super
Why We Need Computer Languages
Machine Language and Assembly Language
High-Level Languages, Compilers and Interpreters
▶ File Management – Organisation of Data 6 classes
File Formats and Extensions
Creating, Naming and Saving Files and Folders
Copying, Moving, Renaming and Deleting Files
Searching and Sorting Files
Compressing and Extracting Files
Organising and Backing Up Data
▶ Word Processor - Tabular Presentation 6 classes
Inserting and Drawing a Table
Entering and Editing Data in Cells
Inserting and Deleting Rows and Columns
Merging and Splitting Cells
Borders, Shading and Alignment of a Table
Sorting Table Data and Making a Complex Table
▶ Word Processor – Mail Merge 6 classes
What Mail Merge Is and Where It Is Used
Creating the Main Document for a Merge
Creating the Data Source
Inserting Merge Fields and Previewing the Letters
Completing the Merge and Printing
Making Address Labels with Mail Merge
▶ Presentation – Visual Effects 7 classes
Slide Transitions
Animating Text and Objects
Setting the Order and Timing of Animations
Adding Sound and Music to Slides
Inserting Pictures and Video
Hyperlinks and Action Buttons
Rehearsing and Running a Slide Show
▶ Scratch Programming – Introduction to Game Creation 13 classes
1.4 Learn to Use Motion and Control Blocks
1.5 Incorporate Sound and Visual Effects in Your Project
3.5 Design Animated Characters with Costumes in Scratch
4.4 Add Sound Effects to Your Animation
4.3 Animate Your Sprite with Motion Blocks
3.6 Combine Loops and Conditions to Enhance Projects
1.3 Create Your First Scratch Project
3.2 Create Basic Repeat Loops with Scratch Blocks
2.1 Explore Sprites: Understanding the Character of Scratch
Looks Blocks: Say, Think, Size and Colour Effects
Pen Blocks: Drawing Shapes and Patterns
Backdrops and Switching Scenes
Building a Simple Game with a Score and a Win Message
▶ HTML - An Introduction 8 classes
What HTML Is: Tags and Page Structure
Your First Web Page: html, head, title and body
Headings, Paragraphs and Line Breaks
Formatting Text: Bold, Italic and Underline
Ordered and Unordered Lists
Adding Images to a Web Page
Links between Web Pages
Colours and Backgrounds in HTML
▶ Internet – Online Surfing 10 classes
1.4 Explain the Concept of the Internet and Its Purpose
1.5 Navigate the Internet Safely and Effectively
3.1 Explore the Basics of Email Communication
3.2 Create and Manage Your Email Account
3.3 Understand Email Etiquette and Professional Language
3.5 Practice Writing Effective Emails for Different Purposes
E-commerce: Shopping and Paying Online Safely
Blogging: Sharing Ideas on the Web
Podcasting: Listening to and Creating Audio Shows
Cloud Storage: Storing and Sharing Files with Google Drive
English 5 chapters
▶ Listening and Speaking 10 classes
Personification, and Listening to Peepal Baba
Listening to Paro, and Speaking as a Bird
The Wonder Herb, and the Spice Headband
The Transcripts: Peepal Baba, Paro and Tulsi
Listening to the Friday Announcement
A Girl, Her Grandfather, and Speaking Your Yoga Thoughts
The Transcripts: The Friday Announcement and the Grandfather
Role-Play, Playtime, and Indigenous Games
Listening to Ajay and Dhiraj, and Speaking as Friends
Listening: The Leopard and the Cow
▶ Reading 7 classes
Why We Read: Reading for Pleasure and for Information
Skimming and Scanning to Find What You Need
Intensive Reading: Reading Closely and Understanding Details
Reading Stories: Plot, Characters and Setting
Reading Poems: Words, Sounds and Pictures in the Mind
Reading Non-Fiction: Facts, Opinions and Main Ideas
Sharing Your Views on What You Have Read
▶ Writing 14 classes
Glass Bangles — part 6
Let us write and Let us explore I: A Descriptive Paragraph, and Louis Braille's Code of Raised Dots
Let us write and Let us explore I to III: The Letter to Your Cousin, and Weaving a Spider Web
Let Us Write: A Letter of Complaint About the Kutcha Road
Let Us Write: A Diary Entry; Let Us Explore: Prithvi-Sukta and the Motherland
Let Us Write: A Notice; Let Us Explore: Amrit Udyan and a Herbarium
Let us write: A Notice about the Annual Health Check-up
Let Us Write: Reading 'My Life as EcoFlash', and the Eight-Point Checklist
Write Your Own Imaginative Essay; Let Us Explore: P.C. Sorcar, Four Riddles, and a Magical Object
Let Us Write: Reading and Building a Narrative Essay
Let Us Write: Reading the Sample Report
Let Us Write: Your Own Report; Let Us Explore: Illusions, a Word Game, an Encyclopedia and a Thesaurus
Let Us Write: A Letter of Enquiry About a Memorial Visit
Rising Intonation, and Let us write: Turning the Play into a Short Story
▶ Grammar and Vocabulary in Context 17 classes
Gilli Danda — part 2
Mrs Brown Reads the Words Literally, and 'Under the Fifth Word'
Let Us Learn: Relative Words, and Combining Two Sentences into One
Let Us Learn: Direct Speech into Reported Speech
Let Us Learn: Seven Interjections, and What Each One Means
Let Us Learn: Six Expressions, Five Synonyms, and Eight Binomials
Let Us Learn: Participles and Gerunds, and How to Tell Them Apart
Let Us Learn: Four Battle Expressions, and the Collective Nouns of the Forces
Let Us Learn: Verbs Beginning 'Over-', and the Nouns and Verbs that Differ by One Letter
Let Us Learn: Subject-Verb Agreement, and Correcting the Parade Passage
Let Us Learn: Synonyms, Six Expressions, Words Inside Words, and Antakshari
Let Us Learn: The Two Dashes, the Three Contractions, Prepositional Phrases and Word Order
Nobody's Friend — part 4
The Tinkling Bells — part 3
Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives in Context
Verbs and Tenses in Context
Adverbs, Prepositions and Conjunctions in Context
▶ English Literature - Suggested Reading List 6 classes
How to Choose a Book You Will Enjoy
Reading Adventure and Fantasy Stories
Reading Stories About Animals and Nature
Reading Biographies and True Accounts
Reading Poetry Collections for Young Readers
Keeping a Reading Journal
Geography 6 chapters
▶ Representation of Geographical Features 10 classes
Locating Places on the Earth — part 3
Locating Places on the Earth — part 4
Locating Places on the Earth — part 5
Locating Places on the Earth — part 6
Locating Places on the Earth — part 7
Maps as Tools of Geography and Their Types
Scale on a Map: Statement, Representative Fraction and Line Scale
Directions on a Map
Map Symbols and Colours
Sketches and Diagrams of Geographical Features
▶ Landforms 9 classes
Landforms and Life — part 1
Landforms and Life — part 2
Landforms and Life — part 4
Landforms and Life — part 5
Landforms and Life — part 6
Forces That Shape the Land: Internal and External
Mountains and Valleys: How They Form
Plateaus and Plains: How They Form
Locating Major Landforms on the World Map
▶ Water Bodies 12 classes
Oceans and Continents — part 1
Oceans and Continents — part 2
Oceans and Continents — part 3
Oceans and Continents — part 5
The blue of the Blue Planet: the oceans
Oceans, ocean currents and ocean trenches
Smaller water bodies and waterways
The continents: variety on land
Seas, Rivers and Lakes: Types of Water Bodies
Major Rivers and Lakes of the World
Locating Water Bodies on the World Map
Water Pollution: Causes and Prevention
▶ Agriculture 13 classes
India's Agricultural Landscape: What 'Agriculture and Allied Activities' Covers, and Who Actually Farms
Climate, Seasons and Crops: Xuanzang's Observation, Seven Climates, 15 Agroclimatic Zones and Fig. 1.4
Reading Fig. 1.5: The Kharif, Rabi and Zaid Calendar, with Fig. 1.6's Mustard and Fig. 1.7's Pearl Millet
Soil, the Foundation of Cultivation: Fig. 1.8's Four Stages, the Six Soils of India, and Soil–Crop Linkages
Two Maps Side by Side: Fig. 1.9, the Soil Map of India, and Fig. 1.10, the Crops Each Soil Carries
Nurturing the Soil: Crop Rotation, Contour Ploughing and Panchagavya against Terracing and Precise Fertiliser
Water: Rain-Fed Farming, Fig. 1.11's Banana Bunds, Fig. 1.12's Drone and Fig. 1.13's Munsar Lake
From Phad Canals and Fig. 1.14's Bamboo Pipes to Fig. 1.15's Drip and Fig. 1.16's Sprinklers — and Then Seeds
Traditional Systems and the Green Revolution: Fig. 1.17's Terraces, Kulāgar, Gokṛiṣhi, Fig. 1.18 and Fig. 1.19
Farming Practices of the World: Subsistence and Commercial
Major Crops of the World: Rice, Wheat and Maize
Plantation Crops and Fibre Crops: Tea, Coffee, Rubber and Cotton
Geographical Factors Affecting Crop Growth and Distribution
▶ Minerals 4 classes
Minerals and Ores: Meaning and Kinds
How Minerals Are Mined
Distribution of Minerals in the World
Why Minerals Must Be Conserved
▶ Study of Continents: North America and South America 9 classes
South America
North America
Oceans and Continents — part 4
North America: Location, Landforms and Rivers
North America: Climate, Vegetation and People
A Case Study from North America
South America: Location, Landforms and Rivers
South America: Climate, Vegetation and People
A Case Study from South America
History & Civics 8 chapters
▶ History: The River Valley Civilizations 14 classes
The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation — part 1
The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation — part 2
The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation — part 3
The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation — part 4
The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation — part 5
The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation — part 6
The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation — part 7
Timeline and Sources of History — part 4
Timeline and Sources of History — part 1
Timeline and Sources of History — part 6
The First Great Cities Beside Rivers: Why Early Societies Settled Near Water
Mesopotamia: Life Between the Tigris and the Euphrates
Egypt: The Gift of the Nile
Comparing the River Valley Civilizations of the World
▶ History: The Vedic Civilization 7 classes
India's Cultural Roots — part 1
India's Cultural Roots — part 2
India's Cultural Roots — part 3
India's Cultural Roots — part 4
The Early Vedic Age: People, Settlements and Daily Life
The Later Vedic Age: Changes in Society and Government
The Vedas and the Epics as Windows into the Past
▶ History: Mahavira & Buddha - Great Preachers 7 classes
India in the Sixth Century BCE: A Time of New Ideas
The Life of Mahavira
The Teachings of Mahavira and the Spread of Jainism
The Life of Gautam Buddha
The Teachings of the Buddha: The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path
Mahavira and Buddha Compared: Similarities and Differences
Ahimsa and Tolerance: Why They Matter for Responsible Citizens
▶ History: Rise of Kingdoms & Republicans 7 classes
How Men Became Rulers: Kings and Chiefs in Early India
The Sixteen Mahajanapadas
Republics in Ancient India: How They Were Governed
Monarchy and Republic Compared
Why Kings Expanded Their Empires: Wars and Invasions
The Rise of Magadha
Alexander's Invasion of India
▶ History: The Mauryan Empire 12 classes
The Story of Kautilya, and Two Maps: the Nanda Empire (Fig. 5.12) and the Maurya Empire (Fig. 5.13)
Chandragupta Takes Magadha, Defeats the Satraps, and Hosts Megasthenes (Fig. 5.14)
Kautilya's Saptanga (Fig. 5.15), and Why the Countryside Comes First
The King Who Chose Peace: Ashoka, the Kalinga War, and Fig. 5.16
The Great Communicator: Edicts on Rock and Pillar, Prakrit and Brahmi (Fig. 5.17)
Devanampiya Piyadasi: What Ashoka Claimed to Have Done (Fig. 5.18)
What Dharma Means, and the Edict Instructing the City Magistrates
After Ashoka, and Life in the Mauryan Period: the Sohagaura Plate (Fig. 5.19) and the Sarnath Capital (Fig. 5.20)
Some Contributions of the Mauryas: Life and People (Figs. 5.21 to 5.25), Art and Architecture (Figs. 5.26, 5.27)
The National Emblem, the Coins of Fig. 5.29, and The Fragile Nature of Empires (Fig. 5.30)
Inside Pataliputra, and What an Empire Is: Imperium, Samraj and the Tributary
The Six Features of an Empire
▶ History: The Golden Age – Gupta Empire 14 classes
The Big Questions, Fig. 7.1 at Ajanta, and Fig. 7.2: Four Powers of the 3rd to 6th Centuries CE
The Iron Pillar of Delhi (Fig. 7.3): 1,600 Years Without Rust, and A New Power Emerges
Chandragupta I's Gold Coin (Fig. 7.4), Chandragupta II 'Vikramaditya', and Why the 'II'
The Warrior King: the Prayaga Prashasti, Harisena (Fig. 7.5) and Samudragupta with the Veena (Fig. 7.6)
A Traveller's Account: Faxian on Indian Society in the Gupta Age
Provinces, Copper-Plate Land Grants, and Thriving Trade as Far as Socotra
New Ideas and Wonders: Why This Is Called the Classical Age (Figs. 7.11, 7.12)
Aryabhata and Varahamihira (Fig. 7.13)
Kalidasa and the Meghadutam, the Cloud Messenger (Fig. 7.14)
Ayurveda Codified, and The Quest for Beauty: the Centres of Gupta Art
The Decline of the Guptas, and Meanwhile in the South: the Pallavas at Kanchipuram
Various Aspects of Gupta Art: Figs. 7.15 to 7.18
Samudragupta's Pattern with Tributaries, the Gupta Legacy, Before We Move On, and Questions 1 to 7
Why One Source Is Not Enough: the Chandalas, and Glimpses of the Gupta Empire
▶ Civics: Rural Local Self Government 8 classes
Grassroots Democracy — Part 2: Local Government — part 1
Grassroots Democracy — Part 2: Local Government — part 2
Grassroots Democracy — Part 2: Local Government — part 3
Grassroots Democracy — Part 2: Local Government — part 4
Reading Fig. 6.18: Five Reasons for Decentralisation, Gandhi's Grām Swarāj, and Who Does What
Panchayati Raj: Features and the Three Tiers
The Gram Panchayat and the Gram Sabha: Composition and Functions
The Panchayat Samiti and the Zila Parishad: Composition and Functions
▶ Civics: Urban Local Self Government 8 classes
Grassroots Democracy — Part 3: Local Government — part 1
Grassroots Democracy — Part 3: Local Government — part 2
Grassroots Democracy — Part 3: Local Government — part 3
Grassroots Democracy — Part 3: Local Government — part 4
Urban Local Bodies: Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Nagar Panchayats
The Municipal Corporation: Composition, Mayor and Councillors
Functions and Sources of Income of the Municipal Corporation
Solving Common Problems in Our Surroundings as Proactive Citizens
Hindi (Second Language) 3 chapters
▶ सुनना और बोलना 8 classes
Listening Carefully to Short Hindi Stories and Poems
Answering Questions on What We Heard
Speaking Clearly: Pronunciation of Hindi Vowels and Consonants
Introducing Myself and My Family in Hindi
Reciting Short Poems with Rhythm and Expression
Conversation in Daily Situations: Greetings, Requests and Thanks
Narrating an Event or Picture Story Aloud
Group Talk: Taking Turns and Respectful Speaking
▶ पढ़ना एवं लिखना (पठन एवं लेखन कौशल) 8 classes
Reading Aloud Simple Hindi Passages with Correct Pauses
Reading for Meaning: Finding the Main Idea of a Passage
Learning New Words and Their Meanings from the Text
Copying and Dictation: Writing Words and Sentences Neatly
Writing Short Sentences from a Picture
Writing a Paragraph on a Familiar Topic
Writing a Short Informal Letter to a Friend
Reading and Understanding a Short Poem
▶ व्याकरण और भाषा 10 classes
फूल और काँटा — part 3
तीन बुद्धिमान — part 5
Varna and Matra: Hindi Alphabet, Vowel Signs and Conjuncts
Sangya: Nouns and Their Kinds
Ling and Vachan: Gender and Number in Hindi
Sarvanam: Pronouns in Everyday Sentences
Visheshan: Adjectives that Describe
Kriya: Verbs and the Three Tenses
Opposites (Vilom) and Words with the Same Meaning (Paryayvachi)
Punctuation Marks and Making Correct Sentences
Mathematics 6 chapters
▶ Number System 22 classes
The Other Side of Zero — part 1
The Other Side of Zero — part 2
The Other Side of Zero — part 3
The Other Side of Zero — part 4
The Other Side of Zero — part 5
The Other Side of Zero — part 6
The Other Side of Zero — part 7
The Other Side of Zero — part 8
The Other Side of Zero — part 9
The Other Side of Zero — part 11
The Other Side of Zero — part 12
The Other Side of Zero — part 13
The Other Side of Zero — part 14
The Other Side of Zero — part 16
The Other Side of Zero — part 17
The Other Side of Zero — part 18
The Other Side of Zero — part 19
The Other Side of Zero — part 20
The Other Side of Zero — part 21
Factors and Multiples
Prime and Composite Numbers and Divisibility Tests
Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple
▶ Ratio and Proportion 17 classes
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 1
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 2
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 3
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 5
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 6
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 7
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 8
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 9
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 10
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 11
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 12
