English
16 chapters
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Composition
8 classes
Choosing a Topic and Planning a 400-450 Word Composition
Narrative Composition: Plot, Pace and Point of View
Descriptive Composition: Painting Pictures with Sensory Detail
Reflective Composition: Thinking Aloud on Paper
Argumentative and Persuasive Composition: Building a Case
Expository Composition: Explaining Ideas Clearly
Writing an Original Short Story: Opening, Conflict and Ending
Revising and Editing a Composition Within the Word Limit
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Directed Writing
9 classes
Article Writing: Descriptive and Analytical
Report Writing: School Events and Local News
It's Sports Day: Scorecard, Newspaper Report and E-mail
Birlstone Questions and Harry Potter: Writing a Review
Health and Medicine: Do Indians Get Enough Sleep? (Reading & Vocabulary)
Writing a Blog Post: Voice, Audience and Structure
Writing a Statement of Purpose for Study or Work
Amplifying, Describing and Re-stating Ideas in Directed Writing
Feature Articles in 250-300 Words: Hook, Body and Close
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Proposal Writing
5 classes
What a Proposal Is and Where It Is Used
Proposal Format: Heading, Introduction and Objectives
Listing Practical Measures in a Proposal
Writing a Concluding Statement and Closing a Proposal
Practice Proposals on Given Situations in the CISCE Format
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Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure and usage
10 classes
Sentence Accuracy: Tenses, Agreement, Articles, Prepositions and Spelling
The Passive Voice, Modals and Sentence Transformation in Formal Writing
Reflect and Respond
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
Vocabulary in Context
4.3 Practice and revision: From the Diary of Anne Frank
7.2 Core concepts: Madam Rides the Bus
Phrasal Verbs: Meaning and Use in Sentences
Verbs and Tenses in Short-answer Grammar Questions
Transforming Sentences Without Changing Their Meaning
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Comprehension
6 classes
Skimming, Scanning and Finding the Main Idea
Inference, Vocabulary in Context, Tone and Purpose
Unseen Passages: What Section A Tests and How to Approach It
Understanding and Talking About the Text
Analytical Questions on a Long Passage
Summary in Grid Form: Selecting and Condensing Points
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Macbeth - William Shakespeare
9 classes
Macbeth Act 1, Scene 1 and 2: The Witches and the Captain's Report
Macbeth Act 1, Scene 3: The Prophecies for Macbeth and Banquo
Macbeth Act 1, Scene 4 and 5: Duncan Names an Heir and Lady Macbeth Reads the Letter
Macbeth Act 1, Scene 6 and 7: Duncan at Inverness and Macbeth's Doubts
Macbeth Act 2, Scene 1: The Air-drawn Dagger
Macbeth Act 2, Scene 2: The Murder of Duncan and Its Aftermath
Macbeth Act 2, Scene 3: The Porter and the Discovery of the Crime
Macbeth Act 2, Scene 4: Omens in Nature and the Mood After the Murder
Macbeth Acts 1 and 2: Ambition, Fate and Guilt as Themes
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A Living God
3 classes
A Living God: Setting, Characters and the Mood of Rural Japan
A Living God: The Warning, the Sacrifice and the Saving of the Village
A Living God: Theme, Belief and Gratitude
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Advice to Youth
3 classes
Advice to Youth: Reading a Satirical Speech
Advice to Youth: Humour, Irony and Tone
Advice to Youth: What the Author Is Really Saying
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The Paper Menagerie
4 classes
The Paper Menagerie: The Boy, His Mother and the Folded Animals
The Paper Menagerie: Growing Up Between Two Cultures
The Paper Menagerie: Regret, Memory and the Letter
The Paper Menagerie: Symbolism and Narrative Technique
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The Great Automatic Grammatizator
3 classes
The Great Automatic Grammatizator: The Inventor and His Dream Machine
The Great Automatic Grammatizator: Art Versus Machine
The Great Automatic Grammatizator: Satire, Irony and the Ending
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Thank You, Ma'am
3 classes
Thank You, Ma'am: An Attempted Theft on a Night Street
Thank You, Ma'am: Kindness, Trust and the Boy's Change of Heart
Thank You, Ma'am: Character Study and Theme
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Abhisara: The Tryst
3 classes
Abhisara - The Tryst: The Ascetic and the Dancer at the City Wall
Abhisara - The Tryst: Compassion, Service and the Poem's Message
Abhisara - The Tryst: Imagery, Structure and Language
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Why I Like the Hospital
3 classes
Why I Like the Hospital: Reading the Poem Line by Line
Why I Like the Hospital: Tone, Irony and Meaning
Why I Like the Hospital: Poetic Devices and Personal Response
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Sonnet 116
4 classes
Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds (sonnet)
Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds: understanding the poem
Sonnet 116: Imagery of the Star and the Storm
Sonnet 116: Structure, Rhyme and Themes of Constant Love
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Death of a Naturalist
3 classes
Death of a Naturalist: A Child's Wonder at the Flax-dam
Death of a Naturalist: The Frogs and the Loss of Innocence
Death of a Naturalist: Sensory Imagery, Sound and Structure
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Strange Meeting
3 classes
Strange Meeting: The Soldier's Escape into a Dream of Hell
Strange Meeting: The Enemy Who Speaks and the Pity of War
Strange Meeting: Pararhyme, Imagery and Anti-war Theme
Modern English
16 chapters
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Composition
7 classes
Planning a 400-450 Word Composition: Choosing a Topic and Outline
Narrative Composition: Telling an Event Well
Descriptive Composition: Painting a Scene in Words
Reflective Composition: Thinking Aloud on Paper
Argumentative and Persuasive Composition
Expository Composition: Explaining an Idea Clearly
Writing an Original Short Story
▶
Directed Writing
7 classes
Article Writing: Descriptive and Analytical
Report Writing: School Events and Local News
Planning, Organising and Finishing Within the Word Limit
It's Sports Day: Scorecard, Newspaper Report and E-mail
Birlstone Questions and Harry Potter: Writing a Review
Writing a Blog Post
Writing a Statement of Purpose
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Proposal Writing
4 classes
What a Proposal Is and How It Is Laid Out
Heading, Introduction and Objectives of a Proposal
Listing Measures and Writing the Concluding Statement
Writing a Full Proposal for a Given Situation
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Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure, and usage
6 classes
Sentence Accuracy: Tenses, Agreement, Articles, Prepositions and Spelling
The Passive Voice, Modals and Sentence Transformation in Formal Writing
Vocabulary in Context
7.2 Core concepts: Madam Rides the Bus
Phrasal Verbs: Meaning and Use in Sentences
Answering Question Three: A Grammar Practice Set
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Comprehension
6 classes
Unseen Passages: What Section A Tests and How to Approach It
Skimming, Scanning and Finding the Main Idea
Inference, Vocabulary in Context, Tone and Purpose
Answering Well: MCQ Technique and 40–50 Word Answers
The Case-Based Passage: Reading Data, Tables and Charts
Writing a Summary in Grid Form
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Pygmalion-George Bernard Shaw (Acts I & II)
6 classes
Pygmalion: The Playwright, the Myth and the Setting
Act I: A Rainy Night at Covent Garden and the Characters Who Meet
Act I: Professor Higgins and His Wager
Act II: Eliza Comes to Higgins's Laboratory
Act II: The Bargain and the Rules of the House
Class, Language and Identity in Acts I and II
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Lawley Road
4 classes
R.K. Narayan and the World of Malgudi
Lawley Road: Story and Setting
Characters and Gentle Satire in Lawley Road
Theme and Style in Lawley Road
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The Landlady
4 classes
Roald Dahl and the Tale of Unexpected Ending
The Landlady: Story and Setting
Billy and the Landlady: Character Study
Suspense, Irony and Style in The Landlady
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Most Beautiful
4 classes
Ruskin Bond and His Writing
Most Beautiful: Story and Setting
Characters in Most Beautiful
Theme and Style in Most Beautiful
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Dream-Children: Reverie
4 classes
Charles Lamb and the Personal Essay
Dream-Children: Reading the Reverie
The Children, the Family and the Memory of the Past
Mood, Imagery and Style in Dream-Children
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Ratan Tata: A Life-Settling in at Cornell (An Excerpt)
4 classes
Thomas Mathew and Life-Writing
Settling in at Cornell: What the Excerpt Tells Us
Ratan Tata the Student: Character and Values
Theme and Style in the Cornell Excerpt
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Father Returning Home
3 classes
Dilip Chitre and His Poetry
Father Returning Home: Reading the Poem
Imagery, Tone and Theme in Father Returning Home
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Life Doesn't Frighten Me
3 classes
Maya Angelou and Her Voice
Life Doesn't Frighten Me: Reading the Poem
Rhythm, Refrain and Theme in Life Doesn't Frighten Me
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Sadness Comes
3 classes
Donna Ashworth and Her Poetry
Sadness Comes: Reading the Poem
Imagery, Tone and Theme in Sadness Comes
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A Prayer for My Daughter
4 classes
W. B. Yeats and His Times
A Prayer for My Daughter: Reading the Poem
The Hopes of a Father: Themes in the Poem
Symbols, Imagery and Form in A Prayer for My Daughter
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Bora Ring
4 classes
Judith Wright and Her Poetry
Bora Ring: Reading the Poem
Memory, Loss and Land: Themes in Bora Ring
Imagery and Form in Bora Ring
Indian Language
4 chapters
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Composition
6 classes
Choosing a Topic and Planning a 400-Word Composition
Writing a Strong Opening and Closing Paragraph
Narrative Compositions: Telling an Event in Order
Descriptive Compositions: Places, People and Experiences
Reflective and Argumentative Compositions on a Given Theme
Revising a Composition for Word Limit, Style and Accuracy
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Comprehension
5 classes
Reading an Unseen Passage of About 300 Words for Meaning and Tone
Answering Questions on an Unseen Passage in Your Own Words
Writing a Summary with a Suitable Heading
Expanding an Idea into a Well-Developed Paragraph
Timed Practice: Comprehension, Summary and Expansion Together
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Grammar
6 classes
Correcting Errors in Sentences: Spelling, Word Choice and Structure
Using Words and Idioms Correctly in Sentences
Subject-Verb Agreement by Number and Gender
Agreement by Case and Tense
Active and Passive Voice and Agreement
Functional Grammar Revision Practice
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Prescribed Textbooks
5 classes
Approaching the Prescribed Textbooks: Choosing Three to Study
Reading Prose Selections for Theme and Character
Reading Poetry Selections for Meaning, Language and Feeling
Answering Four Questions from Three Textbooks: Planning and Structure
Revising the Prescribed Textbooks for the Examination
Modern Foreign Language
4 chapters
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A short composition in the language
4 classes
Choosing a Subject for a Short Composition
Planning and Drafting a Short Composition in the Language
Using Correct Vocabulary and Sentence Structure in Composition
Revising and Checking a Short Composition
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Unprepared translation into English
4 classes
Reading a Passage for Unprepared Translation into English
Translating Sentences and Idioms into English
Translating a Complete Passage into English
Checking a Translation for Accuracy and Natural English
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Unseen passage in the language
5 classes
Reading an Unseen Passage in the Language for Meaning
Answering Questions on an Unseen Passage
Summarising Part of a Passage in the Language
Explaining Words, Phrases and Sentences from a Passage
Comprehension Practice with Mixed Question Types
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Questions on prescribed textbooks
4 classes
Answering Questions on the Prescribed Textbooks
Writing Detailed Answers on Text Content and Characters
Translating a Passage from the Language into English
Translating a Passage from English into the Language
Classical Language
4 chapters
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Questions on grammar
6 classes
Declension of Nouns and Pronouns
Verb Forms Across Tenses and Moods
Cases and Their Uses in Sentences
Compounds, Suffixes and Word Formation
Sandhi: Joining and Splitting of Sounds
Answering Grammar Questions in the Examination
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Unseen translation from English into the language
4 classes
Translating Short Prose Sentences from English
Choosing Words and Verb Forms for Translation
Translating a Continuous Passage of Prose
Checking and Correcting Your Translation
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Translation from the prescribed books
4 classes
Translating Passages from the Prescribed Books: Method
Translating Prose Passages from the Prescribed Books
Translating Verse Passages from the Prescribed Books
Practice with Passages Without Choice
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Questions, requiring short answers, to test knowledge of the subject matter of the prescribed books
4 classes
Reading the Prescribed Books for Subject Matter
Story and Events in the Prescribed Books
Characters and Teachings in the Prescribed Books
Writing Short Answers Accurately
Elective English
11 chapters
▶
Animal Farm
6 classes
Animal Farm: Orwell, the Allegory and Its Historical Background
Animal Farm: The Rebellion at Manor Farm and the Seven Commandments
Animal Farm: Napoleon, Snowball and the Struggle for Power
Animal Farm: Propaganda, Squealer and the Control of Truth
Animal Farm: Boxer, the Windmill and the Cost of Loyalty
Animal Farm: The Ending, Satire and Themes
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From Heaven Lake
4 classes
From Heaven Lake: Vikram Seth and the Journey Across Tibet
From Heaven Lake: Travelling Through Xinjiang and Gansu
From Heaven Lake: Encounters with Drivers, Officials and Fellow Travellers
From Heaven Lake: Travel Writing, Humour and Style
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Twelve Angry Men
5 classes
Twelve Angry Men: Reginald Rose and the Jury Room Setting
Twelve Angry Men: The First Vote and the Lone Dissenter
Twelve Angry Men: Doubt, Evidence and Reasoning
Twelve Angry Men: Prejudice, Anger and Character
Twelve Angry Men: The Final Verdict and Themes of Justice
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The Importance of Being Earnest
5 classes
The Importance of Being Earnest: Wilde and the Victorian Comedy of Manners
The Importance of Being Earnest, Act 1: Algernon, Jack and Their Double Lives
The Importance of Being Earnest, Act 2: Country Confusions and Rival Identities
The Importance of Being Earnest, Act 3: Revelations and Resolution
The Importance of Being Earnest: Wit, Satire and the Title's Double Meaning
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John Milton
5 classes
John Milton: Life, Times and Poetic Style
Milton, Song on May Morning: A Welcome to Spring
Milton, On His Blindness: Patience and Service
Milton, Paradise Lost Book I: Satan's Speech
Milton, Paradise Lost Book IX: Eve's Lines
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
5 classes
Percy Bysshe Shelley: Life, Ideas and Romantic Style
Shelley, England in 1819: A Sonnet of Protest
Shelley, To a Skylark: Joy and the Unseen Singer
Shelley, The Cloud: Nature in Motion
Shelley, Autumn: A Dirge: Mourning the Year
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Thomas Hardy
5 classes
Thomas Hardy: Life, Outlook and Poetic Style
Hardy, Neutral Tones: A Love Gone Cold
Hardy, The Man He Killed: The Soldier's Doubt
Hardy, The Going: Grief After a Sudden Death
Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain: Pride and Fate
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William Butler Yeats
6 classes
The Wild Swans at Coole — Reading the Poem
The Wild Swans at Coole — Understanding the Poem and Noticing the Rhyme
W. B. Yeats: Life, Ireland and Poetic Development
Yeats, No Second Troy: Beauty and Political Anger
Yeats, Easter 1916: A Terrible Beauty
Yeats, The Second Coming: Chaos and Prophecy
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Wilfred Owen
5 classes
Wilfred Owen: Life, War and Poetic Voice
Owen, Arms and the Boy: The Weapons and the Child
Owen, The Last Laugh: The Sounds of Battle
Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth: A Funeral Without Bells
Owen, Mental Cases: The Cost of War on the Mind
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Dylan Thomas
5 classes
Dylan Thomas: Life and Poetic Style
Thomas, Death Shall Have No Dominion: Faith and Renewal
Thomas, Poem in October: A Birthday Walk
Thomas, Fern Hill: Childhood and Time
Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night: A Son's Plea
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Carol Ann Duffy
5 classes
Carol Ann Duffy: Life and Contemporary Voice
Duffy, War Photographer: Witness and Conscience
Duffy, In Mrs Tilscher's Class: Childhood and Growing Up
Duffy, History: Memory and Loss
Duffy, Mrs Midas: Myth Retold
History
27 chapters
▶
Development of the means of transport and communication
6 classes
Transport Networks and the History of Land Transport
Railways Around the World and the Great Trans-Continental Lines
Communications: From Telegraph to Satellites and Cyberspace
Rail Transport: Zones, Gauges and the Konkan Railway
7.1 Means of Transport: Roadways and Railways
7.3 Airways and Communication
▶
Effect of British revenue policy: Impact on peasants and artisans
7 classes
The Permanent Settlement and the Bengal Auctions
Zamindars in Crisis: Default and the Rise of the Jotedars
The Cotton Boom and Its Bust
1.1 Understanding Colonialism
4.2 The Impact of Land Reforms
Disruption of the Traditional Economy Under Company Rule
British Policy and the Decline of the Indian Artisan
▶
Development of modern industries
5 classes
Why Modern Industry Began in Western India
The Cotton Textile Mills of Bombay and Ahmedabad
Indian Enterprise: Early Industrialists and Mill Owners
Mill Workers: Conditions of Work and Life
The Economic Impact of Machine-Based Industry on India
▶
Colonial Forest Policy - impact on local communities
5 classes
Forests Before the Colonial Period
The Colonial Forest Policy of the Nineteenth Century
Forest Laws and Restrictions on Local Communities
Economic Impact on Forest-Dependent Communities
Political Resistance to Forest Policy
▶
Struggle against caste – Jyotirao Phule, Narayan Guru, Veerasalingam
4 classes
Caste in Nineteenth Century India and the Need for Reform
Jyotirao Phule and the Satyashodhak Samaj
Narayan Guru and the Movement in Kerala
Veerasalingam and Social Reform in Andhra
▶
The Women’s Question
6 classes
2.1 Social reform movements in the 19th and early 20th century
8.8 The Women’s Movement
Women's Condition in the Nineteenth Century
The Abolition of Sati, 1829
Widow Remarriage Act 1856 and Female Infanticide Prevention Act 1870
The Age of Consent Act, 1891 and the Impact of These Laws
▶
Protest Movements against Colonial Rule
7 classes
Deeds, Debts and the Deccan Riots Commission
The Ryotwari Settlement and the Burden of Debt
8.5 Class Based Movements
8.7 The Tribal Movements
The Indigo Uprising, 1859
The Munda Uprising, 1899-1900
How the Revolts Changed Colonial Policy
▶
Swadeshi Movement
4 classes
Why Bengal Was Partitioned in 1905
The Anti-Partition Agitation
Swadeshi and Boycott: Methods and Spread
Impact of the Swadeshi Movement
▶
Foundation of the Muslim League
3 classes
Muslim Politics Before 1906
The Simla Deputation and the Founding of the Muslim League
Aims and Objectives of the Muslim League
▶
Agitation against the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh (1919)
5 classes
Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad and the Rowlatt Satyagraha
A Leader Announces Himself
1. The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
The Rowlatt Act: Reasons and Main Terms
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, 1919
▶
The launching of the passive resistance movement by Gandhi: Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922)
4 classes
2. Differing Strands within the Movement
Non-Cooperation: From Mass Upsurge to Chauri Chaura
The Khilafat Movement and Hindu-Muslim Unity
The Programme of Non-Cooperation: Boycotts and Constructive Work
▶
Lahore session and declaration of 'Poorna Swaraj' as the Congress objective
4 classes
Towards the Salt Satyagraha: From Simon Commission to Dandi
3.1 Towards Civil Disobedience — The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
The Nehru Report and the Demand for Dominion Status, 1929
The Lahore Congress and the Poorna Swaraj Resolution
▶
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
5 classes
3.2-3.3 How Participants saw the Movement; The Limits of Civil Disobedience
The Dandi March and the Salt Satyagraha in Action
Dialogues: Round Table Conferences to the Cripps Mission
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact and the Second Round Table Conference
Resumption of Civil Disobedience and the Poona Pact
▶
Government of India Act, 1935
3 classes
Main Features of the Government of India Act, 1935
The Elections of 1937: A Critical Account
Congress and Non-Congress Ministries
▶
Main long-term causes: alliance system, imperialism, militarism (arms race), nationalism
5 classes
6 Nationalism and Imperialism
The Alliance System: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
Imperialism and Militarism: Colonial Rivalry and the Arms Race
Nationalism in Europe and the Slide Into War
Short-Term Causes, 1908 to 1914: Bosnia, Balkan Wars and Sarajevo
▶
Paris Peace Settlements-Changes in the map of Europe; critical evaluation of the Treaty of Versailles
5 classes
The Paris Peace Conference and the Big Three
The Treaty of Versailles: Main Terms
The Other Peace Treaties: Saint-Germain, Trianon, Neuilly and Sevres
Changes in the Map of Europe
Treaty of Versailles: A Critical Evaluation
▶
Causes leading to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and its impact on the economy of USA, Germany & Japan
5 classes
The Boom of the 1920s in the United States
Causes of the Wall Street Crash of 1929
Impact of the Depression on the United States
Impact of the Depression on Germany
Impact of the Depression on Japan
▶
Roosevelt and the New Deal
3 classes
Roosevelt and the Aims of the New Deal
Measures of the New Deal: Relief, Recovery and Reform
Assessing the New Deal
▶
The Russian Revolution of 1917
5 classes
Russia Under the Tsar Before 1917
Causes of the March Revolution
Results of the March Revolution
Weaknesses of the Provisional Government
The November Revolution
▶
Lenin: reasons for New Economic Policy (NEP) and its impact
4 classes
Lenin and the Bolsheviks in Power
War Communism and Its Failure
Reasons for the New Economic Policy
Impact of the New Economic Policy
▶
Rise of Stalin to power and factors assisting his rise
3 classes
Stalin Before Lenin's Death
The Struggle for Power After Lenin
Factors That Helped Stalin Rise
▶
Main features of Stalin’s domestic policy
5 classes
Collectivisation of Agriculture
Industrialisation: The First Five Year Plan
The Second Five Year Plan and Its Results
The Purges of 1937-1938
Stalin's Domestic Policy: An Assessment
▶
Post-War discontent and the rise to power of Benito Mussolini
4 classes
Post-War Discontent in Italy
Conditions Giving Rise to Fascism
Mussolini and the Fascist Party: The Election of 1921
The March on Rome, October 1922
▶
Main features of Mussolini's domestic policy
3 classes
Mussolini Builds a Dictatorship
Mussolini's Economic Policy: Battles and the Corporate State
Critical Appraisal of Mussolini's Domestic Policy
▶
Rise of Hitler to power and factors assisting his rise
5 classes
The Weimar Republic and Its Weaknesses
Hitler and the Nazi Party in the 1920s
Events of 1932 and the Road to Chancellor in 1933
Reasons for Hitler's Popularity
Factors That Helped Hitler Rise to Power
▶
The Nazi State: from 1933 onwards
6 classes
From Chancellor to Dictator: Changes in Government
Nazi Control of Cultural Life and Education
The Army and the Night of the Long Knives
The Nazi Economy
Religious Life Under the Nazis
The Campaign Against the Jews up to the Final Solution
▶
Rise of Militarism in Japan (1919-37)
4 classes
Japan After the First World War
Economic Distress and Political Weakness in the 1920s
The Military's Growing Power and the Manchurian Incident
Militarism in the 1930s: Reasons and Results
Political Science
12 chapters
▶
Introduction to Political Science and State
7 classes
1.1 What Is Politics?
1.2 What Do We Study in Political Theory?
Political Science: Power, Governance and Rajadharma
Scope of Political Science: what the subject covers
The state and its four elements: population, territory, government, sovereignty
Political Science versus politics: how they differ
State versus nation: meaning and difference
▶
The Origin of the State
6 classes
How states began: why theories of origin matter
Divine Theory of the state: features and criticism
Social Contract Theory: the main idea of a state of nature and a contract
Hobbes' social contract: features
Locke's social contract: features
Rousseau's social contract: features
▶
Political Ideologies
3 classes
Liberalism: meaning and features
Communism: meaning and features
Liberalism and Communism compared
▶
Sovereignty
4 classes
Sovereignty: meaning and kinds
Characteristics of sovereignty
Austin's theory of sovereignty
The Pluralistic theory of sovereignty
▶
Law
3 classes
Law: meaning and its role in the state
Sources of law: custom, religion, judicial decisions and legislation
Kinds of law: public and private, national and international
▶
Liberty
8 classes
2.1 The Ideal of Freedom
2.2 What Is Freedom?
2.3 Why Do We Need Constraints?
2.4 Harm Principle
2.5 Negative and Positive Liberty
5.4 Kinds of Rights
Right to Freedom
Civil, political and economic liberty compared
▶
Equality
6 classes
3.1 Why Does Equality Matter?
3.2 What Is Equality?
3.3 Three Dimensions of Equality
3.4 How Can We Promote Equality?
Right to Equality
Legal, social, political and economic equality compared
▶
Justice
5 classes
4.1 What Is Justice?
4.2 Just Distribution
4.3 John Rawls’ Theory of Justice
4.4 Pursuing Social Justice
Amartya Sen's idea of justice: the capability approach
▶
Disintegration of the Soviet Union
5 classes
What Was the Soviet System?