3.1 A Quick Recap: Testing Two Ratios by Cross-Multiplication
3.3 Ratios with More than Two Terms: The Spice Mix
3.4 Dividing a Whole in a Given Ratio: Concrete and Paint
3.6 Inverse Proportions: When More Means Less
Comparing Ratios Using Equivalent Ratios
The Unitary Method
▶ Algebra 12 classes
4.1 The Notion of Letter-Numbers: Example 1 — Shabnam, Aftab and Fig. 4.1
Example 2's Matchstick Ls (Fig. 4.2), and Example 3's Coconuts and Jaggery
Example 4: Perimeter as a Formula, and Figure it Out (Page 4) Questions 1 to 3
Figure it Out (Pages 4–5): Questions 4 to 7 — Flour Mill, Word Phrases and the Calendar Grid
4.2 Revisiting Arithmetic Expressions: Seven Expressions to Evaluate
4.3 Omission of the Multiplication Symbol: Why 4 × n Becomes 4n
Mind the Mistake, Mend the Mistake (Page 7): Nine Substitutions to Check
4.4 Simplification: The Perimeter of a Rectangle, from l + b + l + b to 2l + 2b
Example 5: Pencils and Erasers, and Why 5c + 3c + 10c Becomes 18c
Perimeter and Area — part 1
Solving Simple Equations by Trial and by Balancing
Describing Patterns and Rules with Letter-Numbers
▶ Geometry 16 classes
5.1 Across the Line: Folding Paper (Fig. 5.1), and the Four Angles at an Intersection (Fig. 5.2)
Activity 1, and the Proof that Vertically Opposite Angles Are Always Equal
5.2 Perpendicular Lines (Fig. 5.4), and 5.3 Between Lines: Describing Fig. 5.5
Parallel Lines Defined, and Which Pairs Are Parallel in Fig. 5.6
5.7 Drawing Parallel Lines with a Set Square (Figs. 5.21 and 5.22), and the Line Through A (Fig. 5.23)
What Makes a Figure a Quadrilateral, and What Does Not
4.1 Rectangles and Squares, and the Carpenter's Problem
4.2 Angles in a Quadrilateral: Why They Always Add to 360 Degrees
The SUMMARY: Five Quadrilaterals, Their Definitions and the Full Venn Diagram
The Angle Tester and Right Angles
Measuring Angles in Degrees
Deduction 7: The Opposite Sides of a Parallelogram Are Equal
Basic Geometrical Ideas: Points, Lines, Rays and Segments
Triangles: Kinds by Sides and by Angles
The Angle Sum of a Triangle
Circles: Radius, Diameter, Chord and Arc
▶ Mensuration 12 classes
Whose Slice is Bigger? Area by Counting and Multiplying
Greeting Cards and the Longest Belt
People Everywhere and Share the Land: Bigger Units of Area
Area — part 1
Area — part 2
Area — part 3
Measuring Length — part 4
Grandmother’s Quilt — part 1
Grandmother’s Quilt — part 3
Area — part 9
Perimeter of Rectilinear Figures
Area and Perimeter of Rectangles and Squares: Word Problems
▶ Data Handling 25 classes
Data Handling and Presentation — part 1
Data Handling and Presentation — part 2
Data Handling and Presentation — part 3
Data Handling and Presentation — part 4
Data Handling and Presentation — part 5
Data Handling and Presentation — part 6
Data Handling and Presentation — part 7
Data Handling and Presentation — part 8
Data Handling and Presentation — part 9
Data Handling and Presentation — part 10
Data Handling and Presentation — part 11
Data Handling and Presentation — part 12
Data Handling and Presentation — part 13
Data Handling and Presentation — part 14
Data Handling and Presentation — part 15
Data Handling and Presentation — part 16
Data Handling and Presentation — part 17
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 1
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 3
5.2 Representative Values: Shubman and Yashasvi, and the Meaning of Average
Average as Fair-Share: Guavas, Hibiscus Flowers, and the Ancient Indian Names for the Mean
Outliers and Medians: the Heights of Yaangba's and Poovizhi's Families
Are You a Bookworm? Mean, Median, and an Outlier at the High End
Reading and Drawing Bar Graphs with a Suitable Scale
The Mode of a Data Set
Performing Arts 8 chapters
▶ Sound, Voice and Speech 9 classes
Where the Voice Comes From: The Three Voice Subsystems
Activity 1.1: Clarity in Speech and the Tongue Twisters
Activity 1.2: Diction, Speed, Intonation and Word Impact
Volume and Pitch: What the Lion, the Mouse and the Owl Teach an Actor
Activity 1.3: Guess the Animal Emotion
Activity 1.4: If You Are an Actor - Choosing Volume and Pitch for Three Lines
THINK, FEEL, CREATE — part 2
Sound on Stage: Creating the Ambience of a Scene
Naad and the Seven Notes of Indian Music
▶ Space 5 classes
What Space Means in Theatre, Dance and Music
Personal Space and General Space
Levels, Directions and Pathways in Dance and Theatre
Stage Space: The Areas of the Stage
Space in Music: Silence and Pauses Between Notes
▶ Rhythm 7 classes
Music and your Emotions — part 5
Music and your Emotions — part 6
DANCING WITH RHYTHM AND TEMPOS — part 1
DANCING WITH RHYTHM AND TEMPOS — part 2
DANCING WITH RHYTHM AND TEMPOS — part 3
Rhythm in Everyday Life and Nature: Heartbeat, Clock and Stride
Rhythm in Speech and Theatre
▶ Body Movement 6 classes
My Body in Motion — part 1
My Body in Motion — part 2
My Body in Motion — part 3
My Body in Motion — part 4
Movement as Non-Verbal Communication: Mime and Gesture
Movement in Rituals, Festivals and Folk Traditions
▶ Composition 5 classes
Composition: Putting Together the Pieces of an Art
Composition in Theatre: Scenes and the Unity of Time, Space and Action
Composition in Dance: Patterns and Formations
Composition in Music: Making a Tune
Making a Short Group Composition
▶ Art Vocabulary 5 classes
Vocabulary of Theatre: Terms Every Young Actor Should Know
Vocabulary of Dance: Steps, Poses and Expressions
Vocabulary of Music: Notes, Beat, Tempo and Pitch
Names of Instruments and Stage Items
Using Art Vocabulary Correctly in Speech and Writing
▶ Performance 5 classes
Plan, Prepare, Perform: Activity 9.1 - Visualising the Performance
Activity 9.2: Building the Song List, and the Invocation 'Swagatham Shubha Swagatham'
Activity 9.3: A Folk Song from Another Tradition - the Odia Song of Chaita Paraba
Part B: Prepare - Activity 9.4, Rehearsal and Feedback
Activity 9.5: Production, Promotion and Support, and Activity 9.6: The Final Performance
▶ Art Appreciation 5 classes
Being a Good Audience: Your Duty in the Seats
Natyashastra Chapter 27, and What a Review Actually Is
The Three Types of Review, and Activity 4.1: Play Watching
The Seven Steps of Preparing to Watch a Play
Writing a Review: Five Rules, and Circle Time
Physical Education 2 chapters
▶ Physical Fitness Components 13 classes
Motor fitness — part 1
Motor fitness — part 2
Motor fitness — part 3
Motor fitness — part 4
Motor fitness — part 5
Motor fitness — part 6
Motor fitness — part 7
Motor fitness — part 8
MF-10 Circle Time - Cardiovascular Endurance: Why You Could Keep Going When Tired
Assessment: Baseline and Goal for Agility, Cardiovascular Endurance and Strength
UNIT 2 — part 7
Health-related Fitness: Flexibility and Why Stretching Matters
Body Composition and Healthy Habits for Fitness
▶ Games/Sports skills 5 classes
Basic Movement Skills for Games: Running, Jumping and Dodging
Ball Skills: Throwing, Catching and Passing
Kicking, Striking and Hitting Skills
Playing a Small-sided Game: Rules, Teamwork and Fair Play
Warming Up and Staying Safe While Playing
Physics 6 chapters
▶ Matter 18 classes
Grinding Without End: What a Constituent Particle Is
7.2 Interparticle Attractions, and Acharya Kanad's Parmanu
7.2.1 The Solid State: Activity 7.3 (Fig. 7.3) and the Melting Pictures of Fig. 7.4
What a Melting Point Is, the Odd Case of Ice, and Table 7.1
7.2.2 The Liquid State: Activity 7.4 and the Three Containers of Fig. 7.5
A Finger Through Water (Fig. 7.6), the Boiling Point, and Why Spilled Water Disappears
7.2.3 The Gaseous State: Activity 7.5 and the Two Gas Jars of Fig. 7.7
Why Gases Fill Everything: the Iodine Version (Fig. 7.8), and What a Fluid Is
7.3 Activity 7.6: The Syringe (Fig. 7.9), and Why Water Will Not Compress
7.4 Activity 7.8: Potassium Permanganate Spreading Through Water (Fig. 7.13)
Activity 7.9: An Incense Stick in the Corner of a Room (Fig. 7.14), and How Soap Lifts Oil (Fig. 7.15)
Thermal Energy Decides the State, and the 'Let Us Wrap Up!' Table
Snapshots, and Keep the Curiosity Alive: Questions 1 and 2(i) to 2(iv)
A Journey through States of Water — part 1
A Journey through States of Water — part 5
A Journey through States of Water — part 9
Discover, Design, and Debate: The Balloon on a Bottle, Clay-Ball Models, and Atoms and Molecules
What Matter Is: Mass, Space and Everyday Examples
▶ Physical Quantities and Measurement 30 classes
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 1
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 2
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 3
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 4
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 7
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 8
Lambok's Fever, and the Question Touch Cannot Answer
Activity 7.1: Why Your Two Hands Disagree
7.2 Temperature, and the Digital Clinical Thermometer
Activity 7.2: Measuring Body Temperature, Step by Step
Why 37.0 °C Is an Average, and the Range of a Healthy Body
Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and How a Temperature Is Written
Why a Clinical Thermometer Cannot Read Boiling Water, and Activity 7.3
Prerna's Question: How Did People Tell the Time Before Clocks?
8.1 Measurement of Time: Sundials, Water Clocks, Hourglasses and Candle Clocks (Figs. 8.1 to 8.4)
Activity 8.1: Building a Water Clock from a Plastic Bottle (Fig. 8.5), and the Samrat Yantra
Time in Ancient India, and Huygens' Pendulum Clock (Fig. 8.6)
8.1.1 A Simple Pendulum: Oscillation, Mean Position and Time Period (Fig. 8.7)
Activity 8.2 and Table 8.1: Measuring a Time Period, and Think Like a Scientist
8.1.2 The SI Unit of Time, Modern Clocks (Fig. 8.8), and the Ghati
Activity 8.3: The Smallest Interval a Wall Clock Can Measure (Fig. 8.9), and 8.2 Slow or Fast
9.5.1 Measuring Mass: Activity 9.3, the Tare Button, and Mass Against Weight
Activity 7.4: The Smallest Value a Thermometer Can Read
The Correct Way to Use a Laboratory Thermometer, and Activity 7.5
Activity 7.6: Boiling Water, Melting Ice, and Why Readings Differ
7.3.3 Air Temperature, and Anna Mani
Measuring Volume: Units, the Measuring Cylinder, and Activity 9.4 Begins
Activity 9.4: The Least Count of a Cylinder, and Activity 9.5: Reading the Meniscus
Activity 9.6: Volume by l × w × h, and the Problem of an Irregular Stone
Activity 9.7: Volume by Displacement, Table 9.2, and the Density of a Stone
▶ Force 11 classes
Sonali and Ragini's Cycle Ride, 5.1 What Is a Force? and Activity 5.1 (Fig. 5.1)
5.2 What a Force Can Do: Activity 5.2, Table 5.1 and the Five Effects (Fig. 5.2)
5.3 A Force Needs Two Objects: the Newton, and Why a Resting Object Is Not Force-Free
5.4.1 Contact Forces and Muscular Force: Fig. 5.3, Fig. 5.4, and the Muscles Inside You
The Puzzle of the Rolling Ball, and Activity 5.3: Finding the Hidden Force (Fig. 5.5)
What Friction Is, and the Hidden Irregularities of Fig. 5.6
Activity 5.4: The Same Push on Glass, Cloth, Wood, Tile and Sand - and Friction in Air and Water
5.4.2 Non-Contact Forces: Magnetic Force and the Floating Ring Magnet of Activity 5.5 (Fig. 5.7)
Gravitational Force: Activity 5.8, the Ball Thrown Harder, and Fig. 5.10
Gravity Defined, Vertical Motion in Fig. 5.11, and 5.5 What Weight Means
Friction at Work: Useful, Harmful and How We Change It
▶ Energy 6 classes
What Energy Is: The Ability to Do Work
Machines in Daily Life: Making Work Easier
Simple Machines: Lever and Pulley
Simple Machines: Wheel and Axle, and Inclined Plane
Simple Machines: Wedge and Screw
Forms of Energy and How One Form Changes into Another
▶ Light 12 classes
11.1 Sources of Light: Luminous and Non-luminous (Figs. 11.1 to 11.3), and LED Lamps
11.2 Does Light Travel in a Straight Line? Activities 11.1 and 11.2 (Figs. 11.4, 11.5)
11.3 Activity 11.3 and Table 11.1: Predicting Before Observing
Transparent, Translucent and Opaque (Fig. 11.6), and 11.4 Shadow Formation (Fig. 11.7)
Activity 11.4 and Table 11.2: Six Changes Made to a Shadow
What a Shadow Needs, Shadow Puppetry, and 11.5 Reflection (Activity 11.5)
Solstices and Equinoxes, Six Months of Sunshine at the Pole, and 12.3 Eclipses
12.3.1 Solar Eclipse: Activity 12.4 and Apparent Size (Figs. 12.12, 12.13)
Total and Partial Solar Eclipse (Fig. 12.14), and How to Watch One Safely
The Geometry of a Lunar Eclipse (Fig. 12.16), and the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
Projecting the Sun with a Mirror, Grahan and the Surya Siddhanta, and 12.3.2 Lunar Eclipse
Umbra and Penumbra: The Two Parts of a Shadow
▶ Magnetism 7 classes
Exploring Magnets — part 1
Exploring Magnets — part 2
Exploring Magnets — part 3
Exploring Magnets — part 4
Exploring Magnets — part 5
Exploring Magnets — part 6
Exploring Magnets — part 7
Sanskrit 2 chapters
▶ श्रवण, भाषण एवं पठन 6 classes
Listening to Sanskrit: Sounds and Pronunciation
Reciting Simple Sanskrit Verses (Shlokas)
Speaking Short Sanskrit Sentences About Daily Life
Reading Devanagari Words and Sentences Aloud
Reading a Short Sanskrit Passage and Understanding It
Conversation Practice in Simple Sanskrit
▶ भाषा - लेखन 5 classes
Writing Devanagari Letters and Words Neatly
Making Simple Sentences in Sanskrit
Filling in Correct Words and Verb Forms
Writing About Myself, My Family and My School in Sanskrit
Writing a Short Paragraph About a Picture
▶
ICSE Class 7
🎓 Open this class
Arts Education 8 chapters
▶ Form 5 classes
The Elements of Visual Arts: Point, Line, Shape, Colour, Tone, Texture and Space
Objects and Still Life — part 1
Objects and Still Life — part 2
Observing Lines and Shapes in Nature and Around Us
Making Forms with Clay and Paper in 3-D
▶ Colour 9 classes
PEEPING OUT OF THE WINDOW — part 2
PEEPING OUT OF THE WINDOW — part 3
Changing the Typical Picture — part 2
Changing the Typical Picture — part 3
Nature’s Palette — part 1
Nature’s Palette — part 2
Colour: the colour wheel
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Colours
Warm and Cool Colours in Nature and Painting
▶ Texture 5 classes
Texture and Space
Feeling and Describing Textures: Rough, Smooth, Soft and Hard
Rubbings and Collage to Create Texture
Showing Texture in Drawing and Painting
Texture in Nature: Bark, Fur, Feathers and Sand
▶ Composition 5 classes
What Is Visual Composition: Realistic, Abstract and Layout
Creating a Four-Part Comic Strip
Thematic Painting and Group Collage
Nature’s Palette — part 4
Landscape and Seascape Composition
▶ Tools & Techniques 6 classes
Pencils, Charcoal and Crayons: Drawing Tools
Brushes, Paints and Palettes: Painting Tools
Printing Techniques: Block and Leaf Printing
Paper Craft: Cutting, Folding and Pasting
Clay Modelling Techniques
Experimenting and Choosing the Right Tool
▶ Art (Visual Arts) Vocabulary 7 classes
Point and Line
Shape and Form
Colour Schemes and Mood
Tone: light, shade and the tonal scale
From Elements to Principles
Words for Hues, Shades and Tints
Vocabulary of Tools, Materials and Mediums
▶ Responding to the Artefacts and Nature 4 classes
Finding Beauty in Nature
Looking at Handmade Artefacts and Crafts
Responding to Monuments and Architecture
Talking and Writing About a Work of Art
▶ Perspective 5 classes
PEOPLE IN PLACES — part 1
PEOPLE IN PLACES — part 2
Perspective Techniques: Linear and Aerial
Analysing and Using Perspective
Near and Far: Overlapping and Size in a Scene
Biology 5 chapters
▶ Tissue 13 classes
What a Tissue Is, and Why Plants and Animals Differ
Apical Meristem: How Plants Grow Longer
Lateral and Intercalary Meristems
Meristematic Cells, and Differentiation
Epidermis: The Plant's Outer Defence
Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
Xylem, Phloem and the Three Tissue Systems
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue I: Blood
Connective Tissue II: Bone, Cartilage, Tendon and Ligament
Muscular Tissue: Three Kinds of Movement
Nervous Tissue
2.2 Levels of Organisation: Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
▶ Kingdom Classification 17 classes
The Need for Classification
Classification Systems Over Time
Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta and Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Comparing the Plant Groups
Kingdom Animalia and the Notochord
Porifera and Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes and Nematoda
Annelida and Arthropoda
Mollusca and Echinodermata
Protochordates, Vertebrates and Their Adaptations
Diversity in the Living World — part 4
The Criteria of the Five Kingdoms
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Fungi
Beyond Five Kingdoms: Three Domains, and Viruses
▶ Plant Life 19 classes
Activity 10.1: Listing What Is Living and What Is Not
Movement: Cars, Drosera and Climbing Plants
Growth, Food, and Breathing: The Stomata on a Leaf
Excretion, and Responding to a Stimulus
Reproduction, and What It Means to Be Dead
The Eight Characteristics Together, and Is a Seed Living?