Gorbachev, Reform, and the Road to Disintegration
Why Did the Soviet Union Disintegrate?
Consequences of Disintegration
Consequences of Shock Therapy
▶
Unipolar World
5 classes
The end of the Cold War and the unipolar moment
US unilateralism: the Iraq War
US unilateralism: Afghanistan and the war on terror
India-USA relations after 1991: economic and trade ties
India-USA relations after 1991: defence and strategic cooperation
▶
Regional Cooperation
8 classes
The European Union
ASEAN: The Association of South East Asian Nations
Classroom Activity: Fact Files on Regional Organisations
Peace and Cooperation
SAARC: aims, working and achievements
BRICS: aims and economic achievements
QUAD: aims and strategic role
Comparing the economic achievements of regional groupings
▶
South Asia
9 classes
Democracy in Bangladesh
India-Pakistan Conflicts
India and its Other Neighbours
Afro-Asian Unity and Peace with China: Panchsheel and Tibet
The Chinese Invasion of 1962 and Its Aftermath
Wars and Peace with Pakistan
The Bangladesh War, 1971
India-China Relations
What is South Asia?
Geography
26 chapters
▶
Geography - its interdisciplinary approach and future prospects (not to be tested)
5 classes
Geography: Where Things Are, and Why They Are There
Why Social Science Is a Family of Disciplines
Branches of Geography: Systematic and Regional Approaches
GPS, GIS and Remote Sensing: Tools of Modern Geography
Applied Geography and Future Prospects
▶
Theories of formation of the earth
4 classes
The Big Bang Theory
The Nebular Hypothesis
The Planetesimal Hypothesis
Comparing the Theories of Earth's Formation
▶
Methods of measuring age of the earth
3 classes
Why the Age of the Earth Matters
Radioactivity and Half-Life
Radiometric Dating of Rocks and the Age of the Earth
▶
Structure and composition of the earth’s interior
8 classes
Inside the Earth: Crust, Mantle, Core, Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
Where Earthquakes and Volcanoes Strike, and India's Risk
Bhūkampa: Varāhamihira's Account, and What a Volcano Leaves Behind
Looking Back: Internal and External Forces
Seismic Waves: P, S and Surface Waves
Earthquakes: Focus, Epicentre and Measurement
The Nepal Earthquake: A Case Study
Vulcanicity and Volcanic Landforms
▶
Rocks
8 classes
5.1 Minerals and 5.2 Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
5.3 Ferrous Minerals and 5.4 Non-Ferrous Minerals
5.5 Non-Metallic Minerals, 5.6 Rock Minerals and 5.7 Conservation of Minerals
Igneous Rocks: Formation and Types
Sedimentary Rocks: Formation and Types
Metamorphic Rocks: Formation and Types
The Rock Cycle
Rocks and Minerals of India: Distribution
▶
Endogenous processes - theory of plate tectonics and the process of drifting continents, theory of Isostasy by Pratt and A. Holmes
7 classes
The Big Questions, and What Plate Tectonics Says
Convection Currents, and the Three Kinds of Plate Boundary
The Map of the Plates, the Ring of Fire, and Why the Theory Matters
Folding: Types of Folds and Fold Mountains
Faulting: Faults, Rift Valleys and Block Mountains
Continental Drift and Sea Floor Spreading
Isostasy: The Ideas of Pratt and Airy
▶
Landforms – mountains, plateaus and plains and their types
4 classes
Classification of Mountains with World Examples
Plateaus: Types and World Examples
Plains: Types and World Examples
Landforms and Human Life
▶
Exogenetic process and associated landforms
5 classes
Weathering: Three Ways Rock Breaks Down
Erosion: The Agents That Carry Material Away
The Five Agents of Gradation, and How Landforms Shaped Civilisations
Landslides: Natural and Human Causes
Looking Back: Agents of Gradation and the Disasters They Bring
▶
Fluvial processes and associated landforms
5 classes
Running Water: A River's Three Courses, and the Waterfall
Meanders: How a River Bends, and Why People Settle There
Deltas: Fertile Land at a River's Mouth
Erosion, Transportation and Deposition by Rivers
River Landforms: Upper, Middle and Lower Course
▶
Aeolian processes and associated landforms
5 classes
The Chamoli Flood, and How Wind Erodes
Yardangs, Ventifacts, Deflation Hollows and Desert Pavements
Dunes: Four Shapes the Wind Builds
Dust Storms
Loess and Pedestal Rocks
▶
Glacial processes and associated landforms
3 classes
Glaciers: U-Shaped Valleys, Cirques, Fjords and Moraines
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods
Continental Glaciers and Valley Glaciers Compared
▶
Work of ground water and associated landforms
2 classes
Karst Topography: Caves, Stalactites, Stalagmites and Sinkholes
Underground Rivers, Why Karst Matters, and the Turn to Disasters
▶
Marine processes and associated landforms
3 classes
Waves, Currents and the Beach
Coastal Erosion: Cliffs, Platforms, Caves, Arches and Stacks
Bays, Bars, Spits and Lagoons
▶
Composition and structure of atmosphere
7 classes
The Big Questions, and What the Atmosphere Does for Us
What the Atmosphere Is Made Of
The Layered Structure, and the Troposphere
Stratosphere, Mesosphere and Thermosphere
The Exosphere, and Why We Do Not Feel the Air's Weight
Looking Back: The Atmosphere and Its Layers
Ozone Layer Depletion: Causes and Effects
▶
Atmospheric temperature
5 classes
Temperature, Insolation and the Earth's Temperature Zones
Weather and Climate: The Difference
Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere
The Heat Budget of the Earth
Isotherms and Reading Temperature Maps
▶
Atmospheric Pressure
5 classes
Atmospheric Pressure: Why Air Moves
Wind, Its Speeds, and the Land and Sea Breeze
Pressure Belts and the Planetary Winds
Air Masses and Fronts
Cyclones and Anticyclones
▶
Atmospheric Moisture
4 classes
Humidity and Precipitation
Explaining the Differences, and the Unity the Monsoon Gives
Evaporation and Condensation: Forms of Condensation
Types of Rainfall: Convectional, Orographic and Cyclonic
▶
Climate change- causes/factors of climatic changes in the recent past
6 classes
Climate Change: Causes and Consequences
Working Out Your Own Carbon Footprint
The Punjab Floods of 2025: Natural and Human-Made Causes
What the Floods Did, and the Questions They Raise
Looking Back: Weather, Climate, Seasons and Change
Climate Adaptation in India
▶
Submarine relief of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans
5 classes
Submarine Relief of the Atlantic Ocean
Submarine Relief of the Pacific Ocean
Submarine Relief of the Indian Ocean
Sea Floor Deposits and Marine Resources
Ocean Pollution and Its Control
▶
Ocean water - salinity, temperature, density
4 classes
Salinity of Ocean Water: Causes and Distribution
Temperature of Ocean Water: Surface and Depth
Density of Ocean Water and What Affects It
How Salinity, Temperature and Density Are Linked
▶
Ocean water movements
4 classes
Ocean Waves: Types and Features
Tides: Causes, Spring Tides and Neap Tides
Ocean Currents: Causes and Major Currents
El Nino and La Nina
▶
Nature of Biosphere, concept of ecosystems, components of ecosystem
4 classes
The Biosphere and Its Components
Ecosystems: Producers, Consumers and Decomposers
Food Chains and Interaction of Ecosystem Components
Biodiversity and Why We Must Conserve It
▶
Biodiversity for sustenance of mankind
3 classes
Biodiversity as a Source of Food
Biodiversity as a Source of Medicine
Biodiversity and Pollution Control
▶
India as a mega diversity nation
4 classes
Biodiversity and India's Flora and Fauna
Forest Types: Reserved, Protected and Unclassed
The Sundarbans and Himalayan Forests
The Western Ghats and Other Biodiversity Hotspots of India
▶
Strategies for conservation of biodiversity – in-situ and ex-situ
5 classes
Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger
Community Conservation and Sacred Groves
In-Situ Conservation: Protected Areas
Ex-Situ Conservation: Captive Breeding, Zoos and Botanical Gardens
Gene Banks and Seed Banks
▶
Map Work
5 classes
Marking Mountains and Plateaus on the Map of the World
Marking Rivers and Water Bodies on the Map
Marking Ocean Currents on the Map
Marking Islands on the Map
Map Practice from the Prescribed List
Sociology
12 chapters
▶
Emergence of Sociology and Anthropology as Disciplines
6 classes
Sociology and Society: The Sociological Imagination
Pluralities, Inequalities and the Distinctiveness of Sociology
The Intellectual and Material Origins of Sociology
Why Europe, and the Growth of Sociology in India
The Scope of Sociology: Links with Economics and Political Science
Sociology's Links with History, Psychology and Social Anthropology
▶
Classical Thinkers and Theories
8 classes
The Context of Sociology: Enlightenment, French Revolution, Industrial Revolution
Karl Marx: Alienation, Mode of Production and Class Struggle
Emile Durkheim: Social Facts and Sociology's Vision as a Science
Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity (Division of Labour in Society)
Max Weber: Interpretive Sociology, Value Neutrality, Ideal Types and Bureaucracy
Cooperation and Division of Labour: Durkheim and Marx
Auguste Comte: Positivism and the Law of Three Stages
Herbert Spencer: Social Evolution and the Organic Analogy
▶
Sociology and other Social Sciences
6 classes
Psychology, Other Disciplines, and Everyday Life
Sociology and Political Science: Power, State and Society
Sociology and Economics: Markets, Work and Society
Sociology and Social Anthropology
Sociology and History: Understanding Social Change
Sociology and Philosophy: Ideas About Society and Knowledge
▶
Research Methodology
8 classes
Why Method Matters: Objectivity, Reflexivity and Choosing a Method
Participant Observation and Field Work in Social Anthropology
Field Work in Sociology: From Street Corner Society to Indian Village Studies
The Survey Method: Sampling, Stratification and Randomisation
The Interview as a Research Method
Primary Sources of Data: Observation, Interview, Questionnaire and Schedule
What Social Research Is and the Steps of a Research Process
Documentary Research: Using Records, Letters and Reports as Data
▶
Individual and Society
4 classes
Rural vs Urban Settlements and the Four Types of Rural Settlement
2.6 Rural-Urban Differences
What Is Society? Definition and Meaning
Characteristics of Society: Likeness, Difference, Interdependence and Cooperation
▶
Socialization – Man as a Social Animal
5 classes
Man as a Social Animal: Why Humans Need Society
Agencies of Socialization: Family, Peer Group, School and Media
Heredity and Environment: Natural Selection and Social Selection
Nature versus Nurture
Feral Children: Evidence from Cases of Isolation
▶
Culture
5 classes
Defining Culture: From Everyday Talk to a Sociological Concept
The Three Dimensions of Culture, Identity and Cultural Change
Attributes of Culture: Learned, Shared and Cumulative
Norms, Folkways, Mores, Customs and Values
Material and Non-Material Culture, Culture Lag and Culture Conflict
▶
Social groups
5 classes
Understanding Social Groups: Why Sociology Needs Concepts
Nature and Formation of Groups
Type of Groups and Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour
Organized and Unorganized Groups: Crowds, Audiences and Associations
Reference Groups, In-Groups and Out-Groups
▶
Status and Role
4 classes
Status and Role in Society
Ascribed and Achieved Status
Role Conflict and Role Stereotypes
Cooley Looking Glass Self
▶
Social processes
4 classes
Competition as an Idea and Practice
Conflict and Cooperation: When Harmony Conceals Inequality
Two Ways of Understanding Social Processes: Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives
Co-operation, Competition and Conflict Compared in Everyday Life
▶
Social Problems
7 classes
2.2 Size and Growth of India’s Population
2.7 Population Policy in India
Demographic Transition Theory and Population Control
Child Labour: Causes, Effects and Remedies
Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Prevention
Problems of the Aged
Problems of the Differently Abled and Social Attitudes
▶
Indian Sociologists
6 classes
The Pioneers of Indian Sociology: Ananthakrishna Iyer and Sarat Chandra Roy
G.S. Ghurye: Caste and Race in India
M.N. Srinivas: The Village as a Unit of Social Analysis
Radha Kamal Mukerjee: Social Ecology and Values
N.K. Bose: Tribal Society and the Hindu Method of Absorption
Irawati Karve: Kinship, Caste and Culture Studies
Psychology
23 chapters
▶
Definition of Psychology; schools of thought - Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviourism, Psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology, Psychology and other disciplines
5 classes
What is Psychology? Meaning and Definition
Psychology as a Discipline: Natural Science and Social Science
Understanding Mind and Behaviour; Psychology vs Common Sense
The Evolution of Psychology: Schools of Thought
Psychology, Other Disciplines, and Everyday Life
▶
Fields of Psychology – clinical, counselling, developmental, educational, organizational and social
5 classes
Development of Psychology in India and Its Major Branches
Aims and Importance of Studying Psychology
Clinical and Counselling Psychology in Practice
Developmental and Educational Psychology in Practice
Organisational and Social Psychology in Practice
▶
Heredity and Environment
7 classes
Meaning of Development, Life-Span Perspective, and Heredity-Environment Interaction
Individual Differences in Intelligence
Prenatal Development and Infancy
Chromosomes and Genes: The Units of Heredity
Heredity-Related Diseases and Genetic Disorders
Twin Studies: Separating the Effects of Heredity and Environment
How the Environment Shapes Development
▶
Scientific Methods in Psychology - observation, case study, surveys, experimentation – steps. Psychological tests and their uses, ethical issues
7 classes
Goals of Psychological Enquiry and Steps in Scientific Research
Alternative Research Paradigms and the Nature of Psychological Data
The Observational and Experimental Methods
Correlational Research and Survey Research
Psychological Testing and the Case Study Method
Analysing Data, Limitations, and Ethics in Psychological Enquiry
Population and Sample: How Participants Are Chosen
▶
Interpretation of research results – use of statistics in interpretation of data
9 classes
Processing Data: Grouping, Tally Marks and Frequency Distribution
Frequency Polygon and Ogive: Visualising Frequency Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency: An Overview, and Computing Mean from Ungrouped Data
Computing Mean from Grouped Data
Median: Ungrouped and Grouped Data
Mode: Definition and Worked Examples
Comparing Mean, Median and Mode: The Normal Curve and Skewness
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Measures of Dispersion: Range and Standard Deviation
▶
Nature of attention - its inner and outer determinants
5 classes
Attention: Types, Theories, and Practical Implications
Nature of Attention: Selectivity and Focus
Inner Determinants of Attention: Interest, Motives and Mental Set
Outer Determinants of Attention: Size, Intensity, Contrast and Movement
Span of Attention, Distraction and Shifting of Attention
▶
Perceptual processes - difference between sensation and perception
6 classes
Sensation: Sense Organs, Sense Modalities, and Thresholds
Perception: Processing Approaches and the Role of the Perceiver
Principles of Perceptual Organisation and Depth Perception
Perceptual Constancies, Illusions, and Socio-Cultural Influences on Perception
Sensation and Perception: How They Differ
Colour Perception: Hue, Brightness and Saturation
▶
Errors in perception - illusions of size and shape
6 classes
What Is an Illusion? Why Perception Goes Wrong
The Muller-Lyer Illusion of Line Length
The Height-Width Illusion
The Ponzo Illusion and Depth Cues
The Zoellner and Poggendorf Illusions of Direction
Illusions of Size and Shape in Daily Life: Review
▶
What is meant by emotion, the basic emotions
4 classes
Nature and Expression of Emotions
Culture, Emotional Labeling, and Managing Negative Emotions
The Physiological Basis of Emotion: Brain and Body Responses
Primary Emotions and How They Combine
▶
Theories of emotion dealing with physiological, subjective and cognitive aspects
4 classes
The James-Lange Theory: Body Changes Come First
The Cannon-Bard Theory: Body and Feeling at the Same Time
The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Comparing the Three Theories of Emotion
▶
What is meant by motives, needs and instincts
4 classes
Nature of Motivation and Biological Motives
Psychosocial Motives and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Motives, Needs and Drives: Understanding the Terms
Instincts and the Instinct View of Behaviour
▶
Theories of Motivation
5 classes
Push and Pull Theories of Motivation
Optimum Arousal Theory of Motivation
Expectancy Theory of Motivation
Maslow's Needs Hierarchy as a Theory of Motivation
Comparing the Theories of Motivation
▶
Social motives
5 classes
Social Motives and How They Are Learned
The Achievement Motive
The Power Motive
Aggression as a Social Motive
Understanding and Controlling Aggression
▶
Frustration - blocking of motives; conflict among motives
6 classes
Frustration: Causes and Reactions to Blocked Motives
Conflict Among Motives: An Overview
Approach-Approach Conflict
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Approach-Avoidance and Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Coping with Frustration and Conflict
▶
What is meant by learning; how learning takes place - Classical and Operant Conditioning; Insight learning, Observational Learning and Learning Styles
8 classes
Nature of Learning and Classical Conditioning
Determinants of Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
Key Learning Processes: Reinforcement, Extinction, Generalisation, and Learned Helplessness
Observational Learning and Cognitive Learning
Factors Facilitating Learning and Learning Disabilities
Thorndike's Trial and Error Learning and the Law of Effect
Insight Learning: Kohler's Experiments with Chimpanzees
Learning Styles: Auditory, Visual and Kinesthetic
▶
Learning disabilities: definition and types
6 classes
Learning Disabilities: Meaning and Identification
Dyslexia: Difficulty with Reading
Dyscalculia: Difficulty with Numbers
Dysgraphia: Difficulty with Writing
Dyspraxia: Difficulty with Movement and Coordination
Supporting Pupils with Learning Disabilities
▶
The memory system - how it works - different models
5 classes
Nature of Memory: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, and the Stage Model
Memory Systems: Sensory, Short-term (Working Memory), and Long-term Memory
Questioning the Stage Model and the Levels of Processing View
Types of Long-term Memory: Declarative/Procedural and Episodic/Semantic
The Parallel Distributed Processing Model of Memory
▶
Why and how forgetting occurs
6 classes
The Nature and Causes of Forgetting
Enhancing Memory: Mnemonics and Study Strategies
Trace Decay and Interference as Causes of Forgetting
Retrieval Failure and Motivated Forgetting
Amnesia: Retrograde and Anterograde
Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia
▶
How memory can be improved
4 classes
Attention and Organisation as Aids to Memory
Imagery and the Method of Loci
Mnemonic Devices: Acronyms, Rhymes and Chunking
Building Memory-Friendly Study Habits
▶
What is meant by thinking
3 classes
Nature of Thinking: Mental Images and Concepts
Elements of Thought: Images, Concepts, Symbols and Language
Kinds of Thinking: Concrete, Abstract, Critical and Creative
▶
Concepts and how they are formed
4 classes
What Concepts Are and Why We Need Them
How Concepts Are Formed: Abstraction and Generalisation
Prototypes, Categories and Hierarchies of Concepts
Strategies for Attaining a Concept
▶
Reasoning - how it is carried out; common errors in reasoning, how reasoning can be made more effective. Decision making and problem solving - heuristics and algorithms
5 classes
Problem Solving: Mental Operations and Obstacles
Reasoning and Decision-Making
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Compared
Common Errors in Reasoning and Making Reasoning More Effective
Heuristics and Algorithms in Problem Solving
▶
Creative thinking - what is meant by convergent and divergent thinking; stages in creative thinking, how creativity can be fostered
5 classes
The Nature and Process of Creative Thinking
Creativity, Key Terms, Summary and Review Questions
Convergent and Divergent Thinking
Preparation, Incubation, Illumination and Verification: One Example Followed Through
Fostering Creativity in Everyday Life and in School
Economics
18 chapters
▶
Definition of Economics: Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins, Samuelson
11 classes
1. Why Economics?
1.2 Central Problems of an Economy
Needs and Wants, and Why Wants Never Stop
Choices and Limited Resources: Alternative Uses and Opportunity Cost
What Economics Deals With
2. Statistics in Economics
What the Chapter Has Shown: Scarcity, Choice and the Three Questions
Adam Smith's Wealth Definition and Its Criticisms
Marshall's Welfare Definition and Its Criticisms
Robbins' Scarcity Definition and Its Criticisms
Samuelson's Growth Definition and a Comparison of the Four Definitions
▶
Micro and Macro Economics – Meaning and Difference. Basic concepts: utility, price, value, wealth, welfare, money, market, capital, investment, income, production, consumption, saving, Business cycle,
10 classes
1.5 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
2.1 Some Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics
2.1 Utility
2.1 Utility
2.5 GDP and Welfare
Wealth, Welfare and Value Compared
Money, Price and Market
Production, Consumption and Saving
Capital, Investment and Income
The Business Cycle: Boom, Recession, Depression and Recovery
▶
Basic problems of an economy: what to produce; how to produce; for whom to produce; efficient use of resources
9 classes
1.1 A Simple Economy
1.2 Central Problems of an Economy
1.3 Organisation of Economic Activities
The Production Possibility Curve: Reading the Farmer's Table
The Three Key Questions, and What to Produce
For Whom to Produce: Four Kinds of Shoe
How to Produce: Labour-Intensive or Capital-Intensive
Efficient Use of Resources: Productive and Allocative Efficiency
Shifts in the Production Possibility Curve
▶
Types of economies: developed and developing; Economic systems: capitalism, socialism and mixed economy; mechanism used to solve the basic problems faced by each economy
14 classes
What an Economic System Is
The Planned Economy
The Market Economy
The Mixed Economy
1.3.1 The Centrally Planned Economy
1.3.2 The Market Economy
8.1-8.2 Why Compare Neighbours: A Common Starting Line, and China Before the Reforms
2.1 Introduction: planned development and economic systems
1.4 Positive and Normative Economics
Developed and Developing Economies: Features and Differences
Capitalism: Features, Merits and Demerits
Socialism: Features, Merits and Demerits
The Price Mechanism: How Demand and Supply Solve the Basic Problems
Regional and Global Groupings: SAARC, ASEAN, European Union and BRICS
▶
Introduction
10 classes
3.1 Introduction and 3.2 Background to the economic reforms of 1991
3.3 Liberalisation: deregulation, financial, tax, foreign exchange and trade reforms
3.4 Privatisation
3.5 Globalisation: outsourcing and the World Trade Organisation
3.6 Indian economy during reforms: an assessment of growth and sectors
3.6 Indian economy during reforms: reforms in agriculture, industry, disinvestment and fiscal policy
3.7 Conclusion
Foreign Trade and Integration of Markets
Liberalisation of Trade and Investment Policy
Impact of Globalisation in India
▶
Parameters of Development
8 classes
How to Compare Different Countries or States?
Income and Other Criteria, Public Facilities
4.4 Human capital and human development, and 4.5 State of human capital formation in India
8.5 Indicators of development
8.5-8.6 Reading Human Development, Liberty Indicators and Why Reforms Worked in China but Failed in Pakistan
Per Capita Income: Meaning, Calculation and Limitations
The Human Development Index: Its Three Dimensions and Computation
Comparing HDI Across India, Its Neighbours and the World
▶
Planning and Economic Development in India
10 classes
2.2 The goals of Five Year Plans: growth, modernisation, self-reliance and equity
2.3 Agriculture: land reforms
2.3 Agriculture: the Green Revolution and the debate over subsidies
2.4 Industry and trade: public and private sectors, industrial policy
2.5 Trade policy: import substitution, and the effect of policies on industrial development
2.6 Conclusion and chapter exercises
2.1-2.2 Planning, the Planning Commission and the Goals of the Five Year Plans
2.6 Conclusion: The Balance Sheet of 1950-1990 and the Road to 1991
NITI Aayog: Objectives, Structure and Role
From the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog: A Comparison
▶
Structural Changes in the Indian Economy after liberalization
7 classes
3.1-3.2 Introduction and the Background to the 1991 Crisis
3.2-3.3 The New Economic Policy and Liberalisation: Industry, Finance, Tax and Foreign Exchange
3.3-3.4 Trade Policy Reforms, Privatisation, Disinvestment and the Navratnas
3.4-3.5 Globalisation, Outsourcing and the World Trade Organisation
3.5-3.6 The WTO Debate and the Growth Record of the Reform Decades
3.6 Reforms and Agriculture, Industry, Disinvestment and Fiscal Policy
3.7 Conclusion: Globalisation as Opportunity or Threat
▶
Current challenges facing the Indian Economy
14 classes
4.1 Introduction and 4.2 What is human capital?
4.3 Sources of human capital: education, health, training, migration and information
4.3 Human capital and economic growth; education policy
4.6 Education sector in India
4.7 Future prospects and 4.8 Conclusion
5.1 Introduction and 5.2 What is rural development?
4.3 Human Capital and Economic Growth: Evidence, Causality and the Knowledge Economy
4.4-4.5 Human Capital and Human Development; Why the Government Must Step In
5.1-5.3 Rural Development: Meaning, Scope and the Case for Rural Credit
Poverty: Meaning, the Poverty Line and Measurement
Causes of Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programmes
Unemployment: Meaning and Types
Causes of Unemployment and Policy Remedies
Rural Development: Agricultural Marketing and Diversification
▶
Economic Growth and Development
5 classes
Meaning of Economic Growth and How It Is Measured
Meaning of Economic Development
Growth versus Development: The Key Differences
Factors That Promote Growth and Development
Growth without Development: Examples from Real Economies
▶
Sustainable Development
13 classes
7.1 Introduction and 7.2 Environment: definition and functions
7.2 The environmental crisis: absorptive capacity, global warming and ozone depletion
7.3 State of India's environment: land, water and forests
7.3 State of India's environment (continued): forest land, soil erosion and pollution
7.4 Sustainable development, and the start of strategies
7.5 Strategies for sustainable development: energy sources
7.5 Strategies for sustainable development: traditional knowledge, biocomposting, biopest control, and 7.6 Conclusion
7.2 Is the Crisis New? Ozone Depletion and the Reversal of Supply and Demand
5.6 Sustainable development and organic farming, and 5.7 Conclusion
7.2 The Price of Degraded Environment: Resource Costs, Health Costs and Global Warming
7.3-7.4 Why Sustainable Development: Definitions from UNCED, Brundtland and Barbier
7.4 Intergenerational Equity, Daly's Conditions and the Sustainable Development Goals
7.5 Strategies for Sustainable Development: Cleaner Energy and Traditional Knowledge
▶
Statistics: definition, scope and limitations of statistics
5 classes
3. What Is Statistics?
4. What Statistics Does?
5. Conclusion
Scope of Statistics in Economics and Other Fields
Limitations of Statistics and Its Misuse
▶
Collection, organization and presentation of data
13 classes
1. Introduction
2. What Are the Sources of Data?
3. How Do We Collect the Data?
4. Census and Sample Surveys
5. Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors
6. Census of India and Nsso
7. Conclusion
1. Introduction
2. Textual Presentation of Data
3. Tabular Presentation of Data
4. Tabulation of Data and Parts
5. Diagrammatic Presentation of Data
6. Conclusion
▶
Measures of Central Value
8 classes
1. Introduction
2. Arithmetic Mean
3. Median
Calculating the Mean by the Assumed-Mean and Step-Deviation Methods
Mode for Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series
The Relationship Between Mean, Median and Mode
Weighted Mean and Combined Mean
Numerical Practice: Choosing the Right Average
▶
Measures of dispersion
6 classes
Why Measure Dispersion? Absolute and Relative Measures
Range and Coefficient of Range
Quartile Deviation and Its Coefficient
Mean Deviation about Mean and Median
Standard Deviation: Direct and Shortcut Methods
Coefficient of Variation and Comparing Consistency
▶
Correlation
8 classes
1. Introduction
2. Types of Relationship
Techniques for Measuring Correlation
4. Conclusion
Scatter Diagrams: Reading Positive, Negative and Zero Correlation
Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation
Spearman's Rank Correlation, Including Tied Ranks
Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient and Its Limits
▶
Index numbers
13 classes
1. Introduction
2. What Is an Index Number
3. Construction of an Index Number
4. Some Important Index Numbers
5. Issues in the Construction of an
6. Index Number in Economics
7. Conclusion
Simple Index Numbers: Aggregative and Price Relative Methods
Weighted Index Numbers: Laspeyres' Method
Paasche's Method and Fisher's Ideal Index
Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Cost of Living
Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
▶
Some Mathematical Tools used in Economics
4 classes
The Equation of a Straight Line: y = mx + c
Slope of a Straight Line and Its Meaning
Plotting Straight Lines from Equations
Linear Demand, Supply and Cost Equations in Economics
Business Studies
20 chapters
▶
Meaning and features of business
3 classes
What Is a Business? Meaning and Purpose
Features of Business: Exchange, Profit Motive, Risk and Continuity
Business, Profession and Employment Compared
▶
Business objectives: Economic and social; Role of Profit in business (brief understanding)
8 classes
1.4 Objectives of Business
1.5 Classification of Objectives of Business
6.2 Concept of Social Responsibility
6.4 Kinds of Social Responsibility
Factors Affecting Business: Economic, Social and Political
Economic Objectives of Business: Profit, Growth and Innovation
Social Objectives of Business
The Role of Profit in Business
▶
Classification of business activities
8 classes
1.3 Classification of Business Activities
1.3.1 Industry
1.3.2 Commerce
1.3.3 Trade and Auxiliaries to Trade
Industry: Concept, Characteristics, Types and Nature
Commerce and Trade
Components of Business: Industry, Commerce and Trade
Industry by Size: Small, Medium and Large Enterprises
▶
Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility (meaning only)
7 classes
6.1 Introduction
6.7 Business Ethics
6.7.1 Concept of Business Ethics
6.7.2 Elements of Business Ethics
6.3.1 Arguments for Social Responsibility
6.3.2 Arguments against Social Responsibility
Business Ethics and Social Responsibility: Meaning in Brief
▶
Forms of business organisations
10 classes
2.7 Choice of Form of Business Organisation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Private Sector and Public Sector
3.3 Forms of Organising Public Sector Enterprises
3.4 Changing Role of Public Sector
3.7 Public Private Partnership (PPP)
2.1 Introduction
3.6 Joint Ventures
Forms of Enterprise and Sole Proprietorship
Comparing Private, Public and Joint Sector Organisations
▶
Types of Business Organisations under the Private Sector: Sole Proprietorship
3 classes
2.2 Sole Proprietorship
Sole Proprietorship
Merits and Demerits of Sole Proprietorship
▶
Partnership
7 classes
2.4 Partnership
2.4.1 Types of Partners
2.4.2 Types of Partnerships
2.4.3 Partnership Deed
2.4.4 Registration
Partnership: Meaning, Features and Partnership Deed
Types of Partners and Partnerships; Choosing Between the Forms
▶
Corporate Organisations
15 classes
Joint Stock Company: Meaning and Features
Private Company: Meaning and Features
Public Company: Meaning and Features
Private and Public Company Compared
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Formation of a Company
7.2.1 Promotion of a Company
7.2.2 Incorporation
7.2.3 Capital Subscription
3.5 Global Enterprises
2.6 Joint Stock Company
Joint Stock Company — Legal Formalities for Incorporation
Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association
The Prospectus: Purpose and Contents
Certificate of Commencement of Business
▶
Co-operative organisations
5 classes
2.5 Cooperative Society
2.5.1 Types of Cooperative Societies
Features of a Co-operative Society
Merits and Demerits of Co-operative Societies
Multi-State Co-operative Societies
▶
e-Business
11 classes
5.2 e-Business
5.2.1 Scope of e-Business
5.3 Benefits of e-Business
5.4 Limitations of e-Business
5.5 Online Transactions
5.6 Security and Safety of e-Transactions: e-Business Risks
5.7 Resources Required for Successful e-business Implementation
5.1 Introduction
Money Collection: How Payment Is Taken Across Different Kinds of Sales
Blockchain and Its Use in e-Business
Payment Mechanisms in e-Business
▶
e-Commerce
3 classes
What Q-Commerce Is and How Quick Delivery Works
Artificial Intelligence in e-Commerce
Advantages and Challenges of e-Commerce Platforms
▶
e-Banking
5 classes
Electronic Fund Transfers: RTGS and NEFT
Instant Payments: IMPS and UPI
e-Wallets and Mobile Banking
Debit Cards and Credit Cards Compared
The Demand Draft as a Banking Instrument
▶
Wholesale trade
4 classes
10.3 Wholesale Trade
10.3.1 Services to Manufacturers
10.3.2 Services to Retailers
Meaning and Features of Wholesale Trade
▶
Retail trade
12 classes
10.4 Retail Trade
10.4.1 Services to Manufacturers and Wholesalers
10.4.2 Services to Consumers
10.5 Types of Retailing Trade
10.5.1 Itinerant Retailers
10.5.2 Fixed Shop Retailers
Retail Trade and the Departmental Store
Multiple Shops (Chain Stores)
Non-Store Retailing: Mail Order Business and Tele-Shopping
Automated Vending Machines and Selling Through the Internet
Features of Retail Trade
Digital and Omnichannel Retailing
▶
Risks in business
5 classes
1.6 Business Risk
1.6.1 Nature of Business Risks
1.6.2 Cause of Business Risks
The Concept of Risk Taking: Internal and External Risks
Insurable and Non-Insurable Business Risks
▶
Insurance
5 classes
4.5 Insurance
4.5.1 Fundamental principle of Insurance
4.5.2 Functions of Insurance
Banking and Insurance
Meaning and Features of Insurance
▶
Principles of insurance
5 classes
4.5.3 Principles of Insurance
4.5.4 Types of Insurance
Utmost Good Faith and Insurable Interest
Indemnity, Contribution and Subrogation
Causa Proxima: The Nearest Cause
▶
Concept of re-insurance and double insurance
2 classes
Re-Insurance: Meaning and Why Insurers Use It
Double Insurance: Meaning and Its Effect on Claims
▶
Concept of assurance; Comparison between assurance and insurance
2 classes
Assurance: Meaning and How It Works
Assurance and Insurance Compared
▶
Types of insurance
8 classes
4.6 Communication Services
Life Insurance
Health Insurance
Fire Insurance
Marine Insurance
Motor Insurance
Social Insurance
Fidelity Insurance
Accountancy
31 chapters
▶
A brief history of Accounting
3 classes
The Story of Accounting: From Early Records to Double Entry
Accounting in India and the Modern Profession
How Accounting Grew with Trade, Companies and Technology
▶
Basic Terms
4 classes
1.5 Basic Terms in Accounting
Business Entity, Assets, Liabilities, Capital and Dual Aspect
The Accounting Equation and the Effect of Transactions
Vouchers and Supporting Documents
▶
Meaning and definition of Book-keeping, Accounting and Accountancy
6 classes
Book Keeping: Meaning, Need, Objectives and Advantages
Introduction to Book Keeping and Accounting
Accounting: Meaning, Objectives, Advantages and Users
1.1 Meaning of Accounting
1.2 Accounting as a Source of Information
Book-keeping and Accounting Compared, and the Accounting Cycle
▶
Stakeholders of accounting information
1 class
Stakeholders and Their Information Needs
▶
Specialised fields of accounting
3 classes
Financial Accounting: Purpose and Scope
Cost Accounting: Tracking the Cost of Producing Goods
Management Accounting and How the Three Fields Differ
▶
GAAP
5 classes
2.1 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
2.2 Basic Accounting Concepts - I
2.2 Basic Accounting Concepts - II
Business Entity, Dual Aspect and the Accounting Equation
Need for Adjustments
▶
Basis of accounting
2 classes
2.3 Systems and Basis of Accounting
Cash Basis and Accrual Basis Compared with Examples
▶
Accounting Standards
2 classes
2.5 Accounting Standards and GST
What Accounting Standards Are and Why Businesses Follow Them
▶
IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)
2 classes
What IFRS Are and Why the World Wants One Language of Accounts
IFRS and Indian Accounting Standards: A Short Comparison
▶
Accounting equation
3 classes
3.2 Accounting Equation
Solving Accounting Equation Problems: Assets, Liabilities and Capital
Usefulness of the Accounting Equation and Practice Sums
▶
Journal
9 classes
Journal and Subsidiary Books
Need for Journal and Journal Entries
Journal Proper
3.4 Journal
Marshalling of Assets and Liabilities, and the Opening Entry
Classification of Accounts: Personal, Real and Nominal
Rules of Debit and Credit and Double Entry in Practice
Simple and Compound Journal Entries
GST in Journal Entries: Input and Output Tax
▶
Ledger
9 classes
Ledger: Meaning, Importance and Form
Ledger, Posting and Balancing of Accounts
Posting from Journal to Ledger
Balancing of Ledger Accounts
3.5 The Ledger
3.6 Posting from Journal to Ledger
Balancing Ledger Accounts
Closing Entries for the Trading and Profit and Loss Account
Closing Stock as an Adjustment
▶
Sub-division of journal
12 classes
Subsidiary Books I: Purchase, Sales and Return Books
Subsidiary Books II: Cash Book Overview and Journal Proper
4.1 Cash Book: Single Column
4.1 Double Column Cash Book
4.1 Petty Cash Book
Balancing the Cash Book
Purchases Book and Purchases Return Book
Sales Book and Sales Return Book
Necessity of the Cash Book and the Simple Cash Book
Cash Book and Petty Cash Book
Double Column Cash Book: Cash and Discount Columns
Petty Cash Book on the Imprest System
▶
Trial Balance
6 classes
Meaning and Objectives of a Trial Balance
Preparing a Trial Balance: Three Methods
Why a Tallied Trial Balance Isn't Proof: Classifying Errors
Trial Balance: Meaning, Objectives, Features, Format and What It Proves
Preparing a Trial Balance by the Balance Method
Trial Balance by the Balance Method
▶
Bank Reconciliation Statement
10 classes
Cash Book, Pass Book and Why They Differ
Reasons for Difference and Their Effect on Each Balance
Preparing the BRS Starting from the Cash Book Balance
Preparing the BRS Starting from the Pass Book Balance, Overdraft and Mixed Problems
5.1 Need for Reconciliation
5.1 Timing Differences
5.1 Differences Caused by Errors
Preparing the BRS: Rules and a Worked Example
BRS Practice: Overdrafts and Error Adjustments
The Amended Cash Book: Correcting the Books Before Reconciling
▶
Depreciation
14 classes
Depreciation: Meaning, Causes and Need
Straight Line Method
Diminishing Balance (Written Down Value) Method
Fixed Asset Accounting: Journal Entries, Asset Account and Comparing the Two Methods
Depreciation: Meaning and Related Terms
Causes and Need for Depreciation
Factors Affecting the Amount of Depreciation
The Straight Line and Written Down Value Methods
Straight Line vs Written Down Value: A Comparative Analysis
Recording Depreciation: Two Methods, With Worked Examples
More Practice: Recording Depreciation with a Provision for Depreciation Account
Disposal of an Asset: The Asset Disposal Account
Practice: More Asset Disposal Problems
Additions to an Existing Asset
▶
Bills of Exchange
6 classes
Bills of Exchange: Nature, Parties and Terms
Maturity Date, Grace Days and Journal Entries When the Bill Is Retained
Discounting a Bill and Endorsing a Bill
Bills in the Books of Drawer and Drawee: Mixed Problems
Negotiable Instruments: Promissory Notes, Bills and Cheques
Ledger Accounts for Bills Receivable and Bills Payable, and Dishonour of a Bill
▶
Capital and Revenue Expenditure/Income
4 classes
Capital and Revenue Expenditure
Capital and Revenue Receipts
Deferred Revenue Expenditure and Classification Practice
Capital vs Revenue: Expenditure and Receipts
▶
Provisions and Reserves
3 classes
Provisions
Reserves: Meaning, Types, and Reserve vs Provision
Revenue vs Capital Reserves, and the Secret Reserve
▶
Trading, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of a sole trader, (Horizontal Format) without adjustments
10 classes
Financial Statements and the Trading Account
The Profit and Loss Account
The Balance Sheet
Closing Stock and Gross Profit / Net Profit Calculations
Preparing Final Accounts from a Trial Balance: Full Worked Problems
The Trading Account: Relevant Items
Gross Profit and Net Profit
Cost of Goods Sold and Closing Stock
The Balance Sheet: Preparation and Relevant Items
Financial Statements: Purpose and Overview
▶
Preparation of Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet with necessary adjustments
10 classes
Outstanding and Prepaid Expenses
Accrued Income and Income Received in Advance
Depreciation as an Adjustment
Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts
Provision for Discount on Debtors
Manager's Commission
Interest on Capital and Interest on Drawings
Practice: A Full Adjusted Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet
Practice: More Adjustments Combined
Practice: Manager's Commission and Interest Together
▶
Marshalling of a Balance Sheet
3 classes
Marshalling the Balance Sheet: Order of Liquidity
Marshalling the Balance Sheet: Order of Permanence
Practice: Arranging a Balance Sheet in Both Orders
▶
Adjusting, closing and transfer entries
3 classes
Adjusting Entries at the Close of the Year
Closing Entries for Nominal Accounts
Transfer Entries to Capital Account and Practice
▶
Types of Errors
4 classes
Rectifying Errors That Don't Affect the Trial Balance
Errors of Omission and Errors of Commission
Errors of Principle and Compensating Errors
Classifying Errors: Which Ones the Trial Balance Reveals
▶
Rectification of errors after the preparation of trial balance and through suspense account if required
2 classes
The Suspense Account: Rectifying Errors That Do Affect the Trial Balance
Practice: Full Rectification Problems, With and Without a Suspense Account
▶
Rectification of errors after the preparation of Final Accounts through P/L Adjustment A/c if required
3 classes
Why Errors Found After Final Accounts Need a Different Method
The Profit and Loss Adjustment Account Explained
Practice: Rectification Through the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account
▶
Preparation of Suspense Account
3 classes
Why a Suspense Account Is Opened and How the Difference Arises
Preparing the Suspense Account Step by Step
Practice: Closing the Suspense Account After Rectification
▶
Introduction to Not-for-profit-Organisation
5 classes
What a Not-for-profit Organisation Is: Meaning and Objectives
Why Clubs, Societies and Trusts Need Their Own Accounts
Special Items: Subscriptions, Donations and Legacies
Special Items: Entrance Fees, Life Membership and Special Funds
Special Items: Sale of Old Assets, Stock of Stationery and Sports Material
▶
Different accounting books maintained and differences among them
5 classes
Books a Not-for-profit Organisation Keeps
The Receipts and Payments Account
The Income and Expenditure Account
Receipts and Payments Account Compared with Income and Expenditure Account
The Balance Sheet of a Not-for-profit Organisation
▶
Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account and Closing Balance Sheet
4 classes
From Receipts and Payments Account to Income and Expenditure Account: Method
Preparing Income and Expenditure Account: Worked Problem
Preparing the Closing Balance Sheet of a Club
Practice: Complete Final Accounts of a Society with Adjustments
▶
Computerised Accounting System (CAS)
6 classes
Understanding the Computerised Accounting System
Salient Features of a Computerised Accounting System
Grouping and Coding of Accounts
Using CAS Software: Security Features, Advantages and Limitations
Accounting Information System: Meaning and Core Sub-systems
Accounting Information System: Remaining Sub-systems and MIS
Entrepreneurship
20 chapters
▶
Entrepreneur
6 classes
The Concept of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur, and Enterprise
Types of Entrepreneurs by Business, Technology, Motivation, and Generation
Competencies of an Entrepreneur
Functions of an Entrepreneur
Attitudes and Motivation of an Entrepreneur
Ethical Entrepreneurship
▶
Entrepreneurial Motivation: Types of motivation; Theory of Achievement Motivation
4 classes
McClelland's Theory, Entrepreneur vs Employee, and Intrapreneurship
Finding and Listing Motives (Needs and Desires)
Sources of Motivation and Inspiration
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
▶
Introduction to Entrepreneurship
8 classes
Myths, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Entrepreneurship
The Process of Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship: Concept and Characteristics
1.7 Starting a Business — Basic Factors
The Need for Entrepreneurship in the Economy
Barriers to Entrepreneurship, Business Incubation, and Government Support
Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship
Types of Entrepreneurships
▶
Entrepreneurship as a Catalyst for Innovation
4 classes
Innovations Leading to Entrepreneurial Ventures
Trend Spotting, Creativity & Innovation, Selecting the Right Opportunity
Invention and Innovation: How They Differ
Types of Innovation: Product, Process, Marketing and Organisational
▶
Intrapreneurship
4 classes
What Intrapreneurship Means
Characteristics of an Intrapreneur
Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship Compared
Encouraging Intrapreneurship Inside an Organisation
▶
Business Ideas
7 classes
Generating and Evaluating Business Ideas
Feasibility Study and Opportunity Assessment
Problem Identification & Idea Generation (Idea Fields)
Idea & Opportunity Assessment, Market Assessment
Exploring Opportunities — Sensing, Factors & Environment Scanning (PESTEL)