10.1 How Do Plants Grow? Four Guesses, and Activity 10.1 (Fig. 10.1)
The Vrikshayurveda, 10.2.1 Leaves as Food Factories, and Activity 10.2 (Fig. 10.2a)
The Iodine Test on a Leaf (Fig. 10.2b), Why We Decolourise It, and Activity 10.3
Table 10.2: Starch in the Green and Non-green Patches, and Coloured Leaves
Chlorophyll Is Essential, and 10.2.2 Activity 10.4: The Role of Air (Fig. 10.3a)
Table 10.3, and the Definition of Photosynthesis
Activity 10.5: The Gas That Bubbles Up (Fig. 10.4)
10.2.3 Photosynthesis in a Nutshell (Fig. 10.5), and R.H. Dastur
Activity 10.6: Finding the Stomata (Fig. 10.6), and 10.3.1 Transport of Water
Activity 10.7: Red Ink Up a Stem (Fig. 10.7), the Xylem and the Phloem (Fig. 10.8)
10.4 Do Plants Respire? Activity 10.8 and the Lime Water Test (Fig. 10.9)
The Life Cycle of a Bean Plant
Reproduction, and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
▶ Human Body 7 classes
Why the Body Needs to Remove Waste
The Excretory System and Its Organs
The Kidneys and How Urine Is Formed
Keeping the Excretory System Healthy
The Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves
Neurons and How Messages Travel
Reflex Actions and Voluntary Actions
▶ Health and Hygiene 5 classes
What an Allergy Is and Why the Body Reacts
Common Allergens in the Environment
Symptoms of Allergic Reactions
Preventing and Managing Allergies
Hygiene Habits That Reduce Allergic Reactions
Chemistry 7 chapters
▶ Matter and its Composition 19 classes
Materials Around Us — part 7
Materials Around Us — part 8
A Journey through States of Water — part 1
A Journey through States of Water — part 5
Grinding Without End: What a Constituent Particle Is
Activity 7.2: Where the Sugar Goes (Fig. 7.2), and Interparticle Spaces
7.2 Interparticle Attractions, and Acharya Kanad's Parmanu
7.2.1 The Solid State: Activity 7.3 (Fig. 7.3) and the Melting Pictures of Fig. 7.4
What a Melting Point Is, the Odd Case of Ice, and Table 7.1
7.2.2 The Liquid State: Activity 7.4 and the Three Containers of Fig. 7.5
A Finger Through Water (Fig. 7.6), the Boiling Point, and Why Spilled Water Disappears
7.2.3 The Gaseous State: Activity 7.5 and the Two Gas Jars of Fig. 7.7
Why Gases Fill Everything: the Iodine Version (Fig. 7.8), and What a Fluid Is
7.3 Activity 7.6: The Syringe (Fig. 7.9), and Why Water Will Not Compress
Activity 7.7: Three Water Levels A, B and C (Fig. 7.10), and Where the Sugar Sits (Fig. 7.11)
7.4 Activity 7.8: Potassium Permanganate Spreading Through Water (Fig. 7.13)
Thermal Energy Decides the State, and the 'Let Us Wrap Up!' Table
Snapshots, and Keep the Curiosity Alive: Questions 1 and 2(i) to 2(iv)
Materials Around Us — part 6
▶ Physical and Chemical Changes 12 classes
Four Students, Four Changes: the Ice, the Bottle, the Bud and the Banana
Activity 5.1 and Table 5.1: Eleven Everyday Changes, and the Senses That Notice Them
5.1 Physical Change: Activity 5.2 with Paper, a Balloon and Chalk (Fig. 5.1)
5.2 Chemical Change: Activity 5.3, Blowing into Tap Water and Lime Water (Fig. 5.2)
The Chemical Equation, and Activity 5.4: Vinegar and Baking Soda (Fig. 5.3)
5.3.1 Rusting and 5.3.2 Combustion: Activity 5.5 and the Covered Candle (Figs. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6)
Why the Covered Candle Goes Out, the Blanket Rule, and the Fireflies
Activity 5.6: Ignition Temperature and the Fire Triangle (Figs. 5.7, 5.8)
Activity 5.7: What Happens When a Candle Burns, and Faraday's Lectures (Fig. 5.9)
5.5 Are Changes Permanent? Activity 5.8 and Table 5.2, and 5.6 Desirable Changes
Undesirable Changes, Compost and Pollution, and 5.7.1 Weathering of Rocks (Fig. 5.10)
5.7.2 Erosion, and In a Nutshell
▶ Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 21 classes
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 1
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 2
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 3
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 4
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 5
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 6
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 7
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 8
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 9
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 1
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 2
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 3
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 4
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 5
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 6
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 7
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 8
Chapter 8 Review: Questions on Separation Techniques
Elements and Compounds: How They Differ
Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Mixtures Versus Compounds
▶ Atomic Structure 13 classes
Thomson and the Electron
Testing Thomson: The Gold Foil Experiment
Rutherford's Nuclear Model
Bohr's Model of the Atom
The Neutron, and What Gives an Atom Its Mass
Symbols of Elements
Atomic Number and Mass Number
How Electrons Fill the Shells
Valency
Dalton's Atomic Theory
How Atoms Combine: The Covalent Bond
Zooming In: Particles, Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, and Solutions
Covalent Bonds in Molecules of Compounds
▶ Language of Chemistry 6 classes
Naming Covalent Compounds
Naming Ions and Ionic Compounds
Writing Chemical Formulae
Symbols of Elements and Why Chemists Use Them
Formulae of Common Compounds
Radicals and Combining Them to Write Formulae
▶ Metals and Non-Metals 14 classes
Sudarshan Uncle's Workshop: What an Ironsmith Makes, and From What (Fig. 4.1)
4.1.1 Malleability: Activity 4.1 and Table 4.1 (Fig. 4.2)
Brittle, and Neither: Iron and the Progress of Civilisation, and 4.1.2 Ductility
4.1.3 Sonority: Steel Ropes, Suspension Bridges, and Activity 4.2
The Ringing Sound, and 4.1.4 Conduction of Heat: Activity 4.3 (Fig. 4.3)
Conduction, Conductors, and 4.1.5 Conduction of Electricity: Activity 4.4
Table 4.2 and the Pattern in It, then 4.2 The Question About Brown Deposits
Activity 4.5: Three Bottles A, B and C, and Table 4.3 (Fig. 4.4)
Rust, Rusting and Corrosion, and the Iron Pillar of Delhi
4.3 Burning Magnesium: Activity 4.6 and a Basic Oxide (Figs. 4.5, 4.6)
Sodium Kept Under Kerosene, and 4.4 Activity 4.7: Burning Sulfur (Fig. 4.7a, b, c)
Sulfurous Acid, Activity 4.8, and What a Non-metal Is (Fig. 4.7d)
4.5 Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Chlorine and Iodine, and In a Nutshell
Let Us Enhance Our Learning: Questions 1 to 6
▶ Air and Atmosphere 8 classes
Nature’s Treasures — part 2
The Atmosphere and Its Layers
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Oxygen Cycle
Gases That Make Up Air and Their Proportions
Properties and Uses of Oxygen
Properties and Uses of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide
Air Pollution and Keeping Air Clean
Computer Studies 7 chapters
▶ Computer - Hardware Components 15 classes
1.1 Identify and Describe Basic Hardware Components
1.2 Explore the Functions of Input Devices
1.3 Examine Output Devices and Their Uses
1.4 Understand Storage Devices and Their Capacity
1.5 Investigate Peripheral Connectivity Options
What a Computer Is: Characteristics and Limitations
Hardware, Software and the Input-Process-Output Cycle
Inside the Computer: CPU and Memory
Input Devices: The Keyboard and Pointing Devices
Input Devices: Scanners, Readers, Microphone and Cameras
Output Devices: Monitors and Speakers
Output Devices: Printers and Plotters
Storage Devices and Units of Memory
1.6 Apply Knowledge to Assemble a Basic Computer Setup
What Software Is and How We Talk to a Computer
▶ Number System – An Introduction 6 classes
Number Systems in Daily Life: Why Computers Use Binary
The Decimal Number System and Place Value
The Binary Number System: Bits and Powers of Two
Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary
Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal
Octal and Hexadecimal Number Systems: An Introduction
▶ Computer Virus 4 classes
Threats and Response: Malware, Bullying, Stalking and Reporting
Viruses, Malware and Adware, and How to Protect Against Them
Types of Computer Viruses: File, Boot Sector, Macro, Worms and Trojans
Choosing, Installing and Updating an Antivirus Program
▶ Ethics and Safety Measures in Computing 8 classes
5.2 Explore the Basics of Internet Safety Principles
5.3 Identify Common Online Threats and Risks
5.4 Develop Strong Passwords and Account Security Practices
5.6 Create a Personal Digital Safety Plan
1.5 Navigate the Internet Safely and Effectively
Computer Ethics: Copyright, Plagiarism and Respect for Others' Work
Netiquette: Polite and Responsible Behaviour Online
Hacking, Firewalls and Keeping a Computer Safe
▶ Spreadsheets - An Introduction 14 classes
4.1 Introduction to Excel: Navigating the Interface
4.2 Entering and Formatting Data in Cells
4.3 Creating Basic Formulas and Functions
4.4 Utilizing Charts and Graphs for Data Visualization
4.3 Data Management: Introduction to Excel Workbook Basics
4.4 Entering Data: Creating and Formatting Your First Excel Spreadsheet
Spreadsheets, Worksheets and Workbooks
Entering Numbers, Text, Dates and Series
Editing and Formatting a Worksheet
Inserting, Deleting and Writing Formulas
Functions: SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN and IF
Charts and Printing a Worksheet
What a spreadsheet is, and what Calc can do
Rows, columns, cells and the active cell
▶ Database and DBMS – An Introduction 6 classes
What a Database Is: Tables, Records and Fields
What a DBMS Does: Create, Update, Retrieve and Manage Data
Creating a Simple Database Table
Entering, Editing and Sorting Records
Designing Simple Queries to Find Data
Reports and Everyday Uses of Databases
▶ HTML – Advanced Features 6 classes
Revisiting Basic HTML Tags and Page Structure
Ordered and Unordered Lists in HTML
Adding Images to a Web Page
Creating Links Between Web Pages
Building Tables in HTML
Creating Forms with Text Boxes, Buttons and Choices
English 5 chapters
▶ Listening and Speaking 31 classes
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond and Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity and Writing Task
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity and Writing Task
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
▶ Reading 23 classes
Reading for Meaning
Reading for Appreciation
Reading for Meaning — Part I
Reading for Meaning — Part II
Reading for Meaning — Part III
Reading for Appreciation
Reading for Meaning — Part I
Reading for Meaning — Parts II and III
Reading for Appreciation
Reading for Meaning — Part I
Reading for Meaning — Part II
Reading for Appreciation
Reading for Meaning
Reading for Appreciation
Reading for Meaning — Part I
Reading for Meaning — Part II
Check Your Understanding and Critical Reflection
Reading for Appreciation
Reading for Meaning — Part I
Reading for Meaning — Part II
Check Your Understanding and Critical Reflection
Reading for Appreciation
Tom Sawyer and the Pain-killer: Reading and Comprehension
▶ Writing 5 classes
Writing a Story: Beginning, Middle and End
Describing People, Places and Events with Vivid Words
Writing Poems: Rhyme, Rhythm and Imagery
Anecdotal Records and Personal Narratives
Planning, Drafting and Improving What You Write
▶ Grammar and Vocabulary in Context 15 classes
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Guessing Word Meanings, the Yak Report and Language for Recommendations
▶ English Literature - Suggested Reading List 4 classes
Why Reading for Pleasure Matters: Choosing a Book
Adventure and Fantasy Stories from the Reading List
Stories of Real Lives: Biography and Autobiography
Keeping a Reading Journal and Sharing a Book with Others
Geography 7 chapters
▶ Representation of Geographical Features 7 classes
Locating Places on the Earth — part 3
Locating Places on the Earth — part 4
Locating Places on the Earth — part 5
Reading a Topographical Sheet: Its Parts and Numbering
Directions on a Map and Using a Compass
Colours and Conventional Symbols on a Topographical Map
Scale and Measuring Distances on a Map
▶ Atmosphere 10 classes
The Big Questions, and What the Atmosphere Does for Us
What the Atmosphere Is Made Of
The Layered Structure, and the Troposphere
Stratosphere, Mesosphere and Thermosphere
The Exosphere, and Why We Do Not Feel the Air's Weight
Climate Change: Causes and Consequences
Working Out Your Own Carbon Footprint
Looking Back: The Atmosphere and Its Layers
Climate Change: Fossil Fuels, the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (Fig. 3.16)
The Big Questions, Fig. 2.1, and What Weather Is: The Troposphere in Fig. 2.2
▶ Weather and Climate 17 classes
Weather and Climate: The Difference
The Five Elements of Weather, and Think About It: Krishnan, Amir and the Need for a Common Measure
Observing Nature's Clues: Ants, Frogs and Pine Cones (Figs. 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.3)
Weather Instruments (a) Temperature: Thermometers, Celsius and Fahrenheit, and Figs. 2.4.1 to 2.4.4
Range and Mean Daily Temperature, the IMD of 1875, and the Chart of Fig. 2.5
Reading the Temperature Table, and (b) Precipitation: How a Rain Gauge Works (Fig. 2.6)
Let's Explore: Build and Read Your Own Rain Gauge, and (c) Atmospheric Pressure (Fig. 2.7)
Why the Air Thins on a Mountain: Depressions, the Barometer, Millibars and Khardung la (Fig. 2.8)
(d) Wind: Why Direction and Speed Matter, and the Wind Vane (Fig. 2.9)
The Wind Sock and the Anemometer (Fig. 2.10), and (e) Humidity: Kochi or Jaipur?