Techniques for Exploring Business Ideas
Screening Business Ideas
▶
Assessing Business Attractiveness
6 classes
Why Assess the Attractiveness of a Business
Technical Analysis of a Business Idea
Market Analysis of a Business Idea
Financial Analysis of a Business Idea
Organisational Analysis of a Business Idea
Competition Analysis
▶
Business Plans
5 classes
Preparing and Executing a Business Plan
Feasibility Study vs Business Plan, and the Role of Family and Society
Functions of a Business Plan
Format of a Business Plan
Drafting a Simple Business Plan Step by Step
▶
Reasons for failure in business plans
3 classes
Quality, Timeliness and Business Failure
Common Reasons Why Business Plans Fail
Learning from Failed Plans and Rebuilding
▶
Emergence of India as a Global Startup Hub
5 classes
9.9.1 Why is IPR Important for Entrepreneurs?
9.7 MSME and Entrepreneurship Development
India's Rise as a Global Startup Hub
The Startup India Action Plan 2016
Obstacles Faced by Startups in India
▶
Sustainable Development
3 classes
What Sustainable Development Means
Why Sustainable Development Is Important
Pillars of Sustainable Development: Economic, Social and Environmental
▶
Sustainability in Business
3 classes
Why Businesses Need Sustainability
Sustainable Practices in Business Operations
Benefits of Sustainable Business Practices
▶
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
9 classes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Concept of Social Responsibility
6.3 Need for Social Responsibility
6.3.1 Arguments for Social Responsibility
6.3.2 Arguments against Social Responsibility
6.3.3 Reality of Social Responsibility
6.4 Kinds of Social Responsibility
6.5 Social Responsibility Towards Different Interest Groups
6.6 Business and Environmental Protection
▶
Business Ethics
4 classes
6.7 Business Ethics
6.7.1 Concept of Business Ethics
6.7.2 Elements of Business Ethics
Significance of Business Ethics
▶
Corporate Governance
4 classes
What Corporate Governance Means
Why Good Corporate Governance Matters
The National Foundation for Corporate Governance (NFCG)
Role of NFCG in Promoting Good Governance
▶
Key Acts and Regulations Governing Entrepreneurship in India
9 classes
9.2 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
9.3 Role of MSME
9.9.2 Types of IPs
Private Company: Meaning and Features
3.3.3 Government Company
The Companies Act 2013 and Entrepreneurs
The MSMED Act and Its Provisions
The Patents Act and Protecting an Invention
Other Laws Governing Entrepreneurship in India
▶
Government Schemes for Entrepreneurs
7 classes
9.5 Problems Associated With MSME
Startup India Scheme
Stand-Up India Scheme
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)
TREAD Scheme for Women Entrepreneurs
MSME Champions Scheme
▶
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
3 classes
What Artificial Intelligence Means
How AI Works in Simple Terms
AI in Everyday Life and Business
▶
Impact of AI Tools on Entrepreneurship
4 classes
AI Tools Used by Entrepreneurs
How AI Tools Help Start and Run a Business
Benefits and Limits of AI Tools for Entrepreneurs
Choosing and Using AI Tools Wisely
▶
Ethical Concerns of AI
4 classes
Ethical Concerns of AI: An Overview
Bias and Fairness in AI Systems
Privacy and Data Protection with AI
Responsible Use of AI in Business
Mathematics
15 chapters
▶
Sets
19 classes
Introduction to Sets
Representing Sets — Roster Form and Set-Builder Form
The Empty Set
Finite and Infinite Sets
Equal Sets
Subsets
Subsets of the Set of Real Numbers and Intervals
The Universal Set
Venn Diagrams
Union of Sets
Intersection of Sets and Disjoint Sets
Difference of Sets
Complement of a Set and De Morgan's Laws
Chapter Review — Miscellaneous Examples and Summary
Subsets, Cardinality and Power Set
Union and Intersection of Sets
Finite and Infinite Sets
Exercise 1.2, and Venn Diagrams
Complement of a Set
▶
Relations & Functions
9 classes
Ordered Pairs and the Cartesian Product of Sets
The Cartesian Product of Sets — Worked Examples
Relations: Domain, Codomain and Range
Functions — Definition and Basic Examples
Standard Real Functions and Their Graphs
The Algebra of Real Functions
Miscellaneous Examples — Applying Relations and Functions
Chapter Summary and Historical Note
Exercise 3.3 (Question 2), Identity and Constant Functions
▶
Trigonometry
17 classes
3.1 Introduction and 3.2 Angles
3.2.1 Degree Measure and 3.2.2 Radian Measure
3.2.3-3.2.4 Radians, Real Numbers and Degree Conversion
3.3 Trigonometric Functions (unit circle definitions)
3.3.1 Sign of Trigonometric Functions
3.3.2 Domain, Range and Behaviour of Trig Functions
3.4 Sum and Difference Formulas for Sine and Cosine
Sum and Difference Formulas for Tangent and Cotangent
Double Angle and Triple Angle Identities
Sum-to-Product and Product-to-Sum Identities
Worked Applications of the Identities (Examples 10-17, Ex 3.3)
Miscellaneous Applications: Combining Several Identities
Chapter Summary and Historical Note
The Area of a Sector of Angle Theta
The Length of an Arc of a Sector
Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions
Half Angle Formulae for Sine, Cosine and Tangent
▶
Complex Numbers
10 classes
Why We Need Complex Numbers
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
Powers of i, Square Roots of Negative Numbers and Key Identities
Modulus and Conjugate of a Complex Number
The Argand Plane
Chapter Review: Worked Problems, Summary and the History of Complex Numbers
Argument of a Complex Number and the Polar Form
Square Root of a Complex Number
Cube Roots of Unity and Their Properties
▶
Quadratic Equations
12 classes
4.2 What a Quadratic Equation Is, and Its Standard Form
4.3 Roots of a Quadratic Equation, and Example 3
Examples 4 and 5: Factorisation, and a Root That Repeats
4.4 Nature of Roots: The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant
Examples 7 and 8: The Discriminant at Work, and the Pole in the Park
Example 9, and Exercise 4.3
4.4 Nature of Roots
Quadratic Equations Having a Common Root
Quadratic Functions and the Shape of Their Graphs
Sign of a Quadratic Expression for Different Values of x
Solving Linear Inequalities in One Variable
Solving Quadratic Inequalities
▶
Permutations and Combinations
14 classes
Introduction and the Fundamental Principle of Counting
Combining the Addition and Multiplication Principles
Permutations - Meaning and Arranging Distinct Objects
Factorial Notation
The Formula nPr, and Permutations with Repetition
Permutations of Objects Not All Distinct - the Theory
Applying nPr - Numbers, Digits and Solving for n or r
Permutations with Restrictions - Letters, Vowels and Fixed Positions
Combinations - Meaning and the Formula nCr
Applying Combinations - Committees and Card Selections
Combining Permutations and Combinations - Selecting and Arranging Together
Combining Permutations and Combinations - Ordering and Positioning Problems
Chapter Review - Summary and the History of Permutations and Combinations
Circular Permutations: Arranging Objects Around a Table
▶
Binomial Theorem
8 classes
Why We Need the Binomial Theorem
Pascal's Triangle: A Pattern for the Coefficients
From Pascal's Triangle to Combinations
The Binomial Theorem: Statement and Proof by Induction
The General Term and Special Cases
Worked Applications of the Binomial Theorem
Exercises, Summary and the History of the Theorem
Finding the Middle Term or Terms of a Binomial Expansion
▶
Sequence and Series
16 classes
What Is a Sequence? Meaning, Notation and the General Term
From Sequence to Series: Sigma Notation and Building New Sequences
Geometric Progressions: A Constant Ratio, and Their General Term
Summing a G.P.: Deriving the Formula and Its First Uses
More Sums in a G.P., and What Happens as the Number of Terms Grows Without Bound
Geometric Mean: Inserting Terms Between Two Numbers in a G.P.
Arithmetic Mean vs Geometric Mean: Why A Is Never Less Than G
Bringing It Together: Worked Miscellaneous Problems on G.P.
5.2 What an Arithmetic Progression Is
5.3 The nth Term of an AP
Deriving the Sum Formula, and Its Other Forms
The Method of Differences (Example 7)
A Faster Method: nth Term by Combinations
Chapter Summary, Revision Checklist, and the Story Behind These Ideas
A Historical Note, and Infinite GP Practice (Examples 4-5)
Special Series: Sums of Natural Numbers, Their Squares and Their Cubes
▶
Straight Lines
14 classes
Revisiting Coordinate Geometry: A Quick Recall
Slope of a Line and the Angle of Inclination
Finding the Slope from Two Given Points
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines: Conditions on Slope
The Angle Between Two Lines, and Testing Collinearity by Slope
The Point-Slope Form, and Lines Parallel to the Axes
The Two-Point Form and the Slope-Intercept Form
The Intercept Form and the General Equation of a Line
The Distance of a Point From a Line
Distance Between Two Parallel Lines, and the Chapter's Harder Problems
A Line Through a Fixed Point - Exercise 4.4
The Section Formula: Internal and External Division of a Line Segment
Family of Lines Through the Intersection of Two Lines
Locus of a Moving Point and Finding Its Equation
▶
Circles
9 classes
The Circle as a Locus and Its Standard Equation
Circles with Centre at the Origin and Circles Touching the Axes
Equation of a Circle in Diameter Form
The General Equation of a Circle: Finding Centre and Radius
Circle Through Three Points and Other Given Conditions
Intercepts Made by a Circle on the Coordinate Axes
The Parametric Form of a Circle
Relative Position of Two Circles: Intersecting, Touching and Separate
Mixed Problems on Circles
▶
Conic Section
10 classes
Sections of a Cone: How One Surface Gives Four Curves
The Circle: Definition and Standard Equation
The Parabola: Definition and Standard Equations
The Parabola: Latus Rectum and Worked Problems
The Ellipse: Definition, Axes and Eccentricity
The Ellipse: Latus Rectum and Worked Problems
The Hyperbola: Definition, Eccentricity and Standard Equation
The Hyperbola: Latus Rectum and Worked Problems
Conics at Work: Real-Life Applications
Chapter Review: Summary and the History of Conic Sections
▶
Introduction to three-dimensional Geometry
6 classes
Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in Three Dimensions
Coordinates of a Point in Space
Distance Between Two Points
Chapter Summary and Working Through the Exercises
The Section Formula in Three Dimensions
Midpoint of a Segment and Centroid of a Triangle in Space
▶
Limits and Derivatives
14 classes
Introduction to Calculus and Rates of Change
The Falling-Body Problem - Estimating Instantaneous Velocity
The Geometric Picture - From Secant to Tangent
The Intuitive Idea of a Limit
Left-Hand and Right-Hand Limits
The Algebra of Limits
Limits of Polynomial and Rational Functions
Comparing Functions - the Sandwich Theorem
The Standard Trigonometric Limits
Derivatives - Definition and the First Principles Method
The Algebra of Derivatives - Sum, Product and Quotient Rules
Derivatives of Polynomial and Trigonometric Functions
Chapter Review - Miscellaneous Examples and Summary
Indeterminate Forms and Evaluating Limits by Factorisation and Rationalisation
▶
Statistics
9 classes
Why We Need Measures of Dispersion, and the Range
Mean Deviation About the Mean and the Median (Ungrouped Data)
Mean Deviation for a Discrete Frequency Distribution
Mean Deviation for a Continuous Distribution, the Step-Deviation Shortcut, and Its Limits
Variance and Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data
Standard Deviation of Discrete and Continuous Frequency Distributions
The Shortcut (Step-Deviation) Method for Variance and Standard Deviation
Putting Dispersion to Work: Miscellaneous Problems and Chapter Review
Combined Mean and Combined Standard Deviation of Two Groups
▶
Probability
9 classes
Random Experiments, Sample Space and Events as Subsets
Types of Events: Impossible, Sure, Simple and Compound
The Algebra of Events: Complement, 'Or', 'And' and 'But Not'
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events
The Axiomatic Approach to Probability
Equally Likely Outcomes, the Addition Rule, and 'Not A'
Worked Practice: Combining 'Or', 'And' and 'Not'
Worked Applications: The Miscellaneous Examples
Chapter Summary, Historical Note and Review
Physics
14 chapters
▶
Physical World and Measurement
6 classes
Introduction and the International System of Units
Significant Figures
Dimensions, Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
1.4.2 Significant Figures
Errors in Measurement: Absolute, Relative and Percentage Error
▶
Motion in a Straight Line
9 classes
Motion, Position and the Idea of Instantaneous Velocity
Acceleration and Velocity-Time Graphs
Deriving the Kinematic Equations of Motion
Applying the Kinematic Equations: Free Fall and Real-World Problems
Reading a Position-Time Graph
Velocity-Time Graphs: Shape and Slope
2.2 Frame of Reference
Speed, Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
Uniform and Non-uniform Motion Along a Straight Line
▶
Motion in a Plane
6 classes
Scalars, Vectors and How to Add Them
Resolving Vectors and Adding Them by Components
Motion in a Plane: Position, Velocity and Acceleration
Projectile Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
Relative Velocity in One and Two Dimensions
▶
Laws of Motion
5 classes
Aristotle's Fallacy, Inertia and Newton's First Law
Momentum, Newton's Second Law and Impulse
Newton's Third Law, Conservation of Momentum and Equilibrium
Common Forces in Mechanics and Friction
Circular Motion, Banked Roads and Solving Problems with Free-Body Diagrams
▶
Work, Power and Energy
5 classes
The Scalar Product, Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy, Variable Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem
Potential Energy and the Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Spring Potential Energy, Non-Conservative Forces and Power
Collisions in One and Two Dimensions
▶
Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
7 classes
Rigid Bodies, Kinds of Motion and the Centre of Mass
Motion of the Centre of Mass and Linear Momentum of a System
The Vector Product, Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
Torque, Angular Momentum and Their Conservation
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body, Couples, Moments and Centre of Gravity
Moment of Inertia and Kinematics of Rotation
Dynamics of Rotation, Angular Momentum About a Fixed Axis
▶
Gravitation
5 classes
From Falling Bodies to Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, the Constant G and g on the Earth
Variation of g and Gravitational Potential Energy
Escape Speed and Earth Satellites
Energy of an Orbiting Satellite and the Chapter's Ideas
▶
Mechanical Properties of Solids
4 classes
Elasticity, Stress, Strain and the Stress-Strain Curve
Young's Modulus and Shear Modulus
Bulk Modulus, Poisson's Ratio and Elastic Potential Energy
Applications of Elastic Behaviour and Design of Structures
▶
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
6 classes
Fluids, Pressure, Pascal's Law and Variation of Pressure with Depth
Atmospheric and Gauge Pressure, Barometer, Manometer and Hydraulic Machines
Streamline Flow, Equation of Continuity, Bernoulli's Principle and Torricelli's Law
Dynamic Lift, Viscosity and Stokes' Law
Surface Energy, Surface Tension and Angle of Contact
Drops, Bubbles, Capillary Rise and the Chapter's Ideas
▶
Thermal Properties of Matter
6 classes
Temperature, Heat, Thermometers and the Ideal Gas Scale
Thermal Expansion
Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
Change of State and Latent Heat
Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection
Radiation, Blackbody Radiation and Newton's Law of Cooling
▶
Thermodynamics
6 classes
Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Heat, Internal Energy, Work and the First Law of Thermodynamics
Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Gases
State Variables and Thermodynamic Processes
The Second Law, Reversible and Irreversible Processes
Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes
▶
Kinetic Theory
5 classes
Molecular Nature of Matter and the Behaviour of Gases
Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas: the Pressure of a Gas
The Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature and rms Speed
Law of Equipartition of Energy and Specific Heats of Gases
Specific Heat of Solids and the Mean Free Path
▶
Oscillations
6 classes
Periodic and Oscillatory Motion: Period, Frequency and Displacement
Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle
Velocity, Acceleration and the Force Law of SHM
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
The Simple Pendulum
Oscillations of a Spring: Time Period and Spring Constant
▶
Waves
6 classes
What Is a Wave? Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Displacement Relation in a Progressive Wave
The Speed of a Travelling Wave and the Speed of Sound
The Principle of Superposition and Reflection of Waves
Standing Waves and Normal Modes of Strings and Pipes
Beats and the End-of-Chapter Problems
Chemistry
9 chapters
▶
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
13 classes
1.5.1 Law of Conservation of Mass
1.5.2 Law of Definite Proportions
1.5.3 Law of Multiple Proportions
1.5.4 Gay Lussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes
1.5.5 Avogadro's Law
1.6 Dalton's Atomic Theory and 1.7.1 Atomic Mass
1.7.2 Average Atomic Mass
1.7.3 Molecular Mass
1.7.4 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
1.8 Mole Concept, 1.9 Percentage Composition and 1.9.1 Empirical Formula
1.9.1 Empirical Formula (worked example, contd.) and 1.10 Stoichiometry
1.10 Stoichiometric Calculations and 1.10.1 Limiting Reagent
1.10.2 Reactions in Solutions — Concentration Terms
▶
Structure of Atom
30 classes
2.1 Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles
2.1.1 Discovery of Electron
2.1.2 Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron
2.1.3 Charge on the Electron
2.1.4 Discovery of Protons and Neutrons
2.2.1 Thomson Model of Atom
2.2.2 Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
2.2.3 Atomic Number and Mass Number
2.2.4 Isobars and Isotopes
2.2.5 Drawbacks of Rutherford Model
2.3.1 Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
2.3.2 Particle Nature of Electromagnetic
2.3.3 Evidence
2.4.1 Explanation of Line Spectrum of
2.4.2 Limitations of Bohr’s Model
2.5.1 Dual Behaviour of Matter
2.5.2 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
2.6 Quantum Mechanical Model of
2.6.2 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
2.6.3 Energies of Orbitals
2.6.4 Filling of Orbitals in Atom
2.6.5 Electronic Configuration of Atoms
2.6.6 Stability of Completely Filled and
6.1 Discovery of Subatomic Particles
6.4 Limitation of Rutheford Model of Atom
6.5 Bohr’s model
6.6 Check Your Understanding
Bohr's Model of the Atom
Checkpoint: The Three Subatomic Particles
Chapter 6 Review: Check Your Understanding
▶
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
14 classes
3.1 Why do we Need to Classify Elements?
3.2 Genesis of Periodic Classification
3.3 Modern Periodic Law and the Present Form of the Periodic Table
3.4 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100
3.5 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table
3.6.1 The s-Block Elements
3.6.2 The p-Block Elements
3.6.3 The d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)
3.6.4 The f-Block Elements (Inner-Transition Elements)
3.6.5 Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
3.7 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements
3.7.1 Trends in Physical Properties
3.7.2 Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties
3.7.3 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity
▶
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
34 classes
4.1 KÖssel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
4.1.1 Octet Rule
4.1.2 Covalent Bond
4.1.3 Lewis Representation of Simple
4.1.4 Formal Charge
4.1.5 Limitations of the Octet Rule
4.2 Ionic (Electrovalent) Bond and 4.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy
4.3 Bond Parameters
4.3.1 Bond Length
4.3.2 Bond Angle
4.3.3 Bond Enthalpy
4.3.4 Bond Order
4.3.5 Resonance Structures
4.3.6 Polarity of Bonds
4.4 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
4.5 Valence Bond Theory
4.5.1 Orbital Overlap Concept
4.5.2 Directional Properties of Bonds
4.5.3 Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals
4.5.4 Types of Overlapping and Nature of
4.5.5 Strength of Sigma and pi Bonds
4.6 Hybridisation
4.6.1 Types of Hybridisation
4.6.2 Other Examples of sp3, sp2 and sp
4.6.3 Hybridisation of Elements
4.7 Molecular Orbital Theory
4.7.1 Formation of Molecular Orbitals
4.7.2 Conditions for the Combination of Atomic Orbitals
4.7.3 Types of Molecular Orbitals
4.7.4 Energy Level Diagram for Molecular Orbitals
4.7.5 Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour
4.8 Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules and 4.9 Hydrogen Bonding
4.9.1 Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond
4.9.2 Types of H-Bonds
▶
Chemical Thermodynamics
11 classes
5.1 Thermodynamic Terms: System, Surroundings and Types of Systems
5.1.3-5.1.4 The State of the System and Internal Energy as a State Function
Heat, the First Law of Thermodynamics and Pressure-Volume Work
Enthalpy as a New State Function and Heat Capacity
Extensive and Intensive Properties, Cp-Cv Relation and Calorimetry
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction, Phase Transformations and Enthalpy of Formation
Thermochemical Equations and Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation
Enthalpies of Combustion, Atomization, Bond, Lattice, Solution and Dilution
Spontaneity and Entropy
Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity; the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
▶
Equilibrium
35 classes
6.1.1 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
6.1.2 Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium
6.1.3 Solid – Vapour Equilibrium
6.1.4 Equilibrium Involving Dissolution
6.1.5 General Characteristics of
6.4 Homogeneous Equilibria
6.4.1 Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems
6.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria
6.6.1 Predicting the Extent of a
6.6.2 Predicting the Direction of the Reaction
6.6.3 Calculating Equilibrium
6.8.1 Effect of Concentration Change
6.8.2 Effect of Pressure Change
6.8.3 Effect of Inert Gas Addition
6.8.4 Effect of Temperature Change
6.8.5 Effect of a Catalyst
6.9 Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
6.10 Acids, Bases and Salts
6.10.1 Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
6.10.2 The Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
6.10.3 Lewis Acids and Bases
6.11 Ionization of Acids and Bases
6.11.1 The Ionization Constant of Water
6.11.2 The pH Scale
6.11.3 Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
6.11.5 Relation between Ka and Kb
6.11.6 Di- and Polybasic Acids and Di-
6.11.8 Common Ion Effect in the
6.11.7 Factors Affecting Acid Strength
6.11.9 Hydrolysis of Salts and the pH of their Solutions
6.12 Buffer Solutions
6.12.1 Designing Buffer Solution
6.13 Solubility Equilibria of
6.13.1 Solubility Product Constant
6.13.2 Common Ion Effect on Solubility
▶
Redox Reactions
7 classes
Classical Idea of Redox Reactions – Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions
Oxidation Number
Types of Redox Reactions
Balancing of Redox Reactions
Redox Reactions as the Basis for Titrations, and the Limitations of the Concept of Oxidation Number
Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
▶
Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
12 classes
General Introduction & Tetravalence of Carbon
Structural Representations of Organic Molecules
Classification of Organic Compounds
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
Nomenclature of Compounds with Functional Groups & Substituted Benzene
Isomerism: Structural and Stereoisomerism
Organic Reaction Mechanism: Fission, Substrate, Nucleophiles & Electrophiles
Electron Displacement Effects: Inductive Effect and Resonance
Resonance Effect, Electromeric Effect, Hyperconjugation & Types of Reactions
Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds
Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
▶
Hydrocarbons
16 classes
9.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons
9.2 Alkanes: Structure, Nomenclature and Isomerism
9.2.2 Alkanes: Preparation
9.2.3 Alkanes: Physical and Chemical Properties
9.2.4 Alkanes: Conformations
9.3 Alkenes: Structure of the Double Bond and Nomenclature
9.3.3 Alkenes: Isomerism (Structural and Geometrical)
9.3.4 Alkenes: Preparation
9.3.5 Alkenes: Properties (Addition Reactions and Markovnikov's Rule)
9.4 Alkynes: Nomenclature, Isomerism and Structure of the Triple Bond
9.4.3-9.4.4 Alkynes: Preparation and Properties
9.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and Structure of Benzene
9.5.3-9.5.4 Aromaticity and Preparation of Benzene
9.5.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
9.5.6 Directive Influence of Substituents in Benzene
9.6 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity
Biology
19 chapters
▶
The Living World
2 classes
1.1 Diversity in the Living World
1.2 Taxonomic Categories
▶
Biological Classification
6 classes
Why Classification Systems Changed -- the Five Kingdoms
2.1 Kingdom Monera
2.2 Kingdom Protista
2.3 Kingdom Fungi
2.4 and 2.5 -- Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia (a preview)
2.6 Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens
▶
Plant Kingdom
6 classes
How Plants Are Classified
3.1 Algae
3.2 Bryophytes
3.3 Pteridophytes
3.4 Gymnosperms
3.5 Angiosperms
▶
Animal Kingdom
9 classes
4.1 Basis of Classification
4.2.1-4.2.4 Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes
4.2.5-4.2.8 Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca
4.2.9-4.2.11 Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and what makes a Chordate
Vertebrate classes I: Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia
Vertebrate classes II: Reptilia and Aves
Vertebrate classes III: Mammalia
Comparing every phylum: Table 4.2 and the chapter's throughline
Protochordates, Vertebrates and Their Adaptations
▶
Morphology of Flowering Plants
8 classes
The Root
The Stem and The Leaf
The Inflorescence, and a Flower's General Plan
Parts of a Flower I: Calyx, Corolla and Androecium
Parts of a Flower II: Gynoecium, Placentation, and the Fruit
The Seed: Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous
Describing a Plant Scientifically: Floral Formula and Diagram
Family Solanaceae, and How Morphology Enables Classification
▶
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
8 classes
The Tissue Systems: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular
Anatomy of Roots: Dicot vs Monocot
Anatomy of Stems: Dicot vs Monocot
Anatomy of Leaves: Dorsiventral vs Isobilateral
Apical Meristem: How Plants Grow Longer
Lateral and Intercalary Meristems
Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
Xylem, Phloem and the Three Tissue Systems
▶
Structural Organisation in Animals: Frog
4 classes
Organ and Organ System; The Frog's Way of Life
Frog Morphology and the Digestive System
Frog Anatomy: Respiration, Circulation and Excretion
Frog Anatomy: Nervous System, Senses and Reproduction
▶
Cell - the Unit of Life
8 classes
What Is a Cell? Cell Theory and an Overview
Prokaryotic Cells: Envelope, Appendages and Ribosomes
Eukaryotic Cells: the Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall
The Endomembrane System: ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuoles
Mitochondria and Plastids: the Semi-Autonomous Organelles
Ribosomes, the Cytoskeleton, and Cilia and Flagella
Centrosome and Centrioles; The Nucleus
Chromosome Classification and Microbodies
▶
Biomolecules
10 classes
How Living Tissue Is Analysed, and Its Small Molecules
Primary and Secondary Metabolites; Biomacromolecules
Proteins and Polysaccharides
Nucleic Acids and the Four Levels of Protein Structure
Enzymes: Action, Kinetics and Classification
Carbohydrates: Definition and Classification
Polysaccharides and the Importance of Carbohydrates
Amino Acids: Structure, Classification and Zwitter Ion
Structure of Proteins: Peptide Bond to Quaternary Structure
Nucleic Acids: Composition, Structure and Functions
▶
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
5 classes
The Cell Cycle: Interphase and Its Phases
M Phase (Mitosis): Prophase Through Telophase
Cytokinesis and the Significance of Mitosis
Meiosis I: Homologous Pairing and Crossing Over
Meiosis II and the Significance of Meiosis
▶
Photosynthesis in higher plants
6 classes
What We Know About Photosynthesis, and Where It Happens
Photosynthetic Pigments and Light Absorption
Light Reactions: From Photons to ATP and NADPH
The Calvin Cycle: Fixing Carbon Using ATP and NADPH
The C4 Pathway and Photorespiration
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
▶
Respiration in Plants
5 classes
Do Plants Breathe? Glycolysis: Glucose to Pyruvate
Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport System and the Respiratory Balance Sheet
The Amphibolic Pathway and Respiratory Quotient
▶
Plant Growth and Development
5 classes
Growth: Phases, Rates and Conditions
Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
Development: Plasticity in Plants
Plant Growth Regulators: Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins
Plant Growth Regulators: Ethylene, Abscisic Acid, and Seed Dormancy
▶
Breathing and exchange of gases
4 classes
Respiratory Organs and the Human Respiratory System
Mechanism of Breathing: Volumes and Capacities
Exchange and Transport of Respiratory Gases
Regulation of Respiration and Respiratory Disorders
▶
Body fluids and circulation
6 classes
Blood: Plasma and Formed Elements
Blood Groups and Coagulation
Lymph and Circulatory Pathways Across Animals
The Human Heart and the Cardiac Cycle
ECG and Double Circulation
Regulation of Cardiac Activity and Circulatory Disorders
▶
Excretory products and their elimination
6 classes
Nitrogenous Wastes and Excretory Structures Across Animals
The Human Excretory System and Nephron Structure
Urine Formation: Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion
The Counter-Current Mechanism: Concentrating Urine
Regulation of Kidney Function and Micturition
Other Excretory Organs and Kidney Disorders
▶
Locomotion and Movement
6 classes
Types of Movement and Muscle Classification
Skeletal Muscle Structure: The Sarcomere, Actin and Myosin
The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton and Joints
Disorders of the Muscular and Skeletal System
▶
Neural Control and Coordination
5 classes
The Human Neural System: Organisation
Neuron Structure and the Nerve Impulse
Synaptic Transmission
The Central Neural System: Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain
6.1.1 What Happens in Reflex Actions?
▶
Chemical Co-ordination and Integration
7 classes
Chemical Coordination: the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Pineal, Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Thymus and the Adrenal Gland
The Pancreas: Glucagon and Insulin
The Gonads: Testis and Ovary
Hormones of the Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract
The Mechanism of Hormone Action
Home Science
7 chapters
▶
Concept and Scope of Home Science
3 classes
Concept and Fields of Home Science
Career Options and Recent Trends in Home Science
Importance and Relevance of Home Science to Family and Society
▶
Food and Nutrition
13 classes
Food, Nutrition and Health: Key Terms and Functions of Food
Macro-nutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
Micro-nutrients: Vitamins A, B Complex, C, D, Calcium, Iron and Iodine
Food, Health, Diseases and Malnutrition
The Concept of a Balanced Diet
3.1-3.3 Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness: Key Concepts
3.4-3.5 Planning Balanced Diets: Food Groups and the Food Guide Pyramid
The ICMR Basic Food Groups, Water and Roughage
2.1 Understand Macronutrients and Their Functions
2.2 Explore Micronutrients and Their Role in Health
2.3 Analyze Daily Nutritional Requirements for Different Age Groups
Basal Metabolic Rate: Meaning and Factors That Change It
Recommended Dietary Allowances and Deficiency Disorders of Key Nutrients
▶
Storage and Preservation of Food
6 classes
Hygiene During Food Storage: Perishables, Leftovers, Refrigerator and Freezer
Why We Process Food: Spoilage, Perishability, and Types of Processed Foods
Causes of Food Spoilage: Microbes, Enzymes and Surroundings
Storing Perishable, Semi-Perishable and Non-Perishable Foods
Convenience Foods: Types, Uses and Limits
Principles and Methods of Food Preservation
▶
Resource Management
9 classes
Resources: Meaning, Classification and Characteristics
Managing Resources: The Management Process
Time Management: Meaning, Importance and the Idea of Resources
Making a Time Plan: Factors, Steps, Dovetailing and Peak Load
Energy Management and Fatigue
Work Simplification: Meaning and Ways
Resources: Definition, Characteristics and Types
Time Management: Planning Your Day
Decision Making in Management: Steps and Types of Decisions
▶
Human Development
12 classes
Concept of Growth and Development
Principles of Growth and Development
Factors Affecting Growth and Development
Age-Specific Milestones from Birth to 3 Years
Childhood (3 to 11 Years): Early and Middle Childhood Milestones
Adolescence I: Physical, Biological and Motor Changes
Adolescence II: Social, Emotional, Cognitive and Language Characteristics
1.1 Explore Key Concepts of Human Development
1.2 Analyze Stages of Human Growth Across the Lifespan
Perspectives of Human Development: Major Views Compared
Personality Development: Meaning, Determinants and Traits
Image Building: Appearance, Communication and Confidence
▶
Care and Maintenance of Textiles
14 classes
Introduction, Mending and the Laundry Cycle
Stain Removal: Types, Techniques and Reagents
Removing Dirt: Water, Soaps, Detergents and Methods of Washing
Finishing, Drying and Ironing
Dry-cleaning and Storage of Textile Products
Fibre Properties and Other Factors Affecting Fabric Care
Care Labels, Review Questions and Practicals
Soaps and Detergents: How They Clean, How They Differ and How to Select Them
Finishing Agents and Stain-Removing Reagents: Blue, Stiffening Agents, Bleaches and Solvents
Stain Removal: Classification, Identification, Methods and Precautions
Storage of Fabrics: Cotton, Silk, Wool and Synthetics
5.7 Getting to Know Important Fibres
Laundering Cotton and Linen
Laundering Wool, Silk and Rayon
▶
Communication and Extension
8 classes
6.1 Understanding Communication: Meaning, Types and the Process
6.2 Media: Meaning, Classification and Functions
6.3 Communication Technology: From Radio to Teleconferencing
Method 1: Campaigns (with the Swachh Bharat Mission)
Method 2: Radio and Television
Methods 3 and 4: Print Media and Information and Communication Technologies
Individual, Group and Mass Communication Compared
Social Media as a Communication Tool: Benefits and Risks
Fashion Designing
5 chapters
▶
Introduction to Fashion
9 classes
Understanding Fashion: Definition and Factors Influencing Fashion
Key Concepts and Terminology of Fashion
Movement of Fashion: Forecasting, Pendulum Swing and Fashion Cycles
Theories of Fashion Movement and Types of Fashion Consumers
Fashion Regulatory Bodies, Fashion Professionals and Institutes
5.1 Explore Fashion Terminology and Key Concepts
5.3 Identify Different Fashion Career Pathways and Roles
Classification of fashion: haute couture, ready-to-wear and mass fashion
Fashion and current trends: what drives them and how to follow them
▶
Design Details
8 classes
Design, Designers and the Design Process
Elements of Design: Point, Line, Shape and Texture
Colour Theory: Hue, Tint, Shade and Tone
Principles of Design: Rhythm, Balance, Emphasis and Contrast
Silhouette and Proportion in Apparel
Session 1: Elements of Design
Session 2: Principles of Design
Types of design: structural and decorative design in a garment
▶
Wardrobe Planning
6 classes
2.5 Select Appropriate Fabrics for Specific Apparel Projects
2.1 Identify Different Fabric Types and Their Uses
Different figure types and dressing to suit each
Planning a wardrobe: needs, budget and basic pieces
Buying fabrics: what to check before you pay
Clothing as a powerful resource: image, confidence and communication
▶
Designers
4 classes
Fashion Designers and Brands, and International Trade in Fashion
1.3 Understand the Role of Fashion Designers and Creative Professionals
Five Indian designers and their signature styles
Five international designers and their styles
▶
Care of Clothes
5 classes
Common stains and how to identify them
Stain removal methods for different stains and fabrics
Storage of clothes: folding, hanging and protection from damp and moths
Maintaining clothes: washing, ironing and small repairs
Principles of closet organisation
Electricity & Electronics
12 chapters
▶
Introduction to electricity
10 classes
1.1 Electricity
1.1.1 Source of Electricity
1.1.3 Energy Foundation
1.1.4 Conductors and Insulators
1.2.1 Voltage
Electricity as a Source of Energy: Resistance, Voltage, Current, Power and Energy
The Atom: Elements, Bohr Atomic Model and Atomic Energy Levels
Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance and Combinations of Cells
The Coulomb: Unit of Charge and Simple Charge Calculations
Production of Electricity: Generation from Different Sources
▶
Electric circuit
8 classes
1.2.2 Current
1.3.2 Open and Closed Circuit
1.4 Ohm’s Law
1.4.1 Ohm’s Experiment
Ohm's Law
Electric Current and Currents in Conductors
Ohm's Law and Drift of Electrons
Ohm's Law for a Whole Circuit with the Internal Resistance of the Source
▶
Equivalence
7 classes
Series and Parallel Connections of Cells
Series Resistance Circuits and Equivalent Resistance
Parallel and Series-Parallel Resistance Circuits
Resistivity and the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Ammeter Shunts: Extending the Range of an Ammeter
Voltmeter Multipliers: Extending the Range of a Voltmeter
The Ohmmeter: Principle and Use
▶
Work, power and energy
6 classes
Relation between Electrical, Mechanical and Thermal Units
Dynamometer Type Wattmeter
Induction Type Energy Meter
Electrical Work, Power and Energy: Joule, Watt and Kilowatt-hour
Energy Calculations for Household Appliances
Electricity Tariff and Preparing a Bill
▶
Heating effect of an electric current
8 classes
Joule's Law of Electric Heating and Domestic Applications
Heating Efficiency
Lighting Effect of Electric Current and Filaments Used in Lamps
Immersion Heater: Construction, Working, Faults, Testing and Repairs
Geyser and Thermostat: Defects, Testing, Installation and Precautions
Electric Arc and Resistance Welding
The Carbon Arc Lamp
Fuses: Types, Rating and Selection
▶
Chemical effect of an electric current
6 classes
Primary Cells: Wet Cell, Dry Cell and Battery
Secondary Cells and the Lead Acid Cell
Discharging, Recharging and Common Charging Methods
Preparation of Electrolyte and Care and Maintenance of Secondary Cells
Electrolysis: Electrolytes, Electrodes and Ions
The Voltameter and Electrochemical Equivalent
▶
Electromagnetism
9 classes
Magnetic Force and the Lorentz Force
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor and Motion in a Magnetic Field
The Biot-Savart Law
Ampere's Circuital Law, the Solenoid and Force Between Parallel Currents
The Bar Magnet and Its Field Lines
Magnetism and Gauss's Law
Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
Magnetic Flux Density and Permeability
Right-hand Rules for the Direction of Field and Force
▶
Electromagnetic induction
9 classes
Faraday and Henry's Experiments, and Magnetic Flux
Faraday's Law of Induction
Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy
Motional Electromotive Force
Inductance: Mutual and Self
Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
Dynamically Induced e.m.f.: Magnitude and Direction
Static Induction, Self-induced e.m.f. and Inductance
Mutually Induced e.m.f. and Energy Stored in an Inductance
▶
Elementary electrostatics
9 classes
Electric Charge and Its Basic Properties
Coulomb's Law and Forces Between Multiple Charges
Electric Field, Field Lines and Electric Flux
Dielectrics, Polarisation and Capacitors
The Parallel Plate Capacitor and Combinations of Capacitors
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Capacitor and Its Capacity
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Electric Flux Density and Permittivity
▶
Alternating current
9 classes
Generation of A.C. Voltage and Wave Shape
Peak, Average, Instantaneous and R.M.S. Values; Form Factor and Crest Factor
Phase, Phase Difference, Power and Power Factor
A.C. Series Circuits with Resistance and Inductance, and Resistance and Capacitance
Generation of A.C. Voltage and Wave Shape
A.C. Quantities: Cycle, Frequency, Peak, Average, Instantaneous and R.M.S. Values
AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
Phasors and AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
Capacitive Reactance and the A.C. Capacitor Circuit
▶
Transformer
5 classes
Types of Transformer: Step-up, Step-down, Voltage, Current and Auto-Transformer
Construction, Working Principles and Applications of Different Types of Transformers
Transformers
Iron Losses in a Transformer: Hysteresis and Eddy Currents
E.M.F. Equation and Voltage Ratio of a Single-phase Transformer
▶
Lighting
5 classes
Gaseous Discharge Lamps: Working and Applications
Light Units: Candela, Lumen and Lux
Photometry and the Inverse Square Law of Illumination
Filament Lamps and Gas-filled Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps: Construction, Starter and Choke
Engineering Science
12 chapters
▶
Velocity and acceleration
8 classes
Motion, Position and the Idea of Instantaneous Velocity
Acceleration and Velocity-Time Graphs
Deriving the Kinematic Equations of Motion
Applying the Kinematic Equations: Free Fall and Real-World Problems
Newton's Laws of Motion and the Idea of Force
Force, Mass and Acceleration: Solving Problems
Acceleration Due to Gravity and Measuring g
Variable Acceleration Treated Graphically
▶
Angular velocity and angular acceleration
4 classes
The Vector Product, Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
Moment of Inertia and Kinematics of Rotation
Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity: Worked Problems
Angular Acceleration: Rotating Machine Parts
▶
Composition and resolution of velocity
6 classes
Scalars, Vectors and How to Add Them
Resolving Vectors and Adding Them by Components
Motion in a Plane: Position, Velocity and Acceleration
Projectile Motion
Composition and Resolution of Velocities: Boat and River Problems
Simple Projectile Problems: Horizontal and Vertical Motion Combined
▶
Measurement and effects of force
6 classes
Force: Units, Measurement and Effects on a Body
Concurrent Forces and Equilibrium
Triangle and Parallelogram of Forces
Polygon of Forces, Resultant and Equilibrant
Bow's Notation for Framed Structures
Forces on an Inclined Plane
▶
Moments
6 classes
Torque, Angular Momentum and Their Conservation
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body, Couples, Moments and Centre of Gravity
Parallel Forces and Their Resultant
Levers and the Principle of Moments
Loaded Beams and Support Reactions
Centre of Gravity and Stability of Bodies
▶
Pressure in liquids and its transmission
7 classes
Fluids, Pressure, Pascal's Law and Variation of Pressure with Depth
Density and Specific Gravity
Archimedes' Principle and Its Applications
Laws of Floatation
Hydraulic Pumps and Jacks
Lift Pump and Force Pump
The Siphon
▶
Air Pressure
5 classes
Atmospheric and Gauge Pressure, Barometer, Manometer and Hydraulic Machines
Boyle's Law with Numericals
Barometers: Simple and Fortin Types
Manometers and the Bourdon Gauge
The Bicycle Pump
▶
Temperature and temperature scales
3 classes
Temperature, Heat, Thermometers and the Ideal Gas Scale
Temperature Scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin Conversions
Fixed Points and Calibrating a Thermometer
▶
Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
4 classes
Thermal Expansion
Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solids
Coefficient of Cubical Expansion of Solids and Liquids
Charles' Law and Absolute Temperature
▶
Quantity of heat
7 classes
Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
Change of State and Latent Heat
Heat, Internal Energy, Work and the First Law of Thermodynamics
Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Gases
Melting and Boiling Points and Their Dependence on Pressure
Heat as a Form of Energy
Calorific Value of Fuels
▶
Conduction, convection and radiation
5 classes
Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection
Radiation, Blackbody Radiation and Newton's Law of Cooling
Thermal Conductivity and Good and Poor Conductors
Natural and Forced Convection in Daily Life
Radiation Compared with Conduction and Convection
▶
Conversion of heat to mechanical energy and vice versa
3 classes
Relation between Electrical, Mechanical and Thermal Units
Joule's Experiment and the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Numericals on the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Computer Science
13 chapters
▶
System of Numeration
11 classes
2.2 Number System
2.2.1 Decimal Number System
2.2.2 Binary Number System
2.2.3 Octal Number System
2.2.4 Hexadecimal Number System
2.2.5 Applications of Hexadecimal Number System
2.3 Conversion between Number Systems
2.3.1 Conversion from Decimal to other Number
2.3.2 Conversion from other Number Systems to
2.3.3 Conversion from Binary Number to Octal/
2.3.4 Conversion of a Number with Fractional Part
▶
Encodings
5 classes
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 American Standard Code for Information
2.1.2 Indian Script Code for Information Interchange
2.1.3 Unicode
Data Encodings: BCD, Gray Code and Parity Bits for Error Detection
▶
Propositional logic, Hardware implementation, Arithmetic operations
9 classes
Propositions and Truth Values in Logic
Logical Operators: NOT, AND and OR with Truth Tables
Compound Statements, Tautology and Contradiction
Basic Logic Gates: NOT, AND and OR
Universal Gates: NAND and NOR, and the XOR Gate
Boolean Laws and Simplifying Expressions
Building Circuits from Boolean Expressions
Binary Addition and Subtraction
Half Adder and Full Adder Circuits
▶
Introduction to Object Oriented Programming using Java
5 classes
Java Programming Basics: OOP Introduction, Data Types, Variables and Operators
Fundamentals of Java Programming, Introduction to Java and Object Oriented Programming
Class Design
Writing, Compiling and Running a First Java Program
Defining a Class in Java: Fields and Methods
▶
Objects
6 classes
What an Object Is: State, Behaviour and Identity
Creating Objects from a Class with new
Accessing Fields and Calling Methods on Objects
Object References, null and Assigning One Object to Another
Encapsulation and Access Modifiers: public and private
Practice: Modelling Real-world Things as Classes and Objects
▶
Primitive values, Wrapper classes, Types and casting
4 classes
Java Language Elements and Operators
Wrapper Classes and String Manipulation
Primitive Types in Java: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char and boolean
Type Casting: Widening and Narrowing Conversions
▶
Variables, Expressions
7 classes
Variables and Data Types: Integers, Floats and Strings
Input, Arithmetic and Type Conversion
6.1 Python Basics: Programs, Variables, Data Types and Input
Expressions and the Precedence of Operators
5.4 Variables
Declaring and Initialising Variables in Java
Writing and Evaluating Expressions in Java
▶
Statements, Scope
17 classes
Selection Statements: if, if-else and switch-case
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Selection
6.3 Indentation
6.4 Repetition
6.4.1 The ‘For’ Loop
6.4.2 The ‘While’ Loop
6.5 Break and Continue Statement
6.5.1 Break Statement
6.5.2 Continue Statement
6.6 Nested Loops
Control Flow
7.4 Scope of a Variable
7.5.1 Built-in functions
Iteration Statements in Java: for, while and do-while
Jump Statements in Java: break and continue
Scope of Variables in Java: Local, Instance and Block Scope
▶
Methods and Constructors
6 classes
Methods in Java: Declaring and Calling
Parameters, Return Values and Method Overloading
Pass by Value and Passing Objects to Methods
Constructors: Purpose and Default Constructor
Parameterised Constructors and Constructor Overloading
The this Keyword and Static Members
▶
Arrays, Strings
7 classes
Array
8.2 Strings
8.3 String Operations
One-dimensional Arrays in Java: Declaring, Initialising and Traversing
Two-dimensional Arrays in Java
The String Class in Java: Creating Strings and Common Methods
Searching and Sorting an Array
▶
Basic input/output and Text File Handling
5 classes
Basic Input in Java with the Scanner Class
Basic Output in Java: print, println and printf
Text Files: Reading with File and Scanner
Text Files: Writing with FileWriter and PrintWriter
Handling File Errors with try and catch
▶
Introduction to Python
36 classes
5.1 Introduction to Python
5.1.1 Features of Python
5.1.2 Working with Python
5.1.3 Execution Modes
5.2 Python Keywords
5.3 Identifiers
5.5 Comments
5.6 Everything is an Object
5.7 Data Types
5.7.1 Number
5.7.2 Sequence
5.7.3 Set
5.7.4 None
5.7.5 Mapping
5.7.6 Mutable and Immutable Data Types
5.7.7 Deciding Usage of Python Data Types
5.8 Operators
5.8.2 Relational Operators
5.8.1 Arithmetic Operators
5.8.3 Assignment Operators
5.8.5 Identity Operators
5.8.4 Logical Operators
5.9 Expressions
5.8.6 Membership Operators
5.9.1 Precedence of Operators
5.10 Statement
5.11 Input and Output
5.12 Type Conversion
5.12.1 Explicit Conversion
5.12.2 Implicit Conversion
5.13 Debugging
5.13.1 Syntax Errors
5.13.2 Logical Errors
5.13.3 Runtime Error
The Python Interpreter and the >>> Prompt
Basics of Python: Character Set, Tokens and Modes
▶
Trends in computing and ethical issues
28 classes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Digital Footprints
11.3 Digital Society and Netizen
11.3.1 Net Etiquettes
11.3.2 Communication Etiquettes
11.3.3 Social Media Etiquettes
11.4 Data Protection
11.4.1 Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
11.4.2 Violation of IPR
11.4.3 Public Access and Open Source Software
11.5 Cyber Crime
11.5.1 Hacking
11.5.2 Phishing and Fraud Emails
11.5.3 Ransomware
11.5.4 Combatting and Preventing Cyber Crime
11.6 Indian Information Technology Act (IT Act)
Software Licenses and the Open Source Software Movement
Intellectual Property Rights, Plagiarism and Digital Property Rights
6.4 Data Protection: Intellectual Property Rights and their Violation
4.2 Software Licences, Open Source, Intellectual Property and Plagiarism
Future, Ethical and Social Implications of Generative AI
Augmented Reality
Protecting Privacy, Defining Security, and Why It Matters More Now
Cyber Security Don'ts, and Revision Time
Artificial Intelligence: Meaning and Everyday Uses
Internet of Things: Connected Devices and Smart Systems
Virtual Reality and How It Differs from Augmented Reality
Software Copyright and Patents
Geometrical & Mechanical Drawing
2 chapters
▶
Plane Geometry
15 classes
Plane Geometry
Constructing Circles and Their Tangents
Inscribing Circles Inside Regular Figures
The Ellipse: Definition, Parts and Three Construction Methods
The Parabola: Two Construction Methods
Involute and Cycloid: The Curves Behind Gear Teeth
Helix and Sine Curve: Threads and Waves
6.2 Similar Figures
6.3 Similarity of Triangles
Plain and Diagonal Scales
Enlargement and Reduction of Irregular Plane Figures
Constructing Triangles and Quadrilaterals
Constructing Regular Polygons
Normals to Curves and Loci of Moving Points
The Rectangular Hyperbola
▶
Solid Geometry
22 classes
Solid Geometry
Projection Basics: Solids, Views and the Language of Projection
Orthographic Projection: Planes, Quadrants and First and Third Angle Methods
Projection of Points in All Four Quadrants
Projection of Straight Lines: Reference-Plane Positions and True Length
Projection of Plane Figures: Perpendicular and Oblique Planes
Projection of Solids: Prisms, Pyramids, Cylinders and Cones
Fundamentals of Isometric Projection
Isometric Projection of Prisms, Pyramids and Frustums
Isometric Projection of Cylinders, Cones, Spheres and Hemispheres
Combination of Two Solids in Isometric Projection
Isometric Projection: Meaning, Isometric Axes and Isometric Scale
Isometric and Non-Isometric Lines, and the Steps of Isometric Drawing
Isometric Projection of Triangles, Squares and Pentagons
Isometric Projection of Hexagons and Circular Figures
Isometric Drawing (Isometric View) and Chapter Review
Auxiliary Planes: Auxiliary Views of Solids
Intersection of Solids