Relative Humidity from 0% to 100%, the Hygrometer, and Think About It: Delhi 52%, Kochi 84%
Weather Stations (Fig. 2.11), the Automated Weather Station, and the AWS at a Sikkim Glacial Lake (Fig. 2.12)
Predicting the Weather: Reading the IMD Warning Map of 19 May 2024 (Fig. 2.13), and Before We Move On
Questions and Activities 1 to 4: Matching Instruments, Packing for Mumbai, Siting a Rain Gauge, and the Jammu and Kashmir Table
The Five Big Questions, Fig. 3.1, and Weather, Seasons and the Climate: the Six Ritus
Atmospheric Pressure: Why Air Moves
Looking Back: Weather, Climate, Seasons and Change
▶ Weathering and Soil formation 8 classes
Weathering: Three Ways Rock Breaks Down
Erosion: The Agents That Carry Material Away
India's Answers to Erosion: Contouring, Bunding, Terracing and the Zabo System
Soil, the Foundation of Cultivation: Fig. 1.8's Four Stages, the Six Soils of India, and Soil–Crop Linkages
Two Maps Side by Side: Fig. 1.9, the Soil Map of India, and Fig. 1.10, the Crops Each Soil Carries
Nurturing the Soil: Crop Rotation, Contour Ploughing and Panchagavya against Terracing and Precise Fertiliser
The Soil Profile: Topsoil, Subsoil and Bedrock
How Weathering Builds Soil: Stages of Soil Formation
▶ Industries 6 classes
What an Industry Is and How Industries Are Classified
Where Industries Are Located: Raw Material, Power, Labour, Market and Transport
Industries by Capital: Small, Medium and Large Scale
Industries by Labour and by Raw Material
Industrial Pollution: Air, Water and Land
Preventing Industrial Pollution
▶ Energy and Power Resources 9 classes
Three Categories by Use: Life, Materials, Energy
The Condition on Renewability: Melting Glaciers and the Tuna
Non-Renewable Resources: Why India's Coal Has About Fifty Years
Reading Fig. 1.11: The Map of India's Coal, Oil, Iron Ore and Bauxite
The International Solar Alliance, and Who Misses Out on Clean Air
Restoration and Regeneration: How Nature Renews Itself
Solar and Wind Power as Renewable Energy
Hydro, Tidal and Biogas Energy
Saving Energy in Our Daily Lives
▶ Study of Continents: Europe, Africa, Australia and Antractica 10 classes
The continents: variety on land
Europe
Africa
The Australian continent
South America
Oceans and Continents — part 4
Oceans and Continents — part 1
Antarctica: The Frozen Continent and Its Research Stations
Case Study of a European Country
Case Study of an African Country
History & Civics 8 chapters
▶ History: Medieval Europe – Rise and Spread of Christianity 5 classes
From the Roman Empire to Medieval Europe: What Changed
The Byzantine Empire: Constantinople and Its Rulers
The Birth of Christianity: Jesus and His Teachings
How Christianity Spread Across Europe
The Church, Monasteries and Daily Life in Medieval Europe
▶ History: Rise and Spread of Islam 5 classes
Arabia Before Islam: Tribes, Trade and Beliefs
The Prophet Muhammad and the Message of Islam
The Caliphs and the Expansion of the Arab Empire
Islamic Culture, Learning and Architecture
Islam Reaches India: Traders, Conquerors and Sufis
▶ History: The Delhi Sultanate 12 classes
Fig. 2.2: The Chapter's Timeline, 1206 to 1799, and What 'Medieval' Means
Reading Fig. 2.3: Tughlaqs, Lodis, and the Powers That Held Out
Rise of the Delhi Sultanate: Five Dynasties, and the Qutub Minar Complex
Nine Years a Sultan: Violent Successions, Ala-ud-din Khilji and Malik Kafur
Muhammad bin Tughlaq: The Capital That Moved, and Money That Failed
Iconoclasm, the Jizya, and Timur's Attack on Delhi
Administering India: The Iqta System and Akbar's Four Ministers
Resistance Begins: Narasimhadeva I, Konark, and 75 Chieftains
The Hoysalas, the Bahmani Sultanate, and Rana Kumbha
Bhakti: Why a Devotional Movement Comes First in a Political Chapter
The Slave Dynasty: Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish, Razia and Balban
Art, Architecture and Social Life in the Sultanate Period
▶ History: The Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdoms 11 classes
Kumbhalgarh's 36-Kilometre Wall, and the Founding of Vijayanagara
The Hare and the Hounds, the Five Deccan Sultanates, and What 'Pati' Means
Reading Fig. 2.12: Kingdoms in the Deccan and the Vijayanagara Empire
Krishnadevaraya, and the Musical Pillars of the Vitthala Temple
Domingo Paes Describes the City, and Fig. 2.14 Is Read Closely
1565: Talikota, and 1526: Babur at Panipat
Further South: Pāṇḍyas, Cheras and the Rise of the Cholas — Fig. 3.19's Warriors and Fig. 3.20's Naṭarāja
Harihara and Bukka: Founding the Vijayanagar Kingdom
Administration and Economy of Vijayanagar
The Bahmani Kingdom: Foundation and Mahmud Gawan
Art and Architecture of Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms
▶ History: The Mughal Empire 15 classes
Babur and India: The Baburnama, and the Second Battle of Panipat
Akbar at Chittor, Jauhar, and the Turn to Sulh-i-kul
Reading Fig. 2.16: The Mughals and the Rise of Regional Powers
'I Was Overwhelmed with Shame': Akbar's Own Account of His Change
The House of Translation at Fatehpur Sikri, and Comparing Three Maps
The Peak of Mughal Art, and the Succession That Turned Violent
Alamgir: How Aurangzeb Took the Throne, and What He Then Banned
The Argument About Aurangzeb's Motives, and the Farman of 1669
'I Came Alone and Am Going Away Alone', and How to Read a Darker Period
The Mansabdari System, and Who Was Allowed into the Administration
Todar Mal's Survey, and How India's Economy Was Built from Below
Land Revenue, Famine, and the Ports India Exported Through
From Trade to Territory — part 1
Humayun and Sher Shah Suri: The Struggle for Delhi
Jahangir and Shah Jahan: Court, Justice and Buildings
▶ History: Making of Composite Culture 16 classes
Getting started: cultural currents, 13th to 17th centuries
Belief systems and the bhakti tradition
Regional saints and their messages
Musical traditions
From walls to paper: miniature painting
Changing landscapes: gardens
Women in society
Education and institutions of learning
Vocational education and knowledge sharing
Growth of literature and language; the development of Urdu
Developments in science and technology
Regional architectural developments and temple building
Cultural exchange in daily life: food and clothing
Review and activities
Queens, Tantra, Jainism and the Bhakti Movement: Fig. 3.23's Bāhubalī, the 12 Ālvārs and the 63 Nāyanārs
Sufi Movement: Silsilas, Saints and Their Message
▶ Civics: The Constitution of India 11 classes
The Constituent Assembly, and a Constitution That Can Change
The Six Fundamental Rights
The Constitution of India — part 1
The Constitution of India — part 2
The Constitution of India — part 3
The Constitution of India — part 4
The Constitution of India — part 5
The Constitution of India — part 6
The Constitution of India — part 7
The Constitution of India — part 8
The Constitution of India — part 9
▶ Civics: Directive Principles of State Policy 5 classes
Why India Needed Directive Principles
Social and Economic Principles for Welfare
Gandhian Principles and Protection of Culture
International Peace and Security as a Directive Principle
Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles Compared
Hindi (Second Language) 3 chapters
▶ सुनना और बोलना 7 classes
Listening to a short Hindi passage and noting its main points
Listening to instructions, announcements and news and answering questions
Pronouncing Hindi sounds clearly: conjuncts, nasal sounds and the nukta
Speaking: introducing yourself and describing a family event or festival
Reciting a poem with correct pace, pauses and expression
Narrating a story or incident in the right order
Conversation and group discussion manners in Hindi
▶ पढ़ना एवं लिखना (पठन एवं लेखन कौशल) 8 classes
Reading a prose passage aloud with fluency and correct stress
Reading comprehension: finding the main idea and answering questions
Reading a poem: meaning, imagery and theme
Writing a paragraph on a given topic in correct Hindi
Writing an informal letter to a friend or relative
Writing a formal letter and a short application
Writing a story or dialogue from given hints
Summarising a passage in your own words
▶ व्याकरण और भाषा 7 classes
Nouns: kinds, gender and number
Pronouns and adjectives and how they agree with nouns
Verbs and the three tenses: past, present and future
Adverbs, postpositions and conjunctions
Synonyms, antonyms and words with more than one meaning
Idioms, proverbs and one-word substitutes
Punctuation marks and correcting common sentence errors
Mathematics 6 chapters
▶ Number System 23 classes
3.3 Integers: Fortunes, Debts and Brahmagupta's Five Rules
3.4 Fractions, Negative Fractions and the Set of Rational Numbers
3.4 Brahmagupta's Laws for Rational Numbers, and Closure
3.4.1 Rational Numbers on the Number Line, and Absolute Value
3.4.2 The Density of Rational Numbers
The Other Side of Zero — part 1
The Other Side of Zero — part 2
The Other Side of Zero — part 3
The Other Side of Zero — part 4
The Other Side of Zero — part 5
The Other Side of Zero — part 6
The Other Side of Zero — part 7
The Other Side of Zero — part 8
The Other Side of Zero — part 9
The Other Side of Zero — part 18
The Other Side of Zero — part 19
Brahmagupta's Rules of Fortune and Debt, and Example 1: Mala's Exam Marks
The Other Side of Zero — part 13
The Other Side of Zero — part 14
Working with Fractions — part 8
Multiplying Integers: Sign Rules and Patterns
Dividing Integers and Checking with Multiplication
Properties of Integers Under the Four Operations
▶ Ratio and Proportion 39 classes
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 1
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 2
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 3
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 4
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 5
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 6
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 7
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 8
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 9
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 10
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 11
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 12
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 13
Per Cent Means Out of a Hundred
Three Methods for Turning a Fraction into a Percentage
Figure it Out: Six Fractions, Nandini's Marbles, and the Long-Distance Run
Why 100 and Not 10 or 43, and Where 'Per Hundred' Came From
1.2 Percentage of Some Quantity: Who Ate More Sugar?
Free-hand Computations: The Mental Percentage Table
The FDP Trio: Fractions, Decimals and Percentages
Three Routes to 60 Marks, and the Millet Kanji Ratio
Four Ways to Finish the Ride to Agra
Word Problems, and 1.3 Using Percentages to Compare Proportions
Percentage Decrease, and What Cost Price, Marked Price and Selling Price Mean
3.1 A Quick Recap: Testing Two Ratios by Cross-Multiplication
3.3 Ratios with More than Two Terms: The Spice Mix
3.4 Dividing a Whole in a Given Ratio: Concrete and Paint
Interest, Compounding, and Why 6000 Becomes 7986
The General Formulas: p(1 + rt) and p(1 + r) Multiplied t Times
3.6 Inverse Proportions: When More Means Less
The Rule xy = k, and Checking It on the Table
Figure it Out: Spotting Inverse Proportion in a Table
Pumps, Provisions, and Two People Working Together
Figure it Out: Which Pairs Are Inverse, and Reading Sleep Charts
Two Pumps Together, Machines, Speed, and the Summary
Figure it Out: A Transport Pie Chart, Painters, Tanks and Chairs
The Unitary Method in Everyday Problems
Time and Work: How Long Will the Job Take
Speed, Distance and Time
▶ Algebra 21 classes
7.1 Find the Unknowns: Unknown Weights on the Balance, Figs. 7.1 to 7.8
The Sacks: Figs. 7.9 to 7.12, and Removing Equal Weights from Both Plates
The Matchstick Pattern, 2n + 1 = 99, and What an Equation Is
Framing Equations for the Weighing Scale Figures
7.2 Solving Equations Systematically: Trial and Error, and Doing the Same to Both Sides
Inverse Operations: Examples 1 to 4 on Removing a Term or a Factor
Solving 5x minus 4 = 7, Checking the Answer, and Examples 5 and 6
Figure it Out: Five Equations to Solve, and an Equation with No Solution
A Shorter Way of Writing the Steps, and the Three Observations
Solving Problems: Example 7, Ranjana's Square Tiles and the Expression 3k + 1
Example 8: Madhubanti's Party, Solved Three Different Ways
Example 9: Jahnavi and Sunita's Savings, and Equations with the Unknown on Both Sides
Example 10: Three Ways to Solve 28(x + 4) + 300 = 1000
Example 11: Riyaz's Maths Trick, Modelled with an Unknown
Example 12: Ramesh and Suresh's Marbles, Two Unknowns Reduced to One
Generating Equations: Chains of Equations, and Example 13
Figure it Out: Writing Equations, Finding Unknowns, the 3-Digit Number, the Brick and the Giraffe's Cousin
7.3 Mind the Mistake, Mend the Mistake: Nine Solutions to Check
Algebra Play — part 1
3.3 Patterns, Properties, and a Pretty Procedure: When the HCF is One of the Numbers
7.4 A Pinch of History: Bijaganita, Brahmagupta, Al-Khwarizmi and the Word Algebra
▶ Geometry 17 classes
Playing with Constructions — part 3
Playing with Constructions — part 5
Playing with Constructions — part 6
What Makes a Figure a Quadrilateral, and What Does Not
4.1 Rectangles and Squares, and the Carpenter's Problem
Deduction 1: Why the Diagonals of a Rectangle Are Equal
Deduction 2: Why the Diagonals Bisect Each Other
Deduction 4: Three Definitions of a Rectangle, and Its Four Properties
A Special Rectangle: The Square, and the First Venn Diagram
4.2 Angles in a Quadrilateral: Why They Always Add to 360 Degrees
4.3 Parallelograms: Constructing One from 4 cm, 5 cm and 30 Degrees
Why Every Rhombus Is a Parallelogram, and Where the Square Sits
The SUMMARY: Five Quadrilaterals, Their Definitions and the Full Venn Diagram
Angles Made by Parallel Lines and a Transversal
Angle Sum and Exterior Angle Property of a Triangle
Congruence of Triangles: SSS, SAS, ASA and RHS
Constructing Triangles from Given Measurements
▶ Mensuration 13 classes
Area — part 1
Area — part 2
Area — part 3
Area — part 4
Area — part 5
Area — part 6
Area — part 7
Area — part 8
Area — part 9
Perimeter and Area — part 10
Surface Area of a Cube and a Cuboid
Volume and Capacity of a Cube and a Cuboid
Circumference and Area of a Circle
▶ Data Handling 18 classes
Data Handling and Presentation — part 1
Data Handling and Presentation — part 2
Data Handling and Presentation — part 4
Data Handling and Presentation — part 6
Data Handling and Presentation — part 7
Data Handling and Presentation — part 9
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 1
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 2
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 3
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 6
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 7
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 8
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 9
Data Handling and Presentation — part 8
Data Handling and Presentation — part 16
Mean: Finding a Representative Value
Median and Mode of a Data Set
Choosing the Right Average for the Data
Performing Arts 8 chapters
▶ Sound, Voice and Speech 12 classes
Where the Voice Comes From: The Three Voice Subsystems
Activity 1.1: Clarity in Speech and the Tongue Twisters
Activity 1.2: Diction, Speed, Intonation and Word Impact
Volume and Pitch: What the Lion, the Mouse and the Owl Teach an Actor
Activity 1.3: Guess the Animal Emotion
Activity 1.4: If You Are an Actor - Choosing Volume and Pitch for Three Lines
Activity 1.5: Speaking Without Language - Gibberish, Basic and Advanced
Good Speech Is a Life Skill: Key Takeaways and the Chapter Rubric
Emotions Unveiled! — part 5
Basic Terms: Sangeet, Dhwani, Nada, Shruti, Swara, Saptak, Alankar, Thaat, Jati
Basic Terms of Sangeet, Nada, Swar and Thaat
Sound in Theatre: Creating Ambience and Mood on Stage
▶ Space 5 classes
What Space Means in Dance, Theatre and Music
Personal Space and General Space on Stage
Levels, Directions and Pathways in Movement
The Silence Between Notes: Space in Music
Using Stage Space for a Scene
▶ Rhythm 6 classes
DANCING WITH RHYTHM AND TEMPOS — part 1
DANCING WITH RHYTHM AND TEMPOS — part 2
DANCING WITH RHYTHM AND TEMPOS — part 3
Music and your Emotions — part 6
Rhythm in Everyday Life and in Nature
Taal, Matra and Laya in Indian Music
▶ Body Movement 8 classes
My Body in Motion — part 1
My Body in Motion — part 2
My Body in Motion — part 3
My Body in Motion — part 4
The Kati: Twisting, Side-to-Side and Back-and-Front Hip Movements
Circular Hip Movement, and Activity 12.1: Dance with Hip Movements
Movement as Non-verbal Communication: Expressing Ideas Without Words
Movement in Rituals, Prayers and Celebrations
▶ Composition 5 classes
What Composition Means: Putting Parts Together
Composing a Scene in Theatre: Script, Characters and Entries
Composing a Dance Sequence with Formations
Composing a Short Piece of Music
Presenting a Group Composition
▶ Art Vocabulary 4 classes
Theatre Vocabulary: Terms Actors and Directors Use
Dance Vocabulary: Names of Movements and Positions
Music Vocabulary: Swara, Taal and Raga Terms
Using Art Vocabulary to Talk About a Performance
▶ Performance 8 classes
The Grand Finale
Plan, Prepare, Perform: Activity 9.1 - Visualising the Performance
Activity 9.2: Building the Song List, and the Invocation 'Swagatham Shubha Swagatham'
Activity 9.3: A Folk Song from Another Tradition - the Odia Song of Chaita Paraba
Part B: Prepare - Activity 9.4, Rehearsal and Feedback
Activity 9.5: Production, Promotion and Support, and Activity 9.6: The Final Performance
The Chapter 9 Rubric and the Music Section's Summative Assessment
Preparing the Stage, Costume and Props for a Performance
▶ Art Appreciation 4 classes
Why We Appreciate the Arts
Watching a Performance Thoughtfully: What to Look and Listen For
Responding to a Performance: Giving Feedback with Respect
Folk and Classical Art Forms of India
Physical Education 2 chapters
▶ Physical Fitness Components 9 classes
Health-related Fitness and its Five Components
Skill-related Fitness: The Six Components
Isometric Strength, and the Three Printed Exercises
2.2 Explore the Five Components of Physical Fitness
1.3 Identify Major Components of Physical Fitness
1.2 Factors influencing physical activities
Testing Fitness: Simple Tests of Strength, Endurance and Flexibility
Isotonic and Isokinetic Exercises Compared with Isometric Exercises
Planning a Weekly Fitness Routine for a Class 7 Pupil
▶ Games/Sports skills 8 classes
Fundamental Movement Skills: Running, Jumping and Throwing
Football Skills: Dribbling, Passing and Trapping
Basketball Skills: Dribbling, Passing and Shooting
Cricket Skills: Batting, Bowling and Fielding
Badminton and Table Tennis Skills: Grip, Stance and Serve
Athletics Skills: Sprint Start, Relay Hand-over and Long Jump
Rules, Fair Play and Team Spirit in Games
Warm-up, Cool-down and Safety During Games
Physics 7 chapters
▶ Physical Quantities and Measurement 12 classes
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 1
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 3
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 4
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 7
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 8
The International System of Units (SI)
Converting Between Units
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 2
Same Room, Different Numbers: Why the Unit You Pick Matters
Measuring the Volume of Regular and Irregular Solids
Mass, Volume and the Meaning of Density
Finding the Density of a Regular Solid
▶ Force and Pressure: Motion 14 classes
Motion Everywhere, and How Science Simplifies It
Distance Travelled and Displacement
Average Speed, and Uniform Motion
Plotting a Graph of Motion
Reading a Position-Time Graph
What a Force Is, and How It Is Measured
The Force of Friction
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 5
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 6
2.1 What is Motion?
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Types of Motion: Translatory, Circular and Oscillatory
Periodic and Non-Periodic Motion
Pressure: Force Acting on an Area
▶ Energy 9 classes
What Work Means in Science
Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy: Energy That Is Stored
Gravitational Potential Energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Using Energy Conservation to Solve Problems
Heat and Electrical Energy as Forms of Energy
Transformation of Energy in Daily Life and the Law of Conservation of Energy
▶ Light Energy 17 classes
11.1 Sources of Light: Luminous and Non-luminous (Figs. 11.1 to 11.3), and LED Lamps
11.2 Does Light Travel in a Straight Line? Activities 11.1 and 11.2 (Figs. 11.4, 11.5)
Transparent, Translucent and Opaque (Fig. 11.6), and 11.4 Shadow Formation (Fig. 11.7)
What a Shadow Needs, Shadow Puppetry, and 11.5 Reflection (Activity 11.5)
Redirecting Sunlight (Fig. 11.8), and Activity 11.6: A Beam Through a Comb (Fig. 11.9)
Concave and Convex: How a Spherical Mirror Is Actually Made
What Each Mirror Does to an Image, and Where Concave Mirrors Are Used
Convex Mirrors on Roads and in Shops, and 10.3: Activity 10.4 Begins
Incident Ray, Normal, and the Angles i and r
Table 10.1, the First Law, and Activity 10.5: The Bent Sheet
11.6 Images in a Plane Mirror: Activities 11.7 and 11.8 (Figs. 11.10, 11.11)
Lateral Inversion, the Ambulance, Aranmula Kannadi, and 11.7 The Pinhole Camera
Activity 11.9: An Upside-down Candle Flame (Fig. 11.12), and Building a Pinhole Camera (Fig. 11.13)
11.3 Activity 11.3 and Table 11.1: Predicting Before Observing
The Speed of Light and How It Slows in Glass and Water
Refraction: Light Bending as It Changes Medium
Splitting Sunlight into Colours
▶ Heat 13 classes
A Fireplace in Gangtok: Why Kerala Is Warm and Why Pans Are Metal
7.1 Conduction: Activity 7.1 and the Four Pins on a Metal Strip (Fig. 7.1)
Why Pin I Falls First: Conduction Defined, and Table 7.2 of Conductors
Trapped Air: Woollen Clothes, Two Thin Blankets and Hollow Bricks (Fig. 7.2)
Activity 7.2: The Rising Paper Cup, the Balloon in the Sun, and Smoke (Figs. 7.3b, 7.4)
Activity 7.3: The Coloured Streak and Convection, and 7.2.1 Activity 7.4 (Figs. 7.5b, 7.6)
Table 7.4: Soil Heats and Cools Faster Than Water, and the Sea Breeze (Fig. 7.7a)
The Land Breeze, and 7.3 Radiation: Light and Dark Clothes (Fig. 7.7b)
All Three at Once: Heating Water in a Pan, Let Us Wrap Up, and the Bukhari (Fig. 7.8)
Nature’s Treasures — part 4
Heat and Temperature: Telling Them Apart
Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases on Heating
Heat and the Change of State of Matter
▶ Sound 16 classes
Sound Is Produced by Vibrations
The Tuning Fork, and Sound Through Solids and Liquids
Sound Cannot Travel Through a Vacuum
Compressions, Rarefactions and the Sound Wave
Longitudinal Waves and Mechanical Waves
Graphical Representation of a Sound Wave
Wavelength, Frequency and Time Period
Amplitude and Intensity
Pitch and the Audible Range
Loudness, Intensity and Noise
Reflection of Sound and Echo
Ultrasonic and Infrasonic Waves and Their Uses
The Speed of Sound
Tone, Timbre and Musical Notes
How Humans Produce Sound: The Larynx and Voice Box
Musical Instruments: Strings, Winds and Percussion
▶ Electricity and Magnetism 21 classes
Exploring Magnets — part 1
Exploring Magnets — part 2
Exploring Magnets — part 3
Exploring Magnets — part 4
Exploring Magnets — part 5
Exploring Magnets — part 6
3.2.1 Electric Cell and 3.2.2 Battery: Activities 3.2 and 3.3 (Figs. 3.2, 3.3)
Activity 3.6: Building the Circuit and Predicting Table 3.1 (Figs. 3.7, 3.8)
3.2.5 An Electrical Circuit: Why Arrangements 1 and 6 Glow (Fig. 3.9)
3.2.6 Electric Switch: Activities 3.8 and 3.9, Open and Closed Circuits (Figs. 3.11, 3.12)
What the Compass Needle Does, and What a Magnetic Field Is (Fig. 4.1b)
Be a Scientist: Oersted, 1820, and Where the Magnetic Effect Is Used
4.1.1 Electromagnets and Activity 4.2: An Iron Nail, a Coil, and a Cell (Fig. 4.2)
Activity 4.3: The Coil, the Two Compasses, and What the Iron Core Changes (Fig. 4.3)
Activity 4.4: Finding the North and South Poles of an Electromagnet (Fig. 4.4)
Think Like a Scientist: What Makes an Electromagnet Stronger, and Why the Earth Is a Magnet
4.1.2 Lifting Electromagnets, and the Link That Runs Both Ways
3.3 Circuit Diagrams: The Seven Symbols of Table 3.2
Conductors and Insulators: Copper Wires, Plastic Covers, and the Body as a Conductor
The Law of Magnetic Poles: Like Repel, Unlike Attract
Electric Bell, Loudspeaker and Motor: Electromagnets at Work
Sanskrit 2 chapters
▶ श्रवण, भाषण एवं पठन 6 classes
Listening to Simple Sanskrit Sentences and Responding Aloud
Clear Pronunciation of Vowels, Consonants and Conjunct Letters
Reciting Shlokas with Correct Rhythm and Intonation
Speaking in Sanskrit: Greetings, Introductions and Everyday Talk
Reading Short Sanskrit Passages Fluently and Understanding Their Meaning
Reading Comprehension: Answering Questions on a Sanskrit Passage
▶ भाषा - लेखन 7 classes
Writing Sanskrit Words and Sentences Neatly in Devanagari
Writing Noun Forms Across Cases and Numbers
Writing Verb Forms in Present, Past and Future Tenses
Joining Words in Writing: Simple Rules of Sandhi
Translating Simple Sentences Between Sanskrit and English
Describing a Picture in a Few Sanskrit Sentences
Writing a Short Letter in Sanskrit
▶
ICSE Class 8
🎓 Open this class
Arts Education 8 chapters
▶ Form 7 classes
Objects and Still Life — part 2
Elements of Art: Point, Line, Shape, Form, Colour, Tone, Texture and Space
The Elements of Visual Arts: Point, Line, Shape, Colour, Tone, Texture and Space
Shape and Form
Kriti — chapter 15 — part 2
Observing lines and shapes in nature and in man-made objects
Making forms from 2-D and 3-D materials
▶ Colour 7 classes
Changing the Typical Picture — part 2
Changing the Typical Picture — part 3
Colour: the colour wheel
Colour Schemes and Mood
Nature’s Palette — part 1
Nature’s Palette — part 2
Colours in plants, flowers and fruits: observing and painting
▶ Texture 5 classes
What texture is: smooth, rough, soft and hard surfaces
Textures in nature: bark, fur, feathers, sand and leaves
Showing texture in drawing with lines and dots
Texture rubbings and collage with fabric and found materials
Creating a picture using several textures
▶ Composition 7 classes
Principles of Art: Balance, Rhythm, Emphasis, Unity, Variety and Proportion
What Is Visual Composition: Realistic, Abstract and Layout
Creating a Four-Part Comic Strip
Thematic Painting and Group Collage
Chapter Exercises and Projects
Texture and Space
Composing a landscape or seascape with foreground and background
▶ Tools & Techniques 5 classes
Painting Tools and Their Appropriate Use and Care
Assessment — part 2
Disciplines of Visual Arts: Drawing and Painting
Techniques for painting: wash, dry brush and blending
Experimenting with mediums: pencil, charcoal, pastel and water colour
▶ Art (Visual Arts) Vocabulary 6 classes
Point and Line
Tone: light, shade and the tonal scale
From Elements to Principles
Art vocabulary: names of hues, tints and shades
Art vocabulary: tools, mediums and materials
Talking about a work of art using the right words
▶ Responding to the Artefacts and Nature 5 classes
Looking closely at the beauty of nature: leaves, clouds and landscapes
Appreciating man-made objects: pottery, textiles and crafts
Appreciating buildings and architecture
Describing and responding to an artwork: what I see, feel and think
Sketching a favourite artefact or natural object
▶ Perspective 6 classes
PEOPLE IN PLACES — part 1
PEOPLE IN PLACES — part 2
Perspective Techniques: Linear and Aerial
Analysing and Using Perspective
Activity 15.2: One Object, Four Ways - Contour, Silhouette, Shading and Icon
Drawing a street scene in one-point perspective
Biology 6 chapters
▶ Transport of Food and Minerals in Plants 9 classes
Lymph, and the Start of Transportation in Plants
Activity 10.6: Finding the Stomata (Fig. 10.6), and 10.3.1 Transport of Water
Activity 10.7: Red Ink Up a Stem (Fig. 10.7), the Xylem and the Phloem (Fig. 10.8)
Transportation in Plants: Moving Water Upward
Think Like a Scientist: Hot, Room-Temperature and Ice-Cold Water
Diffusion: How Simple Organisms Exchange Materials
Absorption of Water and Minerals by Root Hairs
Transpiration and Why It Matters to a Plant
Translocation: Moving Food Through the Phloem
▶ Reproduction in Plants and Animals 15 classes
Reproduction, and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Cutting, Grafting, Layering and Tissue Culture
Budding in Yeast and Hydra
Spore Formation in Fungi
The Parts of a Flower
Pollination, Self and Cross
Pollination Strategies and Pollinators
Fertilisation, Fruit and Seed
External and Internal Fertilisation in Animals
Yolk, Larvae and Parental Care
The Male Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive System
Genes, Variation, and 13.5.1 Vegetative Propagation
Why No Two Children Are Alike, and Sexual Reproduction in Plants (Fig. 13.13)