True Length of a Line and Its Inclinations
Sections of Solids and Their True Shapes
Development of Surfaces of Solids
Oblique Projection of Plane Figures and Solids
Geometrical & Building Drawing
2 chapters
▶
Plane Geometry
15 classes
Plane Geometry
Constructing Circles and Their Tangents
Inscribing Circles Inside Regular Figures
The Ellipse: Definition, Parts and Three Construction Methods
The Parabola: Two Construction Methods
Involute and Cycloid: The Curves Behind Gear Teeth
Helix and Sine Curve: Threads and Waves
6.2 Similar Figures
6.3 Similarity of Triangles
Plain and Diagonal Scales
Enlarging and Reducing Irregular Plane Figures
Constructing Triangles, Quadrilaterals and Polygons
Normals to Circles and Curves
Loci: Paths of Moving Points
The Rectangular Hyperbola: Construction
▶
Solid Geometry
21 classes
Solid Geometry
Projection Basics: Solids, Views and the Language of Projection
Orthographic Projection: Planes, Quadrants and First and Third Angle Methods
Projection of Points in All Four Quadrants
Projection of Straight Lines: Reference-Plane Positions and True Length
Projection of Plane Figures: Perpendicular and Oblique Planes
Projection of Solids: Prisms, Pyramids, Cylinders and Cones
Fundamentals of Isometric Projection
Isometric Projection of Prisms, Pyramids and Frustums
Isometric Projection of Cylinders, Cones, Spheres and Hemispheres
Combination of Two Solids in Isometric Projection
Isometric Projection: Meaning, Isometric Axes and Isometric Scale
Isometric and Non-Isometric Lines, and the Steps of Isometric Drawing
Isometric Projection of Triangles, Squares and Pentagons
Isometric Projection of Hexagons and Circular Figures
Isometric Drawing (Isometric View) and Chapter Review
Auxiliary Planes: Auxiliary Views of Solids
Intersection of Solids: Prism with Prism and Cylinder with Cylinder
Sections of Solids: Cutting Planes and True Shape
Development of Surfaces of Prisms, Cylinders, Pyramids and Cones
Oblique Projection: Cavalier and Cabinet Methods
Art
6 chapters
▶
Drawing or Painting from Still Life
5 classes
Still Life: Drawing, Composition and Colour Treatment
Arranging a Still Life
Accurate Drawing: Measuring, Proportion and Light and Shade
Composition and Emphasis in Still Life
Colour Treatment, Originality and How the Still Life Is Marked
▶
Drawing or Painting from Nature
5 classes
Sketching from Life and Nature: Observation, Still Life and Memory
Studying the Structure of Natural Forms: Leaves, Flowers and Shells
Drawing and Painting Natural Forms in Colour
Outdoor Subject: Choosing a Scene and Composing It
Outdoor Subject: Light, Depth and Colour in a Landscape
▶
Drawing or Painting of a Living Person
4 classes
Proportions of the Human Figure
Full Figure Study: Pose, Balance and Gesture
Head Study: Structure of the Face and Features
Light, Shade and Colour in a Study of a Living Person
▶
Original Imaginative Composition in Colour
4 classes
The Practical Paper: Painting a Composition from Memory
Finding a Theme and Making Thumbnail Sketches for a Composition
Colour Schemes and Mood in an Imaginative Composition
Balance, Rhythm and Focal Point in a Composition
▶
Crafts 'A'
4 classes
Designing a Book Page or Cover
Designing a Poster
Designing a Card and Patterned Paper
Calligraphy: Letter Forms and Lettering in Layout
▶
Crafts 'B'
6 classes
Planning Craftwork: Materials, Tools and Examination Expectations
Pottery and Sculpture
Weaving and Dyed Cloth
Embroidery, Mosaic and Collage
Puppets and Prints
Local Crafts of Your Region
Music (Hindustani, Carnatic or Western)
33 chapters
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Introduction to Musical Terms
9 classes
Nada and Shruti
Swar and Saptak
Thaat, Jati, Laya and Tala: a first look
Basic Terms of Sangeet, Nada, Swar and Thaat
Dhwani: Musical Sound and Noise
Varna: Sthayi, Arohi, Avarohi and Sanchari
Alankar: Patterns of Notes in Ascent and Descent
Raga: Its Meaning and Essential Features
Taal: Matra, Vibhag, Sam, Tali and Khali
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Forms of Composition
7 classes
Dhrupad: origin and style
Khayal: origin and style
Tarana: origin and style
Bada Khayal: Slow Composition and Its Elaboration
Chhota Khayal: Fast Composition and Its Elaboration
Bada Khayal and Chhota Khayal Compared
Sthayi and Antara in a Khayal Composition
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Introduction to Ragas
9 classes
Raga Yaman: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi and Swaras
Raga Yaman: Aroh, Avroh, Pakad and Time of Singing
Raga Bhupali: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi and Swaras
Raga Bhupali: Aroh, Avroh, Pakad and Time of Singing
Raga Khamaj: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi and Swaras
Raga Khamaj: Aroh, Avroh, Pakad and Time of Singing
Raga Bhairav: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi and Swaras
Raga Bhairav: Aroh, Avroh, Pakad and Time of Singing
Raga Desh: Thaat, Jati, Vadi, Samvadi, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Taal and Taal-lipi
6 classes
Teentaal: 16 Matras, Vibhag and Theka
Writing Teentaal in Dugun and Chaugun Layakari
Dadra Taal: 6 Matras and Theka
Kaharwa Taal: 8 Matras and Theka
Jhaptaal: 10 Matras and Theka
Taal-lipi: Writing the Four Taals in Notation
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Swarlipi of Chota Khayal
6 classes
Swarlipi Method: Reading and Writing Notation of a Chhota Khayal
Chhota Khayal in Raga Yaman: Notation
Chhota Khayal in Raga Bhupali: Notation
Chhota Khayal in Raga Khamaj: Notation
Chhota Khayal in Raga Bhairav: Notation
Chhota Khayal in Raga Desh: Notation
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music
3 classes
Tansen: life and contribution
V.N. Bhatkhande: life and contribution
V.D. Paluskar: life and contribution
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Topics of general interest related to Music
4 classes
Writing a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic: Planning and Structure
Essay Practice: Music and Society
Essay Practice: Music and Its Role in Daily Life, Festivals and Education
Essay Practice: Folk Music, Classical Music and Light Music Compared
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Introduction to Musical Terms
5 classes
Basic Terms: Sangeet, Dhwani, Nada, Shruti, Swara, Saptak, Alankar, Thaat, Jati
Dhwani: Musical Sound and Noise
Varna: Sthayi, Arohi, Avarohi and Sanchari
Raga: Its Meaning and Essential Features in Instrumental Music
Taal: Matra, Vibhag, Sam, Tali and Khali
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Types and techniques of String Instruments
6 classes
Gamak, Meend and Kan
Krintan, Zamzama, Ghaseet and Sut
Chal Thaat and Achal Thaat: Moveable and Fixed Notes
Murki and Khatka: Quick Ornaments on a String Instrument
Kampan: Shaking the Note on a String Instrument
Playing Krintan, Zamzama, Murki, Khatka and Kampan: A Practice Class
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Introduction to Ragas
6 classes
Raga: Meaning and Features
Raga Yaman for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad
Raga Bhupali for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad
Raga Khamaj for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad
Raga Bhairav for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad
Raga Desh for Instrument: Swaras, Aroh, Avroh and Pakad
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Taal and Taal-lipi
5 classes
Teentaal: 16 Matras, Vibhag and Theka
Dadra Taal: 6 Matras and Theka
Kaharwa Taal: 8 Matras and Theka
Jhaptaal: 10 Matras and Theka
Taal-lipi: Writing the Four Taals in Notation
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Swarlipi of Razakhani/Drut Gat
8 classes
Gat in Instrumental Music
Razakhani Gat: A Brief History
Razakhani Gat with Todas in the Three Ragas
Swarlipi of a Razakhani Gat in Raga Yaman
Swarlipi of a Razakhani Gat in Raga Bhupali
Swarlipi of a Drut Gat in Raga Khamaj
Swarlipi of a Drut Gat in Raga Bhairav
Swarlipi of a Drut Gat in Raga Desh
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music
4 classes
Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande: Life and Work
Bhatkhande's Thaat System and Notation Method
Vishnu Digambar Paluskar: Life and Work
Paluskar's Gandharva Mahavidyalaya and Music Education
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Topics of general interest related to Music
3 classes
Writing a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic: Planning and Structure
Essay Practice: Instrumental Music in India
Essay Practice: Role of Music in Society and Education
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music
4 classes
Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande: Life and Work
Bhatkhande's Notation System and Its Use in Taal
Vishnu Digambar Paluskar: Life and Work
Paluskar's Contribution to Music Teaching and Taal Notation
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Terms related to Tabla
6 classes
Theka and Avartan: The Basic Cycle of a Taal
Kism and Mukhda: Varieties and Openings in Tabla
Mohra and Tukda: Short Closing Pieces
Uthaan: The Opening Piece in Tabla Solo
Paran: Compositions Drawn from Pakhawaj
Peshkara: Improvised Elaboration of a Theka
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Taal and Taal-lipi
6 classes
Teentaal on the Tabla: Matras, Vibhag and Theka
Ektaal on the Tabla: Matras, Vibhag and Theka
Chaartaal on the Tabla: Matras, Vibhag and Theka
Rupak Taal on the Tabla: Matras, Vibhag and Theka
Tivra Taal: Matras, Vibhag and Theka
Writing the Five Taals in Notation, with Dugun and Chaugun
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Five Pranas of Taal
5 classes
Kaal: Time in Taal
Marg: The Path of Taal
Kriya: Gestures that Mark the Taal
Ang: The Parts of a Taal
Kala: Subdivisions of Time in a Taal
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Syllables of Tabla
4 classes
Basic Techniques, Bols and Combinations of Syllables
Producing Syllables on the Dahina: Na, Tin, Tun, Te and Ta
Producing Syllables on the Bayan: Ge, Ghe, Ka and Kat
Producing Syllables Played on Both Drums: Dha, Dhin and Dhage
▶
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Topics of general interest related to Music
3 classes
Writing a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic: Planning and Structure
Essay Practice: Tabla and Its Place in Indian Music
Essay Practice: Rhythm in Indian Life and Music
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): The fundamental technical terms and their meanings
6 classes
History and Theory of Indian Music - Class XII
Nada, Sruti and Svara: Basic Terms of Carnatic Music
Sthayi, Arohana and Avarohana in Carnatic Music
Raga, Tala and Laya as Technical Terms
Janaka and Janya Ragas, Melakarta and Sampurna
Technical Terms Review: Using the Vocabulary of Carnatic Music Correctly
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Principles of Sa, re, ga, ma, notations
5 classes
The Sa Re Ga Ma Notation: Names of the Seven Svaras
Symbols of the Notation: Dots, Lines and Gaps for Octaves and Time Values
The Notation System of K.V. Srinivasa Iyengar's Music Books
The Notation System of P. Sambamoorthy's South Indian Music Series
Reading and Writing a Simple Composition in Notation
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Raga classification in Carnatic Music
6 classes
Why Ragas Are Classified: Janaka and Janya Ragas
The Scheme of the 72 Melakartas: Purva and Uttara Parts
The Two Madhyamas and the Six Rishabha-Gandhara Combinations
The Names of the 12 Chakras
Katapayadi Formula: Finding the Number of a Melakarta
Practice: Working Out Melakartas with the Katapayadi Formula
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Lakshanas of the following 24 ragas
10 classes
Lakshanas of the Six Prescribed Ragas
Raga Lakshanas of the Ten Prescribed Ragas
Lakshanas of Todi, Saveri and Chakravakam
Lakshanas of Bhairavi, Anandha Bhairavi and Karaharapriya
Lakshanas of Shri Ranjani, Ritigoula and Mukhari
Lakshanas of Harikambhoji, Natakuranji and Kedaragoula
Lakshanas of Sahana, Kambhoji and Yadukulakambhoji
Lakshanas of Sankarabharana, Hamsadhwani and Begada
Lakshanas of Atana, Nata and Purvakalyani
Lakshanas of Shanmukhapriya, Kalyani and Saranga
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Manodharma Sangita and its forms
5 classes
Manodharma Sangita in Detail
Manodharma Sangita in Detail
Raga Alapana: Paddati of Developing a Raga
Kalpana Svaras: Singing Improvised Svara Patterns
Practice: Raga Alapana and Kalpana Svaras on a Prescribed Raga
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Dasavida gamakas
5 classes
Gamaka in Carnatic Music: Meaning and Importance
Arohana, Avarohana, Dhalu and Sphurita Gamakas
Kampita, Namita and Mudrita Gamakas
Tribhinna, Ullasita, Humphita and Plavita Gamakas
Singing the Ten Gamakas in a Raga
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): The scheme of the 35 Talas
8 classes
Nada, Laya, Tala, Jati and Gati
Suladi Sapta Talas and the Technical Terms of Rhythm
The Scheme of the 35 Talas: Suladi Sapta Talas and Five Jatis
Chapu Tala and Its Varieties
Desadi and Madhyadi Talas
Kriya and Anga: The Actions and Limbs of a Tala
Laya, Gati and Matra
The Shadangas of a Tala
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Musical forms and their association
7 classes
Musical Forms: Kriti, Padam, Javali, Tiruppugazh and Ragamalika
Compositions in Authentic Tradition: Kriti, Padam, Javali, Tillana, Ragamalika
Musical Forms of Carnatic Music
Gita and Tana Varna: Beginner Forms
Padavarna: Structure and Features
Tillana: Structure and Features
Comparing Kriti, Padam and Javali
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): History of Carnatic Music
11 classes
Roots of Carnatic Music and Purandara Dasa, the Graded Lessons
The Trinity: Tyagaraja, Muthuswamy Dikshitar and Syama Sastri
Brief History of Carnatic Music: Four Great Composers
Brief History of Carnatic Music and Its Great Composers
Brief History of Carnatic Music and Its Great Composers
Jayadeva, Ramamatya and Somanatha: Early Writers on Music
Narayana Tirtha, Bhadrachala Ramadas and Kshetrajna
Venkatamakhi and the Scheme of Melakartas
Paidala Guruthy Sastri, Arunachalam Kavirayar and Gopalakrishna Gharat
Svati Tirunal and Subbaraya Shastri
Veena Kuppayyar, Mysore Sadasiva Rao, Patnam Subramanya Iyar and Pallavi Seshayyar
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Classification of musical instruments into stringed, wind and percussion group
6 classes
Concert Instruments and Classification of Musical Instruments
Structure of the Vina
Structure of the Violin and the Tampura
Structure of the Gottuvadyam and the Flute
Tuning of the Human Voice
Compass of the Main Instruments of South India
▶
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Musical sound and voice
5 classes
Pitch, Intensity and Timbre of Musical Sound
Sympathetic Vibration and Resonance in Musical Instruments
Echoes and Their Effect on Music
Musical Intervals and the Ratio of Notes
Grahabhedam: Shifting the Tonic to Produce New Ragas
▶
Western Music (874) - Section A: Harmony, etc.
9 classes
Four-part Writing: Chords on the Degrees of a Major Scale
Four-part Writing: Chords on the Degrees of a Minor Scale
Chord Inversions: First and Second Inversions
The Dominant Seventh Chord and Its Resolution
Modulation to Related Keys
Figured and Unfigured Bass
Harmonizing a Given Melody
Melody Writing
Analysing Rhythmic Structure and Harmonic Progressions
▶
Western Music (874) - Section B: Prescribed Works
7 classes
Beethoven, Symphony No. 2 in D Major: The Composer and the Work
Beethoven, Symphony No. 2: First and Second Movements
Beethoven, Symphony No. 2: Scherzo and Finale
Bach, Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor: Prelude
Bach, Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor: Fugue Structure
Schubert, Erl King: The Poem, the Piano and the Voices
Cesar Franck, Violin and Piano Sonata: The Last Movement
Physical Education
15 chapters
▶
Concept of Physical Education
7 classes
Meaning, Aims, Objectives and Importance of Physical Education
What is Physical Education? Need and Importance
Objectives of Physical Education
Scope of Physical Education: A Multi-disciplinary Subject
Myths and Misconceptions about Physical Education, and the Chapter Exercise
Concept, Aims and Objectives of Physical Education
Physical Activity, Games, Sports and Recreation
▶
Individual Aspects and Group Dynamics
6 classes
Interest in Sport: Meaning and Ways to Build It
Attitude: Meaning and Its Effect on Performance
Motivation: Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivating Players and Teams in Practice
Leadership: Meaning and Qualities of a Leader
Types of Leaders and Leadership Styles in Sport
▶
Effects of Physical Exercise on Human Body Systems
10 classes
Effects of Physical Activity on Bones and Muscles
Effects of Physical Activity on Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Effect of Exercise on the Muscular System
Effect of Exercise on the Cardiorespiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory System
The Skeletal System
Muscular and Respiratory Systems
Effects of Exercise on the Body's Systems
A Brief Introduction to the Human Body
Effects of Exercise on the Digestive System
▶
Nutrition, Weight Control & Exercise
12 classes
Balanced Diet and Nutrition
Macro and Micro Nutrients; Carbohydrates
Proteins and Fats (Lipids)
Water and Vitamins
Minerals
Healthy Weight and Eating for Weight Control
The Pitfalls of Dieting
Pre-Exercise, During-Exercise and Post-Training Nutrition
General Nutrition
Planning a Balanced Diet: The Nutri-Planner
Body Image, Obesity and the Energy Balance
Importance of Diet in Sports: Nutrients for Exercise and Training
▶
Physical Fitness & Wellness
10 classes
Meaning and Importance of Wellness, Health and Physical Fitness
Components of Wellness, Health and Fitness
Meaning and Components of Health-Related Physical Fitness; Muscular Strength
Improving Strength and Muscular Endurance
Flexibility, Body Composition and Cardiovascular Endurance
Physical Fitness Test Battery
Factors Affecting Physical Fitness and the Influence of Sports on Well-being
Classification and Types of Tests
2.2 Explore the Five Components of Physical Fitness
Physique and Body Types: Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph
▶
Games and Sports – a global perspective
4 classes
Major Sports Competitions: Olympics, Commonwealth, Asian and National Games
The Olympics as a Social Force: Peace, Unity and Culture
History of the Modern Olympic Games
The Asian Games: Origin and Growth
▶
Cricket
8 classes
Cricket
Cricket: History, Ground and Ways of Scoring Runs
Cricket: Ways of Getting Out and the Rules of the Game
Cricket: Batting, Bowling, Wicket-keeping and Fielding Skills
Cricket: How the Game Works
Cricket: From Test Matches to the IPL, and India's Story
Cricket: Umpires, Scorers and Umpiring Signals
Cricket: Team Strategies and Captaincy
▶
Football
6 classes
Football
Football: History, Field and Rules of the Game
Football: Fundamental Skills, Lead-up Activities and the Goalkeeper
Football: Referee, Assistants and the Laws of the Game
Football: Team Formations and Strategies
Football: Major Tournaments
▶
Hockey
6 classes
Hockey
Hockey: History, Field and Equipment
Hockey: Rules, Free Hits, Penalties and Shootout
A Hundred Years of Indian Hockey
Hockey: Dribbling, Pushing, Hitting and Other Skills
Hockey: Umpires, Team Strategies and Tournaments
▶
Basketball
6 classes
Basketball
Team Games and Basketball: History, Court and Rules
Basketball: Dribbling, Passing, Shooting, Defence and Rebounding
Basketball: The Game and Its Skills
Basketball: Naismith, the YMCA and India
Basketball: Officials, Violations and Tournaments
▶
Volleyball
6 classes
Volleyball
Volleyball: History, Court, Net and Rules
Volleyball: Smash, Block and Lead-up Activities
Volleyball: Serve, Pass and Set
Volleyball: Officials, Rotation and Team Strategy
Volleyball: Major Tournaments
▶
Badminton
6 classes
Badminton
Badminton: History, Events, Court and Rules
Badminton: Grips, Service and Return of Service
Badminton: Strokes and Footwork
Badminton: Officials, Faults and Lets
Badminton: Strategies and Tournaments
▶
Tennis
6 classes
Tennis: History, Equipment and Court
Tennis: Scoring, Grips and Serves
Tennis
Tennis: Forehand, Backhand and Volley
Tennis: Officials, Laws and Grand Slam Tournaments
Tennis: Strategy in Singles and Doubles
▶
Swimming
8 classes
Swimming: Introduction, History and Rules
Swimming: Starts, Turns and Race Tactics
Swimming
Meaning and Types of Tournaments; Knock-Out Tournament Fixtures
Consolation and Double Knock-Out Tournaments
League and Combination Tournaments
Unit 5 Introduction: Swimming
Swimming: The Four Competitive Strokes
▶
Athletics
6 classes
Athletics
4.5 Learn the Essentials of Officiating in Sports
Athletics: History, Track Layout and the List of Events
Track Events: Sprints, Distance Races, Hurdles and Relays
Field Events: Jumps and Throws
Athletics: Rules, Skills and Major Competitions
Environmental Science
7 chapters
▶
Environment – The Foundation of Life
5 classes
What the Environment Is: Its Living and Non-Living Components
Why We Need Environmental Science
Scope of Environmental Science: The Subjects It Draws On
Applications of Environmental Science in Daily Life and Industry
Careers and Responsible Citizenship in Environmental Science
▶
Modes of Existence
9 classes
What Are Primary Activities? Hunting and Gathering
Pastoralism: Nomadic Herding and Commercial Livestock Rearing
Subsistence Agriculture: Shifting Cultivation and Intensive Farming
Commercial Farming I: Plantation Agriculture, Grain Cultivation and Mixed Farming
Not Everywhere at Once: The Regions of Early Farming
The Industrial Mode of Existence: Factories, Fossil Fuels and Growing Cities
Ecological Impact of Each Mode of Existence on Land, Water and Wildlife
Social Organisation and Ideology Across the Modes of Existence
Ecological Conflicts: Who Claims the Resource?
▶
Ecology
17 classes
What an Ecosystem Is
The Structure of an Ecosystem, and the Pond
Productivity: GPP, NPP and Secondary Productivity
Decomposition
Energy Flow: The Sun, PAR and the Two Laws
Consumers and the Grazing Food Chain
The Detritus Food Chain and the Food Web
Trophic Levels, Standing Crop and the Ten Per Cent Law
Ecological Pyramids: The Three Types
13.1 Eco-system: What are Its Components?
13.1.1 Food Chains and Webs, and the Flow of Energy
Biogeochemical Cycles and the Water Cycle
The Oxygen Cycle
Habitat and Niche: Where an Organism Lives and What It Does
Major Biomes of the World and Their Climates
The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
The Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycles
▶
Pollution
11 classes
Environmental Pollution and Water Pollution in India
Air Pollution and Noise Pollution
Urban Waste Disposal: The Problem and the Daurala Case Study
Industrial Pollution, Environmental Degradation and Its Control
Emerging Water Problems: Quality Deterioration and Groundwater Depletion
Water Conservation, Pollution Prevention and Recycling
Loudness, Intensity and Noise
Disrupting Nutrient Cycles: Eutrophication and Nutrient Overload
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Caused by Pollution
Atmospheric Pollution: Acid Rain, Smog and the Greenhouse Effect
Pollution Control Measures and Regulations
▶
Legal Regimes for Sustainable Development
7 classes
Constitutional Provisions and the Environment in India
The Water, Air and Environment (Protection) Acts
Wildlife and Forest Conservation Laws
Pollution Control Boards and the National Green Tribunal
International Environmental Agreements: Stockholm, Rio and Paris
Trade and Environment: WTO Rules, CITES and the Basel Convention
Guiding Principles: Polluter Pays and Precaution
▶
Technology and Environment
6 classes
Technological Evolution and Its Models of Growth
Technology and Its Environmental Footprint
Renewable Energy: Solar, Wind, Hydro and Biomass
Technology and Human Health
Traditional Systems of Medicine: Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani
Choosing Appropriate Technology for Sustainable Living
▶
Design and Planning for Environmental Conservation and Protection
7 classes
13.2 How do Our Activities Affect the Environment? The Ozone Layer
Conservation of Biodiversity
Community Conservation and Sacred Groves
Analysing a Local Ecosystem: Survey and Sampling Methods
Human-Environment Interactions: Mapping Pressures and Benefits
Designing Solutions: From Problem Statement to Conservation Plan
Evaluating a Conservation Design: Cost, Benefit and Community Role
Biotechnology
11 chapters
▶
Historical background; definition, discoveries and modern era
12 classes
1.1 Historical Perspectives
1.2 Foundations of Modern Biotechnology and Applications in Medicine
Microbes in Household Products
Fermented Beverages
3.1 Explore the Basics of Fermentation Processes
3.2 Identify Different Types of Fermentation Microorganisms
What Biotechnology Is
Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration
Defining Biotechnology: The OECD and EFB Definitions
Milestones in Biotechnology: From Early Discoveries to the Modern Era
Making Curd and Beer: Microbes at Work
Good Laboratory Practice and Good Manufacturing Practice
▶
Scope and importance of biotechnology
16 classes
1.2.2 Applications in Crop Production and Agriculture
1.2.3 Applications in Food Processing and Environmental Protection
1.3 Biotechnology in India: Institutional and Industrial Landscape
1.3.2 Biotechnology in India: Achievements and Innovations
Ethical Issues and the GEAC
Biopiracy: Basmati, Turmeric and Neem
5.1 Explore the Role of Biotechnology in Industry
5.2 Identify Key Biotech Applications in Agriculture
5.3 Analyze Biotechnological Advances in Healthcare
What Biotechnology Is Applied To, and the Three Ways to Grow More Food
6.1.8 Biosafety Issues in Microbial Technology
6.2.6 Biosafety in Plant Genetic Engineering
Branches of Biotechnology
Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology: Patents and Trade Secrets
Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Biotechnology
Leading Biotechnology Institutes in India and the World
▶
Biochemical technology and biostatistics
7 classes
9.1 Statistics for Biology: Correlation, Regression, and Key Terms
9.1 Probability, Sample Design, and Common Statistical Abuses
Acids, Bases and the pH Scale
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation and Calculating pH of Buffers
Buffers in Living Systems and in the Laboratory
Probability: Basic Rules and Simple Problems
Types of Biological Data: Qualitative and Quantitative
▶
Cell: as a basic unit of life
14 classes
What Is a Cell? Cell Theory and an Overview
Prokaryotic Cells: Envelope, Appendages and Ribosomes
Eukaryotic Cells: the Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall
The Endomembrane System: ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuoles
Mitochondria and Plastids: the Semi-Autonomous Organelles
Ribosomes, the Cytoskeleton, and Cilia and Flagella
Centrosome and Centrioles; The Nucleus
Chromosome Classification and Microbodies
1.1 Identify Cell Structures and Their Functions
2.2 Membrane Transport and the Cell Wall
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Compared
The Bacterial Cell: Structure and Shapes
Gram Staining: Procedure and Gram-positive vs Gram-negative Cells
Chromosomal Organisation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
▶
Cell cycle, cell division and signal transduction
13 classes
The Cell Cycle: Interphase and Its Phases
M Phase (Mitosis): Prophase Through Telophase
Cytokinesis and the Significance of Mitosis
Meiosis I: Homologous Pairing and Crossing Over
Meiosis II and the Significance of Meiosis
5.1 Cell Signalling and 5.2 Metabolic Pathways Overview
5.3 The Cell Cycle and Its Phases
5.3.2 Mitosis: Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
5.3.3 Meiosis
5.3.3 Meiosis I and Meiosis II: Detailed Stages
5.3.4 Significance of Meiosis
Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Cyclin and CDK Complexes
Checkpoints, Cell Death and Loss of Cell-cycle Control
▶
Biomolecules
15 classes
How Living Tissue Is Analysed, and Its Small Molecules
Primary and Secondary Metabolites; Biomacromolecules
Proteins and Polysaccharides
Nucleic Acids and the Four Levels of Protein Structure
Enzymes: Action, Kinetics and Classification
3.1 Carbohydrates: Classification and Monosaccharides
3.1 Carbohydrates: Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
3.2 Fatty Acids and Lipids
3.3 Amino Acids
3.4 Protein Structure: Overview and Primary Structure
3.4 Protein Structure: Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure
3.5 Nucleic Acids: Overview and the Polynucleotide Chain
3.5 Nucleic Acids: Types of RNA
5.2.1 Introduction to the World of Proteins
Vitamins: Fat-soluble and Water-soluble
▶
Techniques involved in separation of biomolecules
10 classes
12.2 Centrifugation and Its Types
12.3.1-12.3.2 Electrophoresis: Principle and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
12.3.3-12.3.4 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) and Tracking Dyes
12.5 Chromatography: Principle, Adsorption, Partition, and Ion-Exchange Chromatography
12.5 Gel Filtration, Affinity, HPLC and Gas Chromatography
5.2.4 Purification of Proteins
Paper Chromatography and Calculating the Rf Value
Ion Exchange Chromatography in Practice
Isoelectric Focusing: Separating Proteins by Charge
Centrifuge Types and Choosing a Method for Separation
▶
Immune system in higher animals
10 classes
Immunity and the Four Innate Barriers
Acquired Immunity: Antibodies and the Two Lymphocytes
Active and Passive Immunity, Vaccination and Immunisation
Allergies and Auto-immunity
The Immune System in the Body: Lymphoid Organs
12.4 ELISA: Direct and Indirect ELISA
Thymus and the Adrenal Gland
Antigens and Antibodies: Structure and Classes
Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity Compared
Plant Defence Against Pathogens
▶
Laws of Inheritance
20 classes
Genetics, Mendel and the Pea Plant
The Monohybrid Cross and the 3:1 Ratio
The Punnett Square, the Genotypic Ratio and the Test Cross
The Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation
Incomplete Dominance, and What Dominance Really Is
Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles and ABO Blood Groups
The Dihybrid Cross
The Law of Independent Assortment and the 9:3:3:1 Ratio
Mutation and Pedigree Analysis
Mendelian Disorders: Colour Blindness and Haemophilia
Mendelian Disorders: Sickle-cell Anaemia, Phenylketonuria and Thalassemia
Chromosomal Disorders
8.1.2 Down Syndrome and Klinefelter's Syndrome
8.1.2 Turner's Syndrome, and an Introduction to Monogenic Disorders and Pedigree Analysis
Mutations, the Reading Frame, and tRNA the Adapter Molecule
6.1.1 Mendel's Foundational Work and the Monohybrid Cross
6.4-6.5 Sex-linked and Extrachromosomal Inheritance
8.3 Polygenic Disorders and Mitochondrial Inheritance
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Genetic Terms: Gene, Allele, Genotype, Phenotype and Homozygous vs Heterozygous
▶
Gene Mapping
6 classes
The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Linkage and Recombination
6.2 Linkage and Crossing Over
6.3 Recombination
Mapping Genes on Chromosomes: Map Units and Three-point Crosses
Genetics of Cancer: Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes
▶
Introduction to Cell Culture Technology
10 classes
6.3.1-6.3.2 Introduction & Animal Cell Culture Techniques
6.3.3-6.3.5 Characterization, Gene Delivery & Scale-up
6.1.1-6.1.2 Introduction & Microbial Culture Techniques
6.1.7 Applications of Microbial Culture Technology
6.2.1-6.2.2 Introduction & Cell/Tissue Culture Techniques
Instruments in a Cell Culture Laboratory
Sterilisation Methods in Cell Culture
Cell Sorting and Cell Counting
Nutrient Media for Cell Culture
Cryopreservation of Cells
Mass Media & Communication
6 chapters
▶
Communication
7 classes
Mass Media and Mass Communication: Definition and Functions
Aspects of Mass Communication
Barriers to Communication
Methods of Communication: Verbal, Non-verbal and Visual
1.2 Explore Linear Communication Models and Their Applications
1.3 Analyze Interactive Communication Models in Modern Media
Levels of Communication: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Group and Mass
▶
Basics of Journalism
10 classes
2.1 Identify the Key Elements of News Reporting
2.2 Analyze Various Types of News Articles
2.3 Develop Strong Interviewing Techniques for Journalists
2.4 Practice Writing Clear and Concise News Leads
2.5 Explore the Editing Process: From First Draft to Final Copy
Journalism: Meaning and Role in Society
What Makes News: Understanding News and Its Components
News Values: Why Some Events Become News
Reporting and Editing Techniques
Photo Journalism: Telling the News with Pictures
▶
Radio Programs
8 classes
Evolution of Radio in India: Before and After Independence
Content Analysis of Radio Programmes
Production Process: Radio
3.1 Explore the History and Evolution of Radio Broadcast
3.2 Understand the Components of a Radio Studio
3.3 Identify Key Roles in Radio Production
Why Radio Programmes Matter
Types of Radio Programmes: News, Talk, Music, Drama and Features
▶
Programs for Television
7 classes
Evolution of Television: Doordarshan, Colour TV and Satellite Transmission
Soap Operas: Daily and Weekly Soaps, Genres and Primary Audience
The Segmented Audience, Gaze, Flow and Continuous Interruption on TV
Film-based and Music-based Programmes, Educational TV and Non-fiction on TV
Understanding Fiction: Story as a Self-contained World and a Subjective Experience
Pre-production Project: Storyboard and Non-fiction
Television and Cinema Compared
▶
Public Relations
4 classes
Public Relations: Meaning, Aims and Role
Tools and Publics of Public Relations
Planning a PR Campaign
Running and Evaluating a PR Campaign
▶
Media Regulatory Bodies
5 classes
Why Media Needs Regulation
TRAI: Role and Functions
Press Council of India: Role and Functions
CBFC: Role and Functions in Film Certification
ASCI and NBSA: Advertising and Broadcast Standards
Hospitality Management
5 chapters
▶
Soft Skills in Hospitality
10 classes
Soft skills and personality
Personality development
Positive work attitude
First impression and grooming
Basic social etiquettes
Positive body language and summary
Qualities Required in a Hospitality Professional
Hospitality English: greeting, welcoming and addressing guests
Hospitality English: telephone, written and guest-complaint communication
Motivation in hospitality work: needs, rewards and staying motivated
▶
Basic Management Principles
6 classes
What management is and why a hotel needs it
Fayol's fourteen principles of management: division of work to unity of command
Fayol's fourteen principles of management: remuneration to esprit de corps
Levels of management: top, middle and supervisory
Hotel hierarchy: the staff structure of a large hotel
Hotel hierarchy in a small hotel and how management levels fit it
▶
Hospitality Management and Tourism
3 classes
Components of Tourism and the Link Between Tourism and Hospitality
Scope of the Hospitality Industry: Core and Allied Areas
How tourism and hospitality depend on each other: worked examples
▶
Services offered in Hospitality
6 classes
Hospitality
Operations of Five Star Hotel
Introduction to Allied Areas of Hospitality Industry
Services offered to guests: rooms, food, laundry and travel help
Special and personalised guest services
Characteristics of hospitality personnel: attitude, grooming and teamwork
▶
Departments in a Hotel
11 classes
Departmental Organization on the Basis of Functions
Departmental Organization on the Basis of Revenue
1.3 Explore the Role of the Front Office in Hotel Operations
1.4 Describe Front Office Organizational Structure and Key Positions
4.5 Discover Food and Beverage Services in Hospitality
2.1 Understand Front Office Operations and Guest Services
2.2 Explore Food and Beverage Service Techniques
2.3 Identify Key Roles in Housekeeping Management
Food Production Department: the kitchen and its brigade
Accommodation Operations: housekeeping and the cleaning of guest rooms
How the four main departments work together for one guest stay
Legal Studies
41 chapters
▶
Constitution-Meaning & Functions
7 classes
Learning Outcomes
I. Meaning of the term Constitution
II. Definition of the term Constitution
Making and Sources of the Constitution of India
III.A A Modern Constitution
Functions of a Constitution
Constitutional Courts: The Role of the Supreme Court and High Courts
▶
Salient Features of the Constitution of India
16 classes
III.B Lengthiest Written Constitution
III.C Preamble to the Constitution
III.D(i) Fundamental Rights
III.D(ii) Directive Principles of State Policy
III.D(iii) Fundamental Duties
III.E-G Amendment Procedure, Adult Suffrage and Single Citizenship
III.H-J Independent Judiciary, Emergency Provisions and Federal-Unitary Character
III.K Division of Power: Centre-State Relations
III.L Schedules to the Constitution
Learning Outcomes
I. Concept of Separation of Powers
II. Historical Background and Evolution of Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of Powers
III. Evaluation of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers
IV.A Separation of Powers in Practice: Britain
IV.B Separation of Powers in Practice: The United States of America
IV.C Separation of Powers in Practice: India
▶
Preamble to the Indian constitution
4 classes
Constitutional Framework: The Preamble and Fundamental Rights
Importance of the Preamble
Can the Preamble Be Amended? Kesavananda Bharati and the 42nd Amendment
Is the Preamble Justiciable? Judicial Views on the Preamble
▶
Differences between Administrative Law & Constitution Law
4 classes
Learning Outcomes
I. Background
II. Administrative Law and Constitutional Law: Key Differences
III. Reasons for Growth, Development and Study of Administrative Law
▶
Understanding the term Law and the province of Jurisprudence- Science of Law
6 classes
Learning Outcomes
I. Introduction
II. Historical Perspective
III.0 Introduction: The Case of the Speluncean Explorers
IV. Function and Purposes of Law
Jurisprudence: Meaning, Scope and Province
▶
Understanding the connotations of Law through different perspectives - Schools of Law
5 classes
III.1 Natural Law School
III.2 Analytical School
III.3 Historical School
III.4 Sociological School
III.5 Realist School
▶
Main Sources of Law
6 classes
Learning Outcomes
I. Where does law come from?
II. Custom as a Source of Law
III. Importance of custom as a Source of Law in India
IV. Judicial Precedent as a Source of Law
V. Legislation as a Source of Law
▶
Dynamics of the Law bringing changes in Society and the Society forcing Law to change
4 classes
Learning Outcomes
I. Need for Law Reform: II. Law reforms in India
III. Recent Law Reforms in Independent India
How Society Shapes Law and Law Shapes Society: Case Illustrations
▶
Civil Procedural Law
9 classes
Learning Outcomes
4.1. Hierarchy of Civil Courts
4.2. Jurisdiction of Civil Courts
4. Original Jurisdiction
5. Appellate Jurisdiction
4.3. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC)
4.4. Stages of a Civil Suit
4.5. Judgement, Decree and Order
4.6.Res Sub Judice and Res Judicata
▶
Connotations of ‘Consumer’ and his Rights under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 & 2019
6 classes
Who Is a Consumer? Definition under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019
Rights of Consumers under the Act
Consumer Protection Councils and the Central Consumer Protection Authority
Consumer Disputes Redressal: District, State and National Commissions
Unfair Trade Practices, Misleading Advertisements and Product Liability
Offences and Penalties: Sections 89 to 91
▶
Intellectual Property Rights
3 classes
Meaning of Intellectual Property and International Obligations (WIPO)
Kinds of Intellectual Property: Copyright, Patent, Trademark, GI and Designs
The TRIPS Agreement and India's Obligations
▶
The Copyright Act, 1957
5 classes
Copyright
The Idea-Expression Dichotomy
Works Protected by Copyright: Section 13
Rights of the Copyright Owner: Section 14
Authorship, First Ownership and Duration of Copyright
▶
The Trademark Act, 1999
4 classes
Trademark and Geographical Indication
Meaning and Prerequisites for Registration of a Trademark
Importance and Functions of Trademarks
Registration, Duration and Renewal of a Trademark
▶
The Patents Act, 1970
6 classes
Meaning and Purpose of a Patent
Novelty as a Condition of Patentability
Inventive Step and Industrial Application
Inventions That Cannot Be Patented
Rights of a Patentee and Duration of a Patent
From Application to Grant: The Patent Procedure
▶
Geographical Indication (GI) of Goods
5 classes
Geographical Indications: Meaning and Examples from India
Objectives of the Geographical Indications Act, 1999
Conditions for Registration of a Geographical Indication
Registered Proprietor and Authorised User
Duration, Renewal and Infringement
▶
Connotations of marriage
4 classes
VII. Marriage and Divorce
I. Nature of Family Laws in India
Meaning of Marriage in Hindu Law: Sacrament and Contract
Nature and Objects of Hindu Marriage
▶
Ceremonies and rituals associated with marriage
4 classes
Customary Rites and Ceremonies in a Hindu Marriage
Saptapadi and Other Essential Ceremonies under Section 7
Role of Custom in the Validity of a Marriage
Registration of Hindu Marriages
▶
Schools of Hindu Law
4 classes
Sources of Hindu Law
The Mitakshara School
The Dayabhaga School
Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Compared
▶
Application of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955- Who qualifies as a Hindu under section 3
4 classes
Scope and Application of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
Hindu by Religion: Birth and Conversion
Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs under the Act
Persons to Whom the Act Does Not Apply
▶
Essential conditions for a valid Hindu marriage
5 classes
Section 5: Overview of the Conditions for a Valid Marriage
Monogamy: Neither Party May Have a Living Spouse
Sound Mind and Free Consent of the Parties
Minimum Age for Marriage
Prohibited Degrees and Sapinda Relationship
▶
Void Marriage & Voidable Marriage - Meaning and Differences
5 classes
Void Marriages: Section 11
Voidable Marriages: Section 12
Void and Voidable Marriages Compared
Legitimacy of Children of Void and Voidable Marriages
Case Studies on Void and Voidable Marriages
▶
Concept of Restitution of Conjugal Rights and Judicial Separation
4 classes
Restitution of Conjugal Rights: Section 9
Defences and Constitutional Validity of Restitution
Judicial Separation: Section 10 and Its Grounds
Restitution, Judicial Separation and Divorce Compared
▶
Concept of Divorce - three main theories: Fault, Irretrievable Breakdown and Mutual Consent
5 classes
Meaning of Divorce and How the Law Developed
The Fault Theory: Grounds under Section 13
The Irretrievable Breakdown Theory
Divorce by Mutual Consent: Section 13B
Comparing the Three Theories of Divorce
▶
Legal provisions for maintenance in husband-wife relationships under Sections 24 and 25 of the Hindu Marriage Act
4 classes
Interim Maintenance and Litigation Expenses: Section 24
Permanent Alimony and Maintenance: Section 25
Factors a Court Considers in Fixing Maintenance
Who Can Claim Maintenance and When an Order Can Be Changed
▶
Concept of Crime; Object of Criminal Law
6 classes
Objectives of Criminal Law and Legislations
Distinction Between Intention and Motive
Stages of Crime
4.1 Meaning of Crime, Categories of Offences and Bail
Learning Outcomes and Introduction to India Criminal Law Reform
Elements of a Crime: Actus Reus and Mens Rea
▶
Substantive Criminal Law & Criminal Procedural Law- Meaning & differences
4 classes
The Indian Evidence Act: Admission and Confession
Substantive Criminal Law: Meaning and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
Criminal Procedural Law: Meaning and Purpose
Substantive and Procedural Criminal Law Compared
▶
Main systems of Criminal Justice Administration System - Adversarial system and Inquisitorial system: their essence and differences
2 classes
Adversarial and Inquisitorial Systems
4.2 Meaning of Criminal Justice
▶
Evolution of Criminal Justice System of India – From Ancient to Present
5 classes
Criminal Justice in Ancient India: Dharmashastras and Royal Courts
Criminal Justice in the Medieval Period
The British Period: The Indian Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code
Reforms after Independence
From Colonial Codes to the 2023 Criminal Laws
▶
Rationale behind enacting BNSS
3 classes
4.3 Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS)
Why the Criminal Procedure Code Was Replaced: Aims of the BNSS
Key Changes in the BNSS: Technology and Time Limits
▶
Important Procedures under BNSS
6 classes
4.5 Concept of First Information Report (FIR)
4.6 Stages of Criminal Trial under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
Giving Electronic Information of a Cognizable Offence
Informing the Victim of Progress in the Investigation
Search and Seizure with Audio-Video Recording
The Chargesheet and Time Limits for Investigation
▶
Hierarchy & Classes of Criminal Courts: from Magistrate’s Court to the Supreme Court
3 classes
4.4 Types of Criminal Courts in India
4.3. Hierarchy of Courts in India
Structure, Hierarchy of Courts and Legal Officers in India
▶
Cognizable offence and non-Cognizable offence- Meaning & differences
4 classes
What Is an Offence? Meaning and Classification
Cognizable Offences and Police Powers
Non-cognizable Offences and the Need for a Magistrate's Order
Cognizable and Non-cognizable Offences Compared
▶
FIR (Section 173) and Complaint (Section 223) – Meaning and to whom it is made; Zero FIR
5 classes
4.1 Understand the Importance of the FIR in Criminal Procedure
4.2 Identify the Key Elements Required in a First Information Report
FIR under Section 173: Who Records It and Where
Complaint to a Magistrate under Section 223
Zero FIR: Meaning and Purpose
▶
Arrest-How is arrest made (section 43), Entitlements of an Arrested person, Legal aid to accused at State expense in certain cases [Section 341(1)]
8 classes
Fundamental Rights in Focus: Right to Life and Personal Liberty
Brief History of Legal Services and the Indian Legal System
The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987
Legal Services: Meaning and Types
4.2 Access to Justice; Legal aid & Lok adalats
Denial of Legal Aid and Legal Aid for Social Justice
How an Arrest Is Made: Section 43
Rights of an Arrested Person: Information, Lawyer, Medical Examination and Production before a Magistrate
▶
Importance of cyber laws and security in the digital era
6 classes
I. Introduction
II. Cyber Safety and Security
IV. Cyber Law
V. Cyber Law in India
VI. History of Cyber Law in India
Learning Outcomes
▶
Need for regulation in cyber space
3 classes
III. Cyber Crime
Why Cyberspace Needs Regulation: Anonymity, Borderless Crime and Data
Jurisdiction and Enforcement Challenges in Cyberspace
▶
Meaning of Cyber safety and Security
4 classes
Meaning of Cyber Safety and Cyber Security
Cyber Hygiene: Passwords, Updates and Privacy Settings
Protecting Personal Data and Staying Safe on Social Media
Institutions for Cyber Safety: CERT-In and Cyber Crime Portals
▶
Definition and categories of cyber-crime
4 classes
Meaning and Definition of Cyber Crime
Categories of Cyber Crime: Against Persons, Property and the State
Computer as Target and as Tool of Crime
Child Sexual Abuse Material: Meaning and Legal Consequences
▶
Specific types of Cyber Crimes (Meaning only)
5 classes
Cyberbullying and Cyberstalking
Online Grooming and Sextortion
Job Fraud and Card Fraud
Phishing, Vishing and Smishing
Identity Theft
▶
Key provisions and objectives of the IT Act, 2000
5 classes
VII. Scope or Extent of The Information Technology Act, 2000
VIII. The Journey of Section 66A of Information Technology Act, 2000: Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, AIR 2015 SC 1523.