Clones, Mitosis, and Why Sexual Reproduction Is Different
▶ Ecosystems 14 classes
13.1 Eco-system: What are Its Components?
13.1.1 Food Chains and Webs, and the Flow of Energy
Table 12.1: Biotic and Abiotic Components, and How a Fish Lives in a Pond
What an Ecosystem Is, Aquatic and Terrestrial, and the Ladder of Fig. 12.7
Table 12.4, and the Words for Who Eats What
Activity 12.6's Food Chain, and Activity 12.7: Building the Pyramid
Trophic Levels, and Activity 12.8: From Food Chain to Food Web
12.6 Decomposers and Saprotrophs, and the Migratory Birds of Khichan
12.7 One Change Leads to Another, and Activity 12.9: Why Frog Legs Were Banned
Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, and A. J. T. Johnsingh
12.9.1 Human-Made Ecosystems, the Green Revolution, and Activity 12.10
Activity 12.4: Three Criteria, and Filling In Table 12.3
Biogeochemical Cycles and the Water Cycle
The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in Nature
▶ Human Body – Endocrine, Circulatory and Nervous Systems 13 classes
Nervous Tissue
Transportation in Human Beings: The Heart
6.1 Animals - the Nervous System and How a Stimulus is Detected
6.1.1 What Happens in Reflex Actions?
6.1.2 The Human Brain and Its Parts
6.1.3 and 6.1.4 How Nervous Tissue is Protected and How It Causes Action
6.3 Hormones in Animals: the Endocrine Glands
Feedback Control of Hormones in the Body
Blood Pressure and Blood Vessels
Blood: Plasma and the Three Kinds of Blood Cells
Double Circulation: The Path of Blood Through the Body
Blood Groups and Safe Blood Transfusion
When Hormones Go Wrong: Diabetes and Thyroid Disorders
▶ Health and Hygiene 17 classes
Mindful Eating: A Path to a Healthy Body — part 5
Mindful Eating: A Path to a Healthy Body — part 8
3.1 Health Is More Than Not Falling Sick: Activity 3.1, the WHO Definition, and Fig. 3.1
3.2 How Can We Stay Healthy? Activity 3.2: Listing Good Habits and Bad Ones
3.2.1 Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: the Seven Rules and Fig. 3.2
3.2.2 Keep the Environment Clean: Activity 3.3, the Two Playgrounds of Fig. 3.3, and the AQI
3.3 Signs and Symptoms, and 3.4 What a Disease Is and the Two Types
3.4.1 How Communicable Diseases Spread, Fig. 3.4, and What a Vector Is
Activity 3.4 and Table 3.1, Part One: The Diseases That Travel Through the Air
Table 3.1, Part Two: The Diseases That Travel Through Water and Food
Table 3.1, Part Three: Malaria and Dengue, and the Eight Everyday Precautions
3.4.2 Non-Communicable Diseases: Deficiency Diseases, Chronic Illness, and Diabetes in India
3.5 Prevention Is Better Than Cure: Activity 3.6, the Bhadrak Campaign, and Immunity
Vaccines and Acquired Immunity: How They Are Made, and the Tetanus Shot
Vaccines Are Preventive, Not Curative: India's Vaccine Production, M. K. Bhan, and 3.5.1 Antibiotics
Fleming's Chance Discovery of Penicillin, and How Antibiotic Resistance Spreads (Fig. 3.5a)
Activity 3.7 and Fig. 3.5b: Using Antibiotics Wisely, and What Traditional Medicine Can and Cannot Do
▶ Food Production 9 classes
Why the Dough Rises, and Activity 2.9: Two Bowls of Milk
Lactobacillus, Rhizobium in the Root Nodules, and 2.4.3 Microalgae
10.4.3 Food processing
Biotechnology in Food, Cleaning and the Environment
2.4 How Are We Connected to Microbes? Pickles, and Activity 2.7
Useful Products from Plants: Food, Fibre, Timber, Oils and Dyes
Useful Products from Animals: Milk, Eggs, Honey, Silk and Lac
Animal Husbandry: Dairy Farming and Poultry
Bee-Keeping and Silk Production as Rural Occupations
Chemistry 9 chapters
▶ Matter 13 classes
Grinding Without End: What a Constituent Particle Is
7.2 Interparticle Attractions, and Acharya Kanad's Parmanu
7.2.1 The Solid State: Activity 7.3 (Fig. 7.3) and the Melting Pictures of Fig. 7.4
What a Melting Point Is, the Odd Case of Ice, and Table 7.1
7.2.2 The Liquid State: Activity 7.4 and the Three Containers of Fig. 7.5
A Finger Through Water (Fig. 7.6), the Boiling Point, and Why Spilled Water Disappears
7.2.3 The Gaseous State: Activity 7.5 and the Two Gas Jars of Fig. 7.7
Why Gases Fill Everything: the Iodine Version (Fig. 7.8), and What a Fluid Is
7.3 Activity 7.6: The Syringe (Fig. 7.9), and Why Water Will Not Compress
7.4 Activity 7.8: Potassium Permanganate Spreading Through Water (Fig. 7.13)
Activity 7.9: An Incense Stick in the Corner of a Room (Fig. 7.14), and How Soap Lifts Oil (Fig. 7.15)
Thermal Energy Decides the State, and the 'Let Us Wrap Up!' Table
Snapshots, and Keep the Curiosity Alive: Questions 1 and 2(i) to 2(iv)
▶ Physical and Chemical Changes 11 classes
Four Students, Four Changes: the Ice, the Bottle, the Bud and the Banana
Activity 5.1 and Table 5.1: Eleven Everyday Changes, and the Senses That Notice Them
5.1 Physical Change: Activity 5.2 with Paper, a Balloon and Chalk (Fig. 5.1)
5.2 Chemical Change: Activity 5.3, Blowing into Tap Water and Lime Water (Fig. 5.2)
The Chemical Equation, and Activity 5.4: Vinegar and Baking Soda (Fig. 5.3)
5.3.1 Rusting and 5.3.2 Combustion: Activity 5.5 and the Covered Candle (Figs. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6)
Why the Covered Candle Goes Out, the Blanket Rule, and the Fireflies
Activity 5.6: Ignition Temperature and the Fire Triangle (Figs. 5.7, 5.8)
Activity 5.7: What Happens When a Candle Burns, and Faraday's Lectures (Fig. 5.9)
5.5 Are Changes Permanent? Activity 5.8 and Table 5.2, and 5.6 Desirable Changes
Undesirable Changes, Compost and Pollution, and 5.7.1 Weathering of Rocks (Fig. 5.10)
▶ Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 15 classes
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 1
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 3
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 5
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 7
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 2
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 3
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 4
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 5
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 6
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 7
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 8
Nature of Matter : and Mixtures — part 1
Methods of Separation in Everyday Life — part 9
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures: Telling Them Apart
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures: Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids
▶ Atomic Structure 12 classes
Is the Atom the Smallest Thing?
Thomson and the Electron
Testing Thomson: The Gold Foil Experiment
Rutherford's Nuclear Model
Bohr's Model of the Atom
The Neutron, and What Gives an Atom Its Mass
Atomic Number and Mass Number
How Electrons Fill the Shells
Valency
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Isotopes, and Average Atomic Mass
Isobars, and a Story Not Yet Finished
▶ Language of Chemistry 8 classes
Symbols of Elements
How Atoms Combine: The Covalent Bond
Naming Covalent Compounds
Ionic Bonds
Naming Ions and Ionic Compounds
Writing Chemical Formulae
Radicals and Their Valencies
The Criss-cross Method for Writing Formulae
▶ Chemical Reactions 15 classes
What a Chemical Reaction Is, and How You Know One Has Happened
1.1 Chemical Equations: From a Sentence to a Chemical Equation
1.1.2 Balanced Chemical Equations: the Idea
1.2 Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination Reactions and Exothermic/Endothermic Reactions
1.2.2 Decomposition by Heating: Thermal Decomposition
1.2.3 Displacement Reactions
1.2.4 Double Displacement Reactions and Precipitation
1.2.5 Oxidation and Reduction: Redox Reactions
1.3 Effects of Oxidation in Everyday Life: Corrosion and Rancidity
1.1.2 Balancing by Hit-and-Trial: a Worked Example
1.2.2 Decomposition by Light and Electricity
4.3 Burning Magnesium: Activity 4.6 and a Basic Oxide (Figs. 4.5, 4.6)
3.2.1 and 3.2.2 Metals Burnt in Air, and Metals with Water
Heating Carbonates and Hydrates: What Is Formed
Acidic and Basic Oxides of Non-metals and Metals
▶ Hydrogen 6 classes
Occurrence and Physical Properties of Hydrogen
Preparing Hydrogen in the Laboratory from Zinc and Dilute Acid
Collecting Hydrogen and Testing for It
Chemical Properties of Hydrogen: Burning and Reducing Action
Hydrogen in Acids and Organic Compounds
Hydrogen as a Fuel and Its Other Uses
▶ Water 12 classes
Nature’s Treasures — part 3
A Journey through States of Water — part 8
A Journey through States of Water — part 1
A Journey through States of Water — part 2
A Journey through States of Water — part 3
ORS, Uniform and Non-Uniform Mixtures, and 9.1 Solute, Solvent, Solution
The Chashni Puzzle, and Activity 9.1: How Much Salt Will Water Take?
Saturated and Unsaturated, Concentration, Dilute and Concentrated, Solubility
Activity 9.2: Baking Soda at 20, 50 and 70 °C, and Asima Chatterjee
Sources of Water: Sea, Well, River, Lake, Pond and Rain
Water as a Universal Solvent and Its Uses
Making Water Fit for Drinking
▶ Carbon and its Compounds 9 classes
4.1 Bonding in Carbon: Why Carbon Shares Electrons
4.2 The Versatile Nature of Carbon: Catenation and Tetravalency
4.3.1 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds: Combustion
4.1 Sharing Electrons: the Covalent Bond Idea
Allotropes of Carbon: Diamond, Graphite and Fullerenes
Carbon in Living Things and Everyday Products
Fuels from Carbon: Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Hydrocarbons: Saturated and Unsaturated
Carbon Dioxide: Preparation, Properties and Uses
Computer Studies 6 chapters
▶ Operating System (OS) and Graphical User Interface 9 classes
2.2 Identify Key Functions of Operating Systems in Computer Systems
2.3 Analyze Common Operating Systems: Features and Use Cases
2.1 Explore the Basics of Operating Systems
2.2 Identify Different Types of Operating Systems
2.3 Understand the Functions of an Operating System
2.4 Navigate the Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Character User Interface and Graphical User Interface Compared
Booting the Computer: What the Operating System Does at Start-up
Managing Files, Folders, Memory and Devices Through the Operating System
▶ Spreadsheet – Functions and Charts 14 classes
4.3 Creating Basic Formulas and Functions
4.4 Utilizing Charts and Graphs for Data Visualization
Formulae, and why they begin with an equals sign
Mathematical operators and the order of evaluation
Formulae built from cell addresses
Why functions are needed: SUM and AVERAGE
MAX, MIN and COUNT
Copying formulae with copy-paste and with the fill handle
Referencing, and relative referencing
Mixed and absolute referencing, and the thumb rule
Charts: why they are used, the types, and creating one
What a spreadsheet is, and what Calc can do
Why functions are needed: SUM and AVERAGE
Charts: why they are used, the types, and creating one
▶ Algorithms and Flowcharts 6 classes
1.1 Define Algorithms and Their Importance in Coding
1.2 Identify Different Types of Algorithms in Daily Life
1.3 Introduction to Flowcharts and Their Components
1.4 Create Basic Flowcharts for Simple Processes
1.5 Translate Algorithms into Flowcharts Step-by-Step
1.6 Apply Algorithms and Flowcharts to Solve Real-World Problems
▶ Program Coding 12 classes
3.1 Understand Python Syntax Basics
3.2 Explore Data Types and Variables in Python
3.3 Implement Basic Input and Output Functions
3.4 Create Simple Conditional Statements
3.5 Use Loops for Repetitive Tasks in Python
3.6 Develop a Basic Python Program from Scratch
3.1 Understand the Concept of Loops in Scratch
3.2 Create Basic Repeat Loops with Scratch Blocks
3.3 Explore Conditional Statements for Decision Making
3.4 Implement If-Else Conditions in Scratch Projects
6.1 Python Basics: Programs, Variables, Data Types and Input
6.2 Python Control: Decisions and Loops
▶ App Development 7 classes
What an App Is and Where Apps Run
Types of Apps: Mobile, Desktop and Web Apps
How Apps Work: Input, Processing and Output
Uses of Apps in Daily Life, Learning and Business
Free App Development Tools and Planning Your First App
Building a Simple App Step by Step
Testing and Sharing Your App
▶ Networks 9 classes
3.1 Define Key Networking Concepts and Terminology
3.2 Identify Types of Network Topologies and Their Uses
3.3 Explain the Functionality of Network Devices
3.4 Describe the Basics of Internet Protocols (IP)
3.5 Demonstrate How to Set Up a Simple Local Area Network (LAN)
3.6 Explore the Role of Internet Safety and Security Practices
1.1 The Internet and the World Wide Web
Computer Networks, Their Types and Devices
1.4 Explain the Concept of the Internet and Its Purpose
English 5 chapters
▶ Listening and Speaking 27 classes
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond and Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity and Writing Task
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity and Writing Task
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Listen and Respond
Speaking Activity
Save Mother Earth: Pollution, Role-play and Formal Letter
Learning Beyond the Text
Making notes and a summary from an academic talk
Planning and delivering a short multimedia presentation
▶ Reading 16 classes
Reading for Meaning — Part I
Reading for Meaning — Parts II and III
Reading for Appreciation
Reading for Meaning
Reading for Appreciation
Reading for Meaning — Part I
Reading for Meaning — Part II
Reading for Meaning — Part III
Reading for Appreciation
Environment: Heroes of the Environment and Let's Clean Up (Reading & Writing Skills)
Environment: A Tale of Three Villages and Geological Heritage (Reading & Vocabulary)
Education: Access, Rights and the Girl Child (Reading & Speaking Skills)
Education: Inclusion, Choice and Determination (Reading & Vocabulary in Context)
Reading a translated myth and its cultural background
Reading folktales and legends in translation
Evaluating a text in its social, political and cultural setting
▶ Writing 11 classes
Writing Task and Learning Beyond the Text
Writing Task and Learning Beyond the Text
Writing Task
Writing Task
Writing Task and Learning Beyond the Text
Writing Task
Comparing and Contrasting, and the Computer Survey
Giving Advice, Letters to a Magazine and the Song We Are the World
Health and Medicine: Sports and Nature's Medicines (Reading & Writing Skills)
Researching a topic and defending your view in writing
Creative writing: developing a story or poem step by step
▶ Grammar and Vocabulary in Context 11 classes
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
Using grammar accurately in emails, posts and other digital texts
▶ English Literature - Suggested Reading List 5 classes
The suggested reading list: how to choose a book and keep a reading journal
Reading fiction from the list: plot, character and setting
Reading poetry and drama from the list: theme and language
Reading non-fiction from the list: biography and travel writing
Responding to a book: review and class discussion
Geography 8 chapters
▶ Representation of Geographical Features 7 classes
Contours: What They Are and How They Are Drawn
Slopes Shown by Contour Patterns: Gentle, Steep and Uneven
Landforms on Contour Maps: Hills, Valleys and Plateaus
Conventional Symbols and Colours on a Toposheet
Reading a Toposheet: Scale, Grid and Marginal Information
Settlements, Drainage and Land Use on a Toposheet
Measuring Distance and Direction on a Toposheet
▶ Population Dynamics 11 classes
Getting started: the dynamics of population
What is demography?
Population at a glance
What determines the population of a country?
Birth and fertility rates
Death rate and migration
How do countries experience population change?
India's population: composition and trends
India's demographic dividend
Review and activities
Case Study: How Rapid Population Growth Affects Development
▶ Migration 7 classes
What Is Migration? Push and Pull Factors
Types of Migration: Internal and International, Temporary and Permanent
Migration Streams: Rural to Urban and Other Directions
Why People Move: Economic, Social and Environmental Causes
Effects of Migration on the Source and Destination Areas
Migration of Skilled People: The Brain Drain from India
Case Study of a Migration Stream
▶ Urbanisation 8 classes
Getting started: India's urban landscape
Population density in cities
How do cities become centres of economic activity?
What leads to urbanisation? The process of urbanisation
Cities as cultural hubs
Challenges faced by cities
Planning our cities
Effects of Rapid Urbanisation and Its Link with Migration
▶ Natural and Man-made Disasters 15 classes
Convection Currents, and the Three Kinds of Plate Boundary
The Map of the Plates, the Ring of Fire, and Why the Theory Matters
Where Earthquakes and Volcanoes Strike, and India's Risk
Bhūkampa: Varāhamihira's Account, and What a Volcano Leaves Behind
Landslides: Natural and Human Causes
Avalanches: Why Snow Slides
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods
Monsoon Failure, Climates and Disasters, (a) Cyclones, and the NDRF (Fig. 3.12)
How a Cyclone Forms, the Eye of the Cyclone (Fig. 3.13), and Think About It: What Clouds Are Made Of
(b) Floods: Rivers, Glacial Bursts and Kedarnath 2013, and Urban Flooding (Figs. 3.14, 3.15)
(c) Landslides and (d) Forest Fires, and the Let's Explore on Fig. 3.15
Man-made Disasters: Industrial Accidents, Fires and Pollution
Disaster Management: Before, During and After a Disaster
The Role of the Government in Disaster Management
Case Study: A Major Disaster and the Lessons Learned
▶ Asia: The Largest Continent 6 classes
The continents: variety on land
Asia
Location, Extent and Boundaries of Asia
Physical Features of Asia: Mountains, Plateaus and Plains
Climate and Natural Vegetation of Asia
Rivers, Resources and People of Asia
▶ India: Geographical Features 17 classes
The Big Questions, Fig. 1.1 Jog Falls, and India as a Subcontinent of Five Regions
The Himalayas: Reading a 2500-km Wall on the Map and in Fig. 1.2
Gaumukh and Fig. 1.3, the Eight Thousanders, and the Water Tower of Asia
How the Himalayas Were Formed: Gondwana, the Collision, and Figs. 1.4 and 1.5
Himadri, Himachal and Shivalik: The Three Ranges, and the Kath-kuni House of Fig. 1.6
The Great Himalayan National Park: Reading the Seven Pictures of Fig. 1.7
The Cold Desert of India: Moonland (Fig. 1.8), Yaks (Fig. 1.9) and Pangong Tso (Fig. 1.10)
The Gangetic Plains: Rivers, Multi-cropping, Transport and the Night Lights of Fig. 1.16
The Great Indian Desert: Sand Dunes (Fig. 1.21), Jaisalmer (Fig. 1.22) and the Pushkar Mela (Fig. 1.23)
Water in the Thar: Scouring with Sand, Taanka and Kunds (Fig. 1.24)
The Aravalli Hills: 2.5 Billion Years Old, the Zinc of Zawar, and Kumbhalgarh (Figs. 1.25, 1.26)
The Peninsular Plateau: What a Plateau Is, and the Western and Eastern Ghats
The Deccan: Forests, Tribal Communities, Waterfalls and Coal (Figs. 1.27 to 1.32)
India's Amazing Coastlines: The West Coast and The East Coast (Figs. 1.33, 1.34, 1.35)
The Indian Islands: Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, Barren Island, and the Sundarbans (Figs. 1.36 to 1.40)
The Hills of the Northeast: Garo, Khasi and Jaintia, and the Three Views of Fig. 1.41
Mawlynnong and the Living Root Bridges (Fig. 1.42), Before We Move On, and Questions and Activities 1 to 9
▶ India: Human Resources 6 classes
Factors of Production — part 3
Factors of Production — part 4
People as a Resource: Human Capital and Development
Health, Education and Skills as National Assets
Case Study: Natural Resources Left Unused for Want of Skilled People
Government Programmes to Build Skills and Employment
History & Civics 10 chapters
▶ History: A Period of Transition 10 classes
6 Nationalism and Imperialism
1 Before the Industrial Revolution
2 Hand Labour and Steam Power
3 Industrialisation in the Colonies
4 Factories Come Up
5 The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
3 The Print Revolution and Its Impact
The Renaissance: Rebirth of Learning in Europe
Renaissance in Art, Literature and Science
Effects of the Renaissance on Religion and Politics
▶ History: The Growth of Nationalism 8 classes
1 The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
2 The Making of Nationalism in Europe
3 The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 1
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 3
The American Revolution: Causes and the Thirteen Colonies
The War of Independence and the Declaration of Independence
Impact of the French and American Revolutions on Rights and Liberty
▶ History: India in the 18th Century 12 classes
Alamgir: How Aurangzeb Took the Throne, and What He Then Banned
The Argument About Aurangzeb's Motives, and the Farman of 1669
'I Came Alone and Am Going Away Alone', and How to Read a Darker Period
The Rise of the Sikhs: From Ik Onkar to the Khalsa
Sis Ganj Sahib, Ranjit Singh, and Fig. 2.27: The Whole Chapter in One Diagram
From Trade to Territory — part 1
Reading Fig. 2.16: The Mughals and the Rise of Regional Powers
Reading Fig. 2.12: Kingdoms in the Deccan and the Vijayanagara Empire
Decline of the Mughal Empire After Aurangzeb
Independent Regional Kingdoms: Bengal, Awadh and Hyderabad
The Marathas Under the Peshwas
Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali
▶ History: Traders to Rulers 15 classes
The Age of Colonialism: Five Nations and Four Motives
Colachel 1741, and Dupleix's Two Inventions
Reading Fig. 4.6: A Fortified, Grid-Planned Pondicherry in 1764
From Traders to Rulers, and the Painting the Company Commissioned
Divide and Rule, and the Betrayal at Plassey
The Doctrine of Lapse, the Princely States, and an Empire on the Cheap
From Trade to Territory — part 2
From Trade to Territory — part 3
From Trade to Territory — part 4
From Trade to Territory — part 5
From Trade to Territory — part 6
From Trade to Territory — part 7
From Trade to Territory — part 8
The Battle of Buxar and the Grant of the Diwani
Subsidiary Alliance and the Wars Against Mysore and the Marathas
▶ History: British Policies and Impacts 26 classes
Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation — part 1
Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation — part 2
Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation — part 3
Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation — part 4
Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation — part 5
Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation — part 6
Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation — part 7
One-Fourth of World GDP: India Before the Europeans Came
Vasco da Gama's Second Voyage, the Cartaz, and Rani Abbakka
The Goa Inquisition, and the Dutch in India
The Bengal Famine of 1770, and W.W. Hunter's Account
Grain for Export While People Died: Lytton and the Free Market
Fifty to a Hundred Million, and the Drain of India's Wealth
45 Trillion Dollars: Naoroji, Dutt and the Men Who Counted
Reading Fig. 4.14: What 'The East Offering Its Riches to Britannia' Is Saying
Muslin to Ruin: The Decline of India's Textile Industry
'The Bones of the Cotton Weavers', and the Little Republics
Macaulay's Minute of 1835, and the Schools That Disappeared
Railways Built for Whom? Reshaping an Economy to Serve an Empire
'Indians Funded Their Own Subjugation', and the Jewel in the Crown
From Trade to Territory — part 9
Ruling the Countryside — part 4
Before We Move On, and Questions 1 to 3
Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age — part 6
Land Revenue Systems: Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari and Mahalwari
British Administration: Civil Service, Army, Police and Courts
▶ History: The Great Uprising of 1857 11 classes
When People Revolt — part 1
When People Revolt — part 2
When People Revolt — part 3
When People Revolt — part 4
When People Revolt — part 5
When People Revolt — part 6
When People Revolt — part 7
When People Revolt — part 8
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 2
The Indigo Revolt, and Why 'Sepoy Mutiny' Was Rejected
After 1857: The Government of India Act 1858 and the Queen's Proclamation
▶ History: Socio-Religious Reforms 13 classes
Women, Caste and Reform — part 1
Women, Caste and Reform — part 2
Women, Caste and Reform — part 3
Women, Caste and Reform — part 4
Women, Caste and Reform — part 5
Women, Caste and Reform — part 6
Women, Caste and Reform — part 7
Women, Caste and Reform — part 8
7 Religious Reform and Public Debates
Raja Ram Mohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj
Dayananda Saraswati and the Arya Samaj
Ramakrishna, Vivekananda and the Aligarh Movement
Jyotiba Phule, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Reform for Women
▶ History: India’s Struggle for Freedom 27 classes
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 4
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 5
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 6
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 7
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 8
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 9
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 — part 10
Getting started: the long road to independence
A Royal Proclamation
Reform movements and other influences
The rise of the Indian National Congress
Growing discontent
The 1905 Partition of Bengal and nationalism
The nationalist agenda
The All-India Muslim League and the 1907 Surat Split
The revolutionaries
Home Rule Movement and the Lucknow Pact
Gandhi and the Non-Cooperation Movement
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre and its aftermath
The Khilafat Movement and its aftermath
Protests, repression, revenge and more revolutionary action
Purna Swaraj and Civil Disobedience
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Separate nations, World War II and the Indian National Army
The Quit India Movement
Partition, turmoil and independence
Review and activities
▶ Civics: The Three main Organs of the Indian Government: Legislature, Executive, Judiciary 18 classes
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 1
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 2
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 3
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 4
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 5
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 6
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 7
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 8
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 9
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 10
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 11
The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive — part 12
Legislature (Fig. 6.10) and Executive: The Political and the Permanent Halves of the Government
Reading Fig. 6.11's Hierarchy, the Five Great Services, and C.B. Muthamma's Case (Fig. 6.12)
Why the Judiciary Matters, and Three Tiers (Fig. 6.17): How Local Government Became the Third
Reading Fig. 6.19: How Three Levels and Three Organs Run One School System
Grassroots Democracy — Part 1: Governance — part 2
Separation of Powers, and the Judiciary
▶ Civics: United Nations 6 classes
Why the United Nations Was Formed: From the League of Nations to 1945
Aims and Principles of the United Nations
The General Assembly and the Security Council
ECOSOC, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat
UN Agencies: UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF and FAO
India and the United Nations
Hindi (Second Language) 3 chapters
▶ सुनना और बोलना 5 classes
Listening Carefully to a Spoken Hindi Passage and Noting Main Points
Speaking Hindi Clearly: Pronunciation, Pace and Expression
Conversation and Discussion in Hindi on Everyday Topics
Narrating an Event or Experience Aloud in Hindi
Reciting Poems and Speaking Before an Audience in Hindi
▶ पढ़ना एवं लिखना (पठन एवं लेखन कौशल) 5 classes
Reading Hindi Prose Fluently and Understanding Its Main Idea
Reading Hindi Poetry for Meaning and Feeling
Writing a Paragraph in Hindi on a Given Topic
Writing Letters and Applications in Hindi
Writing a Short Story or Essay in Hindi
▶ व्याकरण और भाषा 7 classes
Nouns, Pronouns and Gender and Number in Hindi
Verbs and Tenses in Hindi
Adjectives and Adverbs in Hindi
Case Markers and Conjunctions in Hindi
Synonyms, Antonyms and Opposites in Hindi
Idioms and Proverbs in Hindi
Punctuation and Sentence Correction in Hindi
Mathematics 6 chapters
▶ Number System 12 classes
3.4 Fractions, Negative Fractions and the Set of Rational Numbers
3.4 Brahmagupta's Laws for Rational Numbers, and Closure
3.4.1 Rational Numbers on the Number Line, and Absolute Value
3.4.2 The Density of Rational Numbers
3.5 Irrational Numbers: Baudhayana's Problem and the Diagonal
3.5.2 Constructing an Irrational Length with Ruler and Compass
3.5.3 The Story of Pi and Madhava's Infinite Series
3.6 Real Numbers: Terminating, Repeating, and How to Tell in Advance
1.3 Revisiting Irrational Numbers, and Theorem 1.2
Laws of Exponents and Powers with Integer Exponents
Squares, Square Roots, Cubes and Cube Roots of Perfect Numbers
Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers
▶ Ratio and Proportion 53 classes
Per Cent Means Out of a Hundred
Three Methods for Turning a Fraction into a Percentage
Figure it Out: Six Fractions, Nandini's Marbles, and the Long-Distance Run
Why 100 and Not 10 or 43, and Where 'Per Hundred' Came From
1.2 Percentage of Some Quantity: Who Ate More Sugar?
Free-hand Computations: The Mental Percentage Table
The FDP Trio: Fractions, Decimals and Percentages
Three Routes to 60 Marks, and the Millet Kanji Ratio
Four Ways to Finish the Ride to Agra
Percentages Greater Than 100: Kishanlal's Eight Days
Figure it Out: Missing Numbers, Bar Models and Comparisons
Figure it Out: Fill in the Blanks, and Mariam's Peculiar Bull
Word Problems, and 1.3 Using Percentages to Compare Proportions
Know Your Contents: Reading Two Badam Drink Labels
Percentage Decrease, and What Cost Price, Marked Price and Selling Price Mean
Profit and Loss Worked: The Sweater, the Old Rice, the Damaged Vase
Discounts, Gross Profit and Net Profit
Taxes: Checking the GST on a Real Bill
Figure it Out: Samson's Car, Two Buffaloes, and Cameras Down 85 Per Cent
Interest, Compounding, and Why 6000 Becomes 7986
The General Formulas: p(1 + rt) and p(1 + r) Multiplied t Times
Figure it Out: Jasmine, the Post Office, and Bacteria That Double
Decline: A Depreciating TV, a Shrinking Village, and Would You Rather?
Tricky Percentages: Cakely versus Cakify, and Surbhi's Mishap
Figure it Out: Bengaluru, World Population Shares, and GST on a Phone
Figure it Out: x% of y, the Excursion, and Three Shop Deals
Figure it Out: The 99 Per Cent Left-Handed Room, and Reading a Bar Graph
Summary of the Chapter, and the Peaceful Knights Puzzle
3.1 A Quick Recap: Testing Two Ratios by Cross-Multiplication
3.2 Ratios in Maps: What RF 1 : 60,00,000 Means
3.3 Ratios with More than Two Terms: The Spice Mix
3.4 Dividing a Whole in a Given Ratio: Concrete and Paint
Angles in a Ratio, and Figure it Out: Coins, Books and Triangles
3.6 Inverse Proportions: When More Means Less
The Rule xy = k, and Checking It on the Table
Figure it Out: Spotting Inverse Proportion in a Table
Pumps, Provisions, and Two People Working Together
Figure it Out: Which Pairs Are Inverse, and Reading Sleep Charts
Two Pumps Together, Machines, Speed, and the Summary
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 1
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 2
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 3
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 4
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 5
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 6
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 7
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 8
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 9
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 10
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 11
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 12
Proportional Reasoning-1 — part 13
The Unitary Method in Everyday Buying and Selling
▶ Algebra 22 classes
3.1 Introduction: Akhila at the Fair, and Two Equations at Once
3.2 Consistent, Inconsistent and Dependent Pairs
Table 3.1: Comparing the Ratios of the Coefficients
Example 1: Checking Consistency Graphically
Examples 2 and 3: Coincident Lines, and Champa's Pants and Skirts
Exercise 3.1: Forming and Testing Pairs of Equations
3.3 Algebraic Methods, and 3.3.1 The Substitution Method
The Three Steps of Substitution, and Example 5: Aftab and His Daughter
Examples 6 and 7: When There Is No Unique Answer
Exercise 3.2: Practising the Substitution Method
3.3.2 The Elimination Method, and Example 8: Two Incomes
The Four Steps of Elimination, and Example 9
Example 10: A Two-Digit Number and Its Reverse
Exercise 3.3: Elimination and Substitution Together
3.4 Summary
Algebra Play — part 1
Algebra Play — part 2
Algebra Play — part 3
Algebra Play — part 4
Algebra Play — part 5
Proportions as Special Linear Equations: y = mx
Describing the Link Between Arm Span and Height with a Linear Equation
▶ Geometry 29 classes
What Makes a Figure a Quadrilateral, and What Does Not
4.1 Rectangles and Squares, and the Carpenter's Problem
Deduction 1: Why the Diagonals of a Rectangle Are Equal
Deduction 2: Why the Diagonals Bisect Each Other
Deduction 3: A 60 Degree Angle Between the Diagonals Still Gives a Rectangle
The General Proof: Any Angle x Between Equal Bisecting Diagonals
Carpenters, Farmers, and the Difference Between a Conjecture and a Proof
Deduction 4: Three Definitions of a Rectangle, and Its Four Properties
A Special Rectangle: The Square, and the First Venn Diagram