Objectives of the Information Technology Act, 2000
Electronic Records and Digital Signatures under the Act
Offences and Penalties under the IT Act
▶
Artificial Intelligence, blockchain, and future challenges in cybersecurity
5 classes
Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity: Defence and Misuse
Deepfakes and AI-enabled Fraud
Blockchain and the Security of Records
Keeping Law Abreast of Technology: Future Challenges
Data Protection in India: The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
24 chapters
▶
Artificial Intelligence
7 classes
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Evolution of AI
Types of AI
Benefits and Limitations of AI
1.1 Define Artificial Intelligence and Its Key Concepts
1.2 Explore the History and Evolution of AI Technology
1.5 Investigate Real-World Applications of AI in Various Industries
▶
Role of data and information, evolution computing
11 classes
What is Data Literacy? Data Collection
Exploring Data and Levels of Measurement
What Is Data?
Data vs Information
2.1 Identify Different Types of Data
2.2 Explore Primary vs Secondary Data Sources
2.3 Distinguish Between Qualitative and Quantitative Data
2.4 Analyze Data Formats: Structured vs Unstructured
2.2.1 Types of Data: Textual and Numeric
Binary logic: how computers use 0 and 1
Deterministic and probabilistic problems
▶
Overview of Decision making
8 classes
1.1 Understand the Basics of Decision Trees
1.2 Explore Components of Decision Trees: Nodes and Edges
1.3 Analyze How Decision Trees Make Predictions
1.4 Define Rule-Based Systems and Their Purpose
1.5 Compare Decision Trees and Rule-Based Systems
Data Privacy: What It Means and Why It Can Be Compromised
Protecting Privacy, Defining Security, and Why It Matters More Now
Cyber Security Don'ts, and Revision Time
▶
Components of AI project framework
18 classes
The AI Project Cycle: Six Stages, First Guesses
1.2.1 Problem Scoping: Definition and Choosing a Theme
The 4Ws Problem Canvas: Who, What, Where, Why
The Problem Statement Template, Worked for Pest Management
1.2.2 Data Acquisition: Training Data, Testing Data, Data Features
Ways to Acquire Data, and Why the Source Must Be Reliable
1.2.3 Data Exploration: A Recap Quiz, and Why We Explore Before Modelling
Why We Visualise Data
1.2.4 Modelling Begins: Telling AI, ML and DL Apart
1.2.5 Evaluation Begins: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1, and the First Forest-Fire Case
True Negative, False Positive, False Negative: Finishing the Forest-Fire Cases
1.2.6 Deployment: Putting the Model to Work
Revisiting the AI Project Cycle
5.3 Design an AI Model Framework for Your Project
Revision Time: Problem Scoping
Revision Time: Data Acquisition
Revision Time: Data Exploration
Why We Evaluate Models
▶
Overview of Data representation and programming in Python
6 classes
Basics of Python: Character Set, Tokens and Modes
Data Types, Operators and Expressions in Python
Control Statements: Selection in Python
Control Statements: Iteration in Python
1.3 Implement Basic Python Functions for Data Handling
Variables and assignment in Python
▶
Brief History and Primary elements of AI
9 classes
Domains of AI
AI Terminologies: Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Revisiting AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Learning-Based Approach and Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
1.4 Examine AI Technologies: Machine Learning and Deep Learning
3.2 Create Your First Model: Using Teachable Machine for Image Recognition
3.3 Experiment with Sound: Building Audio Recognition Models
Information retrieval: how a search finds relevant documents
▶
Domain of Natural Language Processing (NLP)
14 classes
Understanding Human Language Complexity
Introduction to Natural Language Processing (NLP)
NLP Tasks: Emotion Detection, Sentiment Analysis and Classification
Chatbots
Phases of NLP
Applications of NLP
Introduction to Natural Language Processing
Applications of NLP
Chatbots
4.3 Explore Common NLP Applications in Everyday Life
Text understanding and text generation
Machine translation
Dialogue systems
Types of searches
▶
Potential use of AI
7 classes
The Three Domains of AI and Everyday Applications
More AI Applications, and the Three Strands of a Braid
Opportunities in AI across Various Industries
AI in smartphones
AI in auction sites and e-commerce
AI in scanners and text recognition
AI in social networking
▶
AI and Society
6 classes
Statistics in Disaster Management and Sports
Statistics in Disease Prediction and Weather Forecasting
4.2 Analyze Case Studies of AI in Healthcare and Medicine
4.1 Identify Key Real-World AI Applications in Various Industries
AI in transportation
AI in agriculture
▶
Matrices
5 classes
Introduction to Matrices
Types of matrices
Matrix addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication
Matrix multiplication
Transpose of a matrix and matrices in AI
▶
Vectors and its applications
4 classes
What a vector is: magnitude and direction
Vector addition and subtraction
Scalar multiplication and the dot product
Vectors in AI and data science
▶
Set Theory
5 classes
Sets and set notation
Set operations: union, intersection and difference
Set theory and relational algebra
Data table joins
Applying set operations to data tables
▶
Simple Statistical Concepts
8 classes
Statistical Analysis of Data
Mean and Median
Mean Absolute Deviation and Standard Deviation
Activity: Mean and Variability
5.4 Calculate the Median in Various Data Sets
5.5 Understand Mode and Its Importance in Data Analysis
Summarising Data: Mean, Median and Mode
Variance: meaning and calculation
▶
Data Visualization using Python Programming
14 classes
4.1 Understand the Importance of Data Visualisation in Data Science
4.2 Install and Set Up Matplotlib for Data Visualization
4.3 Create Basic Plots Using Matplotlib: Line and Bar Charts
4.4 Explore Data Visualization Customization in Matplotlib
4.5 Introduction to Seaborn: Enhancing Visualisations with Style
4.2 Explore Matplotlib: Creating Your First Line Plot
4.3 Customize Your Matplotlib Plots with Styles and Annotations
4.4 Introduction to Seaborn: Enhancing Statistical Graphics
Handling Missing Values
4.6 Apply Data Visualization Skills through a Project
4.6 Compare Matplotlib and Seaborn for Effective Data Storytelling
Representing Data and Data Visualization with Python
Creating charts in Excel
Detecting and handling outliers with pandas
▶
Data Visualization using Statistical Graphs
7 classes
Why Data Visualization Matters
Dot Plots and Bar Graphs
Histograms: Bins and Shapes
Single-Variable and Multi-Variable Plots
Tabular and Graphical Data Interpretation: Tables, Bar Graphs, Pie Charts
Applying Data Visualization: Practice and Review
Scatter plots: reading the relationship between two variables
▶
Introduction to Dimensionality of Data
4 classes
What dimensions of data mean
Representing two-dimensional and three-dimensional data
Visualising multi-dimensional data
Reducing dimensions: why and how
▶
Introduction to Data Cleaning
9 classes
2.1 Identify Common Data Quality Issues
2.2 Apply Data Validation Techniques
2.3 Explore Different Data Cleaning Methods
2.5 Standardize Formats for Consistency
3.3 Apply Data Cleaning Methods to Remove Inaccuracies
3.4 Standardise Data Formats for Consistency
1.5 Analyze Data Using Pandas: Cleaning and Transforming Datasets
Finding and removing duplicates with pandas
Fixing inconsistent data with pandas
▶
Exploring Kaggle Datasets
6 classes
1.4 Dive into Pandas for Data Structures: Series and DataFrames
1.5 Analyze Data with Pandas: DataFrames and Series
Recap of NumPy and Pandas Libraries
Accuracy, Usability Scores, and the Features of a Dataset
Finding and downloading a Kaggle dataset
Creating a DataFrame from a Kaggle file and manipulating rows and columns
▶
Data Transformation and Standardization
5 classes
2.4 Implement Data Transformation Techniques
2.6 Prepare a Cleaned Dataset for Analysis
2.2 Clean and Preprocess Raw Data Using Techniques
2.3 Transform Data Structures for Analysis
Standardising data: z-score and min-max scaling
▶
Introduction to Data Modeling
4 classes
Why data is modelled
The relational data model
The entity-relational model
The dimensional data model
▶
Regression analysis
8 classes
3.2 Explore Types of Regression Analysis
3.3 Identify Variables and Data Collection Techniques
3.4 Construct a Simple Linear Regression Model
Regression Algorithms - I
Regression Algorithms - II
Supervised Learning: Correlation and Regression
Reinforcement, Classification and Regression Models
Linear Regression Algorithm
▶
Linear Regression Equation
4 classes
3.5 Interpret Regression Outputs and Coefficients
The least square regression line
Properties of regression lines
Regression coefficients and their meaning
▶
Solving Linear Equations
4 classes
Linear equations in one variable
Solving simultaneous linear equations
Applications of linear equations in real problems
Linear equations in machine learning
▶
Ethical Practices in AI
14 classes
Ethics in Artificial Intelligence and the Five Pillars of AI Ethics
Bias in AI: Awareness and Sources of Bias
Mitigating Bias in AI Systems
Developing AI Policies
Ethics and Personal Data: Jack, and 5.34 Billion Smartphone Users
The Four AI Ethics Principles, and Human Rights in Detail
Bias and Privacy in Detail
2.1 Define and Discuss Ethics in Artificial Intelligence
2.2 Identify Examples of Bias in AI Systems
2.3 Explore the Impact of AI Bias on Society
2.6 Create a Presentation on Ethical AI Practices
4.5 Evaluate Ethical Considerations in Real-World AI Implementations
The environmental impact of AI
An AI code of ethics
Robotics
25 chapters
▶
What is a robot?
5 classes
What Makes a Machine a Robot
Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous Robots
Sensing the World: How Robots Gather Information
The Sense-Think-Act Cycle
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Robot Decisions
▶
New Age Robotics Systems
4 classes
Smart Manufacturing with Robots and AI
Robots in Healthcare and Surgery
Autonomous Vehicles: Sensing, Mapping and Driving
Machine Learning in Modern Robotic Systems
▶
Components of Robots
6 classes
Visualising a Robot System Before Building It
Designing and Modelling a Robot Part with CAD
Sensors as the Robot's Input
Actuators as the Robot's Output
Control Units: The Robot's Brain
Putting the Components Together
▶
Relating Physics & Mathematics to Robotics
4 classes
Motion and Forces Acting on a Robot
Vectors and Vector Spaces for Robotics
Matrix Operations for Robot Calculations
Control Ideas from Physics and Mathematics
▶
Project Management
4 classes
Defining Goals and Scope of a Robotics Project
Planning Tasks, Time and Resources
Executing a Robotics Project in Stages
Monitoring Progress and Managing Risks
▶
Frames and Reference Frames
4 classes
What a Frame of Reference Is
Fixed, Body and Tool Frames of a Robot
Describing Position and Orientation in a Frame
Moving Between Frames: Translation and Rotation
▶
Degrees of Freedom
4 classes
Degrees of Freedom of a Body in Plane and Space
Joints and Their Degrees of Freedom
Counting Degrees of Freedom of a Mechanism
Degrees of Freedom in Robot Arms
▶
Planar Mechanisms
4 classes
Links, Joints and Kinematic Chains
Four-Bar Linkage and Other Planar Mechanisms
Motion of Planar Mechanisms
Using Planar Mechanisms in Robot Design
▶
Spatial Mechanism
4 classes
From Planar to Spatial Mechanisms
Spatial Joints: Ball, Cylindrical and Screw
Degrees of Freedom of Spatial Mechanisms
Spatial Mechanisms in Robot Arms
▶
Robot Kinematics
4 classes
What Robot Kinematics Studies
Forward Kinematics of a Simple Arm
Inverse Kinematics: Finding the Joint Angles
Robot Workspace and Reach
▶
Different Components of Robot
4 classes
Mechanical Parts of a Robot: Frame, Links and Joints
Electrical Parts: Wiring, Power and Drivers
Sensors, Actuators and Controller Working Together
End Effectors and Grippers
▶
Coordinate Systems
4 classes
Cartesian Coordinates in Two and Three Dimensions
Polar, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
Joint Space and Task Space
Changing from One Coordinate System to Another
▶
Specification of Robots
4 classes
Reading a Robot Data Sheet
Payload, Reach and Speed
Accuracy, Repeatability and Resolution
Choosing a Robot for a Task from Its Specification
▶
Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
5 classes
Truth Values and the AND Operator
The OR Operator
The NOT Operator
Truth Tables for Combined Conditions
Boolean Logic in Robot Decisions
▶
Microcontroller / SBC Architecture
5 classes
What a Microcontroller Is and Its Main Blocks
Memory, Input and Output Pins of a Microcontroller
What a Single Board Computer Is
Comparing Microcontrollers and Single Board Computers
Choosing a Board for a Robot
▶
Programming Fundamentals
8 classes
Basics of Python: Character Set, Tokens and Modes
Data Types, Operators and Expressions in Python
Control Statements: Selection in Python
Control Statements: Iteration in Python
Functions and Modules in Python for Robot Programs
Lists and Strings in Python
Reading Sensor Input and Driving Outputs in Code
Writing a Complete Robot Control Program
▶
Debugging and Testing
4 classes
Why Robot Programs Fail: Types of Errors
Finding Bugs Step by Step
Testing Sensors and Actuators Separately
Testing the Whole Robot and Recording Results
▶
Motors and Sensors
5 classes
DC Motors and How They Spin
Servo Motors and Position Control
Stepper Motors and Precise Steps
Light, Distance and Touch Sensors
Choosing the Right Motor or Sensor
▶
Batteries
4 classes
How a Battery Stores and Gives Energy
Types of Batteries Used in Robots
Voltage, Capacity and Discharge Rate
Charging and Caring for Batteries Safely
▶
Communication protocol
5 classes
Why Robot Parts Need to Talk
Serial Communication: UART
I2C and SPI Communication
Wireless Links: Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
Choosing a Communication Protocol
▶
Power Requirement
4 classes
Working Out a Robot's Power Needs
Voltage Regulation and Power Distribution
Matching Battery, Motors and Controller
Saving Power in Robot Design
▶
Control Systems
5 classes
What a Control System Is
Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control
Feedback and Error
On-Off and Proportional Control
PID Control: An Introduction
▶
Manipulators
5 classes
What a Manipulator Is
Types of Manipulator Arms and Their Joints
Grippers and End Effectors
Reach, Workspace and Payload
Using Manipulators in Industry
▶
Mobile Robots
5 classes
Wheeled Robots and How They Steer
Legged and Tracked Robots
Differential Drive Movement
Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance
Line Following and Path Planning
▶
Drones
5 classes
What a Drone Is and Its Main Parts
How a Multi-Rotor Drone Flies
Sensors and Flight Controllers in Drones
Safe and Legal Use of Drones
Uses of Drones in Daily Life and Industry
Applied Mathematics
24 chapters
▶
Sets
13 classes
Introduction to Sets and Representation of a Set
Types of Sets, Subsets and the Power Set
Universal Set and Intervals as Subsets of R
Venn Diagrams and Operations on Sets
Practical Problems on Operations on Sets
Representing Sets — Roster Form and Set-Builder Form
Subsets of the Set of Real Numbers and Intervals
Venn Diagrams
Complement of a Set and De Morgan's Laws
Subsets
Difference of Sets
Symmetric Difference of Two Sets
Laws of the Algebra of Sets: Commutative, Associative and Distributive
▶
Relations & Functions
11 classes
4.2 Ordered Pairs and the Cartesian Product of Two Sets
4.4 Relations: Domain, Range and Co-domain
4.5 Types of Relations: Empty, Universal and Equivalence Relations
4.6 Functions as a Special Type of Relation
Ordered Pairs and the Cartesian Product of Sets
The Cartesian Product of Sets — Worked Examples
Relations: Domain, Codomain and Range
Functions — Definition and Basic Examples
Standard Real Functions and Their Graphs
The Algebra of Real Functions
Miscellaneous Examples — Applying Relations and Functions
▶
Trigonometry
14 classes
3.1 Introduction and 3.2 Angles
3.2.1 Degree Measure and 3.2.2 Radian Measure
3.2.3-3.2.4 Radians, Real Numbers and Degree Conversion
3.3 Trigonometric Functions (unit circle definitions)
3.3.1 Sign of Trigonometric Functions
3.3.2 Domain, Range and Behaviour of Trig Functions
3.4 Sum and Difference Formulas for Sine and Cosine
Sum and Difference Formulas for Tangent and Cotangent
Double Angle and Triple Angle Identities
Sum-to-Product and Product-to-Sum Identities
Worked Applications of the Identities (Examples 10-17, Ex 3.3)
Miscellaneous Applications: Combining Several Identities
Chapter Summary and Historical Note
Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions
▶
Logarithm
11 classes
Indices and the Laws of Exponents
Logarithms and Antilogarithms
Applying Logarithms — Growth, Decay and the Richter Scale
Introduction to Logarithms and the Inverse-of-Exponents Idea
Logarithmic and Exponential Form - Exercise 2.1
Proving the Product and Quotient Rules
Power Rule, Change of Base, and Two Special Log Values
Logarithm Rules in Practice (Examples 3-5)
Common Logarithms: Rules and Worked Examples
Natural Logarithms and the Number e
Finding Antilogarithms and Using Log Tables
▶
Complex Numbers
11 classes
Why We Need Complex Numbers
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
Powers of i, Square Roots of Negative Numbers and Key Identities
Modulus and Conjugate of a Complex Number
The Argand Plane
Chapter Review: Worked Problems, Summary and the History of Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers — A First Look
Polar Form of a Complex Number
Argument of a Complex Number and Its Principal Value
Multiplicative Inverse of a Complex Number
▶
Quadratic Equations
13 classes
4.2 What a Quadratic Equation Is, and Its Standard Form
4.3 Roots of a Quadratic Equation, and Example 3
Examples 4 and 5: Factorisation, and a Root That Repeats
4.4 Nature of Roots: The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant
Examples 7 and 8: The Discriminant at Work, and the Pole in the Park
Example 9, and Exercise 4.3
4.2 Quadratic Equations
4.3 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation
4.4 Nature of Roots
Roots from the Quadratic Formula: Worked Problems
Quadratic Functions and Their Parabolic Graphs
Sign of a Quadratic Expression
Solving Quadratic Inequalities
▶
Permutations and Combinations
14 classes
Counting Basics — Factorial Notation and the Rule of Sum
The Rule of Product (Fundamental Principle of Multiplication)
Permutations of Distinct Objects — the nPr Formula
Applying nPr — Word Arrangements and Dictionary Ranking
Permutations of Objects Not All Distinct (Repeated Letters)
Circular Permutations and Permutations with Restrictions
Combinations — the nCr Formula and Its Properties
Applying Combinations — Committees, Cards and Geometry
Combinations with Repetition, Miscellaneous Problems and Summary
Factorial Notation
Permutations - Meaning and Arranging Distinct Objects
Permutations of Objects Not All Distinct - the Theory
Combining Permutations and Combinations - Selecting and Arranging Together
Combining Permutations and Combinations - Ordering and Positioning Problems
▶
Binomial Theorem
7 classes
Why We Need the Binomial Theorem
Pascal's Triangle: A Pattern for the Coefficients
From Pascal's Triangle to Combinations
The Binomial Theorem: Statement and Proof by Induction
The General Term and Special Cases
Worked Applications of the Binomial Theorem
Middle Term(s) in a Binomial Expansion
▶
Sequence and Series
16 classes
Sequences, Series and the Arithmetic Progression
Working with an Arithmetic Progression: Selecting Terms, the Sum Formula and the Arithmetic Mean
Geometric Progression: Definition, General Term and the Sum Formula
The Geometric Mean and the AM-GM Relationship
Infinite Geometric Progression and Growth-and-Decay Applications
Revision: Key Formulas and Real-Life Applications of AP and GP
What Is a Sequence? Meaning, Notation and the General Term
From Sequence to Series: Sigma Notation and Building New Sequences
Geometric Progressions: A Constant Ratio, and Their General Term
Summing a G.P.: Deriving the Formula and Its First Uses
More Sums in a G.P., and What Happens as the Number of Terms Grows Without Bound
Geometric Mean: Inserting Terms Between Two Numbers in a G.P.
Arithmetic Mean vs Geometric Mean: Why A Is Never Less Than G
A Historical Note, and Infinite GP Practice (Examples 4-5)
Chapter Summary, Revision Checklist, and the Story Behind These Ideas
Special Series: Sum