Deduction 5: The Diagonals of a Square Meet at Right Angles
Figure it Out: Angles in Rectangles, and Building One from Two Sticks
4.2 Angles in a Quadrilateral: Why They Always Add to 360 Degrees
4.3 Parallelograms: Constructing One from 4 cm, 5 cm and 30 Degrees
Deduction 6: The Angles of a Parallelogram
Deduction 7: The Opposite Sides of a Parallelogram Are Equal
Deduction 8: The Diagonals of a Parallelogram Bisect Each Other
4.4 The Rhombus: Constructing One, and Deduction 9 on Its Angles
Why Every Rhombus Is a Parallelogram, and Where the Square Sits
Deduction 10, and Figure it Out on Parallelograms and Rhombuses
4.5 Playing with Quadrilaterals: The Geoboard, and Joining Two Triangles
Joining Scalene Triangles, and 4.6 The Kite
The Trapezium, and Proving the Base Angles of an Isosceles One Equal
Figure it Out: Kites, Trapeziums, a Venn Diagram and Two Rectangles
Figure it Out Continued: Four Equal Sides, Opposite Sides Equal, and Seven True-or-False Claims
The SUMMARY: Five Quadrilaterals, Their Definitions and the Full Venn Diagram
Which Quad? Folding a Sheet Into Creases
Checking Your Own Work: Reading the Book's Answer Key
Constructing Quadrilaterals from Given Sides, Angles and Diagonals
Exterior Angle of a Triangle and the Angle Sum Property
▶ Mensuration 32 classes
Area — part 1
Area — part 2
Area — part 3
Area — part 4
Area — part 5
Area — part 6
Area — part 7
Area — part 8
Area — part 9
6.1 Perimeter, and the Ratio That Stays Fixed
6.4 The Length of an Arc of a Circle
6.4 A Closer Look at a 400 m Athletics Track
6.6 and 6.7 Area of a Rectangle and of a Parallelogram
6.8 Area of a Triangle: Two Ways to the Formula
6.10 Why the Ratio C Squared to A Is the Same for All Circles
6.10.1 The Area of a Sector, and What a Segment Is
Perimeter and Area — part 1
Perimeter and Area — part 2
Perimeter and Area — part 3
Perimeter and Area — part 4
Perimeter and Area — part 5
Perimeter and Area — part 6
Perimeter and Area — part 7
Perimeter and Area — part 8
Perimeter and Area — part 9
Perimeter and Area — part 10
12.1 Key Concepts and Multiple Choice Practice
12.2 Short Answer Practice
12.3 Long Answer Practice
Area of a Trapezium by Splitting It into Triangles
Area of Polygons by Dividing Them into Known Shapes
Surface Area and Volume of a Cuboid and a Cube
▶ Data Handling 37 classes
13.1 Introduction, and the Mean Formula Recalled
Sigma Notation and Example 1: The Mean of Ungrouped Data
Grouping the Data: Class Intervals and the Class Mark
The Direct Method, and Why the Two Answers Differ
The Assumed Mean: Choosing a and Finding the Deviations
Proving That the Mean Is a Plus the Mean Deviation
The Step-Deviation Method
Example 2: All Three Methods on One Table
Example 3: Unequal Class Sizes and Large Values
Exercise 13.1 Questions 1 to 3
Exercise 13.1 Questions 4 to 6
Exercise 13.1 Questions 7 to 9
13.3 Mode of Grouped Data: Example 4 and the Modal Class
Example 5: The Mode of Family Size
Example 6: Mode and Mean Compared
Exercise 13.2 Questions 1 to 3
Exercise 13.2 Questions 4 to 6
13.4 Median of Grouped Data: Ungrouped Median and Cumulative Frequency
The Two Kinds of Cumulative Frequency Distribution
The Median Class and the Median Formula
Example 7: Median Height from a 'Less Than' Table
Example 8: Finding Missing Frequencies from a Given Median
Which Measure Is Best Suited, and the Empirical Relationship
Exercise 13.3 Questions 1 to 4
Exercise 13.3 Questions 5 to 7
13.5 Summary and the Note to the Reader
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 1
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 2
Tales by Dots and Lines — part 3
Data Handling and Presentation — part 9
Data Handling and Presentation — part 16
Data Handling and Presentation — part 1
Data Handling and Presentation — part 6
13.1 Introduction
13.4 Median of Grouped Data
Reading and Interpreting Pie Charts
Chance and Probability: Outcomes of a Simple Experiment
Performing Arts 8 chapters
▶ Sound, Voice and Speech 11 classes
Where the Voice Comes From: The Three Voice Subsystems
Activity 1.1: Clarity in Speech and the Tongue Twisters
Activity 1.2: Diction, Speed, Intonation and Word Impact
Volume and Pitch: What the Lion, the Mouse and the Owl Teach an Actor
Activity 1.3: Guess the Animal Emotion
Activity 1.4: If You Are an Actor - Choosing Volume and Pitch for Three Lines
Activity 1.5: Speaking Without Language - Gibberish, Basic and Advanced
Circle Time, and the Plays Recommended for Reading
Good Speech Is a Life Skill: Key Takeaways and the Chapter Rubric
Basic Terms: Sangeet, Dhwani, Nada, Shruti, Swara, Saptak, Alankar, Thaat, Jati
Basic Terms of Sangeet, Nada, Swar and Thaat
▶ Space 6 classes
What Space Means in Dance, Theatre and Music
Personal Space and General Space
Levels, Directions and Pathways in Movement
Stage Space and Stage Areas
Silence and the Space Between Notes
Using Space to Build a Scene
▶ Rhythm 8 classes
Music and your Emotions — part 6
The Three Elements of Music, and Activity 5.1: Extending Your Range
Activity 5.4: Sanskrit Verses and Rhythm - Anushtup Chhand
Activity 5.5: Konnakkol in Adi Tala, at Three Speeds
Activity 5.6: Swaras in Adi Tala, and the Tabla Patterns of Hindustani Music
Activity 5.7: The Saraswati Paran, and Activity 5.8: Ek Gun to Chaugun
Finding Rhythm in the Heartbeat, Breath and Daily Life
Rhythm in Theatre and in Dance Movement
▶ Body Movement 8 classes
My Body in Motion — part 1
My Body in Motion — part 2
My Body in Motion — part 3
My Body in Motion — part 4
The Kati: Twisting, Side-to-Side and Back-and-Front Hip Movements
Circular Hip Movement, and Activity 12.1: Dance with Hip Movements
Choreography from Stage to Screen, Activity 12.3: My Creative Dance, and the Chapter 12 Rubric
Movement as Non-verbal Communication and Its Place in Ritual and Prayer
▶ Composition 6 classes
What Composition Means in the Performing Arts
Composing a Scene: Unity of Time, Space and Action
Entries, Exits and the Flow of a Scene
Composition in Dance: Formations and Patterns
Composition in Music: Arranging Notes and Phrases
Creating a Group Composition
▶ Art Vocabulary 6 classes
Why Art Vocabulary Matters
Words and Terms of Theatre
Words and Terms of Dance
Words and Terms of Music
Using the Right Words to Describe a Performance
Word Games to Remember Art Terms
▶ Performance 7 classes
Plan, Prepare, Perform: Activity 9.1 - Visualising the Performance
Activity 9.2: Building the Song List, and the Invocation 'Swagatham Shubha Swagatham'
Activity 9.3: A Folk Song from Another Tradition - the Odia Song of Chaita Paraba
Part B: Prepare - Activity 9.4, Rehearsal and Feedback
Activity 9.5: Production, Promotion and Support, and Activity 9.6: The Final Performance
The Chapter 9 Rubric and the Music Section's Summative Assessment
The Grand Finale
▶ Art Appreciation 8 classes
Being a Good Audience: Your Duty in the Seats
Natyashastra Chapter 27, and What a Review Actually Is
The Three Types of Review, and Activity 4.1: Play Watching
The Seven Steps of Preparing to Watch a Play
Writing a Review: Five Rules, and Circle Time
Activity 4.2: Watch and Reflect - Reviewing Two Photographs
The Chapter Assessment and the Year's Summative Assessment
Appreciating Dance and Music Performances: Looking and Listening
Physical Education 2 chapters
▶ Physical Fitness Components 8 classes
Health-related Fitness and its Five Components
Skill-related Fitness: The Six Components
Isometric Strength, and the Three Printed Exercises
2.2 Explore the Five Components of Physical Fitness
2.3 Assessing Flexibility: Techniques and Benefits
2.4 Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance: Methods and Protocols
2.5 Evaluating Strength: Assessment Tools and Exercises
1.3 Identify Major Components of Physical Fitness
▶ Games/Sports skills 7 classes
Fundamental Movement Skills: Running, Jumping and Throwing
Football: Passing, Dribbling and Shooting
Basketball: Dribbling, Passing and Shooting
Cricket: Batting, Bowling and Fielding Skills
Volleyball: Serving, Passing and Spiking
Kho-Kho and Kabaddi: Basic Skills and Rules
Fair Play and Teamwork in Games
Physics 8 chapters
▶ Matter 21 classes
Probe and Ponder: Piling Sand, Holding Water, and Whether Air Has Weight
From Mountain Rock to Grains of Sand, and Activity 7.1: Grinding a Stick of Chalk (Fig. 7.1)
Grinding Without End: What a Constituent Particle Is
Activity 7.2: Where the Sugar Goes (Fig. 7.2), and Interparticle Spaces
7.2 Interparticle Attractions, and Acharya Kanad's Parmanu
7.2.1 The Solid State: Activity 7.3 (Fig. 7.3) and the Melting Pictures of Fig. 7.4
What a Melting Point Is, the Odd Case of Ice, and Table 7.1
7.2.2 The Liquid State: Activity 7.4 and the Three Containers of Fig. 7.5
A Finger Through Water (Fig. 7.6), the Boiling Point, and Why Spilled Water Disappears
7.2.3 The Gaseous State: Activity 7.5 and the Two Gas Jars of Fig. 7.7
Why Gases Fill Everything: the Iodine Version (Fig. 7.8), and What a Fluid Is
7.3 Activity 7.6: The Syringe (Fig. 7.9), and Why Water Will Not Compress
Activity 7.7: Three Water Levels A, B and C (Fig. 7.10), and Where the Sugar Sits (Fig. 7.11)
Why Sand Does Not Dissolve, the Empty Gaps of Fig. 7.12, and What 'Particle' Can Mean
7.4 Activity 7.8: Potassium Permanganate Spreading Through Water (Fig. 7.13)
Think Like a Scientist: Hot, Room-Temperature and Ice-Cold Water
Activity 7.9: An Incense Stick in the Corner of a Room (Fig. 7.14), and How Soap Lifts Oil (Fig. 7.15)
Thermal Energy Decides the State, and the 'Let Us Wrap Up!' Table
Snapshots, and Keep the Curiosity Alive: Questions 1 and 2(i) to 2(iv)
Keep the Curiosity Alive: The Camphor, the Chair With No Particles, and the Candle of Fig. 7.16
Discover, Design, and Debate: The Balloon on a Bottle, Clay-Ball Models, and Atoms and Molecules
▶ Physical Quantities and Measurement 18 classes
9.4 Why Objects Float or Sink, and 9.5 What Density Means
The Units of Density, and What Relative Density Means
9.5.1 Measuring Mass: Activity 9.3, the Tare Button, and Mass Against Weight
Measuring Volume: Units, the Measuring Cylinder, and Activity 9.4 Begins
Activity 9.4: The Least Count of a Cylinder, and Activity 9.5: Reading the Meniscus
Activity 9.6: Volume by l × w × h, and the Problem of an Irregular Stone
Activity 9.7: Volume by Displacement, Table 9.2, and the Density of a Stone
9.5.3 Pressure and Density, Why Ice Floats, and the Egg That Sinks
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 1
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 3
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 4
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 7
Measurement of Length and Motion — part 8
1.1 Introduction: What is Measurement?
1.2 Different Systems of Units
1.3. Need for a Common System of Units
1.4. International System of Units (SI)
1.5 Conversion of Units between different Systems
▶ Force and Pressure 24 classes
Sonali and Ragini's Cycle Ride, 5.1 What Is a Force? and Activity 5.1 (Fig. 5.1)
5.2 What a Force Can Do: Activity 5.2, Table 5.1 and the Five Effects (Fig. 5.2)
5.3 A Force Needs Two Objects: the Newton, and Why a Resting Object Is Not Force-Free
5.4.1 Contact Forces and Muscular Force: Fig. 5.3, Fig. 5.4, and the Muscles Inside You
The Puzzle of the Rolling Ball, and Activity 5.3: Finding the Hidden Force (Fig. 5.5)
What Friction Is, and the Hidden Irregularities of Fig. 5.6
Activity 5.4: The Same Push on Glass, Cloth, Wood, Tile and Sand - and Friction in Air and Water
5.4.2 Non-Contact Forces: Magnetic Force and the Floating Ring Magnet of Activity 5.5 (Fig. 5.7)
Gravitational Force: Activity 5.8, the Ball Thrown Harder, and Fig. 5.10
Gravity Defined, Vertical Motion in Fig. 5.11, and 5.5 What Weight Means
Mass and Weight: What Stays the Same, What Changes, and the Table of Five Worlds
5.6 Floating and Sinking, the Mug That Feels Lighter, and Pumice - the Rock That Floats
Swirling Leaves and Two Identical Bags: 6.1 Pressure as Force Divided by Area (Fig. 6.1)
The Bucket Handle (Fig. 6.2), the Cloth Ring (Fig. 6.3), the Pascal, and a Worked Calculation
Table 6.1: The Nail, the Knife, and Why a Smaller Area Makes a Task Easier
Why Overhead Tanks Sit High (Fig. 6.4), and Activity 6.1: Two Pipes of Different Width (Fig. 6.5)
Fig. 6.6: More Water, Bigger Bulge - Pressure Depends on the Height of the Column
Activity 6.2: Four Holes in a Bottle (Fig. 6.7), and Why Liquids Press in All Directions
Why a Dam Is Broader at Its Base (Fig. 6.8), and 6.2 the Atmosphere Above Us
Activity 6.3: A Paper Plate Under Two Sheets (Fig. 6.9), Atmospheric Pressure, and the Balloon (Fig. 6.10)
Activity 6.4: The Rubber Sucker (Fig. 6.11), 2250 Newton, and Why We Are Not Crushed
3.3 Turning Forces (Moment of Force/Torque)
Forces, Pressure, and Why a Pressure Difference Becomes a Cyclone
Turning Forces: What Is Torque?
▶ Energy 6 classes
Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy: Energy That Is Stored
Gravitational Potential Energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
8.1.1 A Simple Pendulum: Oscillation, Mean Position and Time Period (Fig. 8.7)
▶ Light Energy 16 classes
9.1 Reflection of Light and the Laws of Reflection
9.2 Spherical Mirrors: Concave, Convex and the Pole
Centre of Curvature, Principal Axis and Focal Length
9.2.1 Image Formation by a Concave Mirror
9.2.2 Representing Images Using Ray Diagrams
Uses of Concave Mirrors, and Image Formation by a Convex Mirror
Uses of Convex Mirrors: A Wider Field of View
9.3 Refraction of Light: Why a Pencil Looks Bent
9.3.1 Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
9.3.2 The Refractive Index
9.3.3 Lenses: Convex, Concave and Their Terminology
Finding a Lens's Focus: the Burning-Paper Activity
9.3.4 and 9.3.5 Image Formation by Lenses, and Ray Diagrams
10.3 Refraction of Light Through a Prism
10.4 Dispersion of White Light by a Glass Prism, and the Rainbow
Experiment 40: To Trace the Path of a Ray of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Slab and Measure the Angle of Incidence, Refraction and Emergence
▶ Heat Transfer 13 classes
7.1 Conduction: Activity 7.1 and the Four Pins on a Metal Strip (Fig. 7.1)
Why Pin I Falls First: Conduction Defined, and Table 7.2 of Conductors
Trapped Air: Woollen Clothes, Two Thin Blankets and Hollow Bricks (Fig. 7.2)
Activity 7.2: The Rising Paper Cup, the Balloon in the Sun, and Smoke (Figs. 7.3b, 7.4)
Activity 7.3: The Coloured Streak and Convection, and 7.2.1 Activity 7.4 (Figs. 7.5b, 7.6)
Table 7.4: Soil Heats and Cools Faster Than Water, and the Sea Breeze (Fig. 7.7a)
The Land Breeze, and 7.3 Radiation: Light and Dark Clothes (Fig. 7.7b)
All Three at Once: Heating Water in a Pan, Let Us Wrap Up, and the Bukhari (Fig. 7.8)
A Journey through States of Water — part 2
A Journey through States of Water — part 3
A Journey through States of Water — part 6
A Journey through States of Water — part 7
A Journey through States of Water — part 9
▶ Sound 18 classes
Sound Is Produced by Vibrations
The Tuning Fork, and Sound Through Solids and Liquids
Sound Cannot Travel Through a Vacuum
Compressions, Rarefactions and the Sound Wave
Longitudinal Waves and Mechanical Waves
Sound Carries Energy
Graphical Representation of a Sound Wave
Wavelength, Frequency and Time Period
Amplitude and Intensity
The Speed of Sound
Working with the Speed of Sound
Pitch and the Audible Range
Loudness, Intensity and Noise
Tone, Timbre and Musical Notes
Reflection of Sound and Echo
Reverberation and Acoustic Design
Ultrasonic and Infrasonic Waves and Their Uses
Echolocation and Sonar
▶ Electricity 19 classes
11.1 Electric Current and Circuit
11.2 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
11.3 Circuit Diagrams and Their Symbols
11.4 Ohm's Law
11.7 Heating Effect of Electric Current, and Joule's Law
Why Some Wires Get Hot and Others Do Not
11.7.1 Practical Applications of the Heating Effect
11.8 Electric Power, and the Unit of Electrical Energy
3.2.1 Electric Cell and 3.2.2 Battery: Activities 3.2 and 3.3 (Figs. 3.2, 3.3)
3.2.3 The Incandescent Lamp and its Filament: Activity 3.4 (Fig. 3.4)
The LED Lamp: Activity 3.5 and Why One Wire Is Longer (Figs. 3.5, 3.6)
3.2.5 An Electrical Circuit: Why Arrangements 1 and 6 Glow (Fig. 3.9)
3.2.6 Electric Switch: Activities 3.8 and 3.9, Open and Closed Circuits (Figs. 3.11, 3.12)
3.3 Circuit Diagrams: The Seven Symbols of Table 3.2
Activity 3.11: Building a Conduction Tester and Filling Table 3.3 (Fig. 3.15)
4.2 Does a Current Carrying Wire Get Hot? Activity 4.5 and the Nichrome Wire (Fig. 4.5)
Think Like a Scientist: Two Cells Instead of One, and What the Heat Depends On
The Incandescent Lamp, the Heating Element, and Six Household Appliances (Fig. 4.6)
When the Heating Effect Becomes a Danger: Melted Plugs, Rated Wires, and the Steel Furnace
Sanskrit 2 chapters
▶ श्रवण, भाषण एवं पठन 5 classes
Listening to Sanskrit Shlokas and Repeating Them Correctly
Speaking Simple Sanskrit Sentences in Everyday Conversation
Clear Pronunciation of Sanskrit Sounds and Conjunct Letters
Reading a Short Sanskrit Passage Aloud with Correct Pauses
Understanding the Meaning of a Sanskrit Passage and Answering Questions
▶ भाषा - लेखन 5 classes
Writing Sanskrit Words and Sentences in Devanagari Script Correctly
Nouns and Verbs in Sanskrit Sentences: Forming Simple Statements
Joining Words with Sandhi in Writing
Writing a Short Paragraph in Sanskrit on a Familiar Topic
Translating Simple Sentences Between Sanskrit and English

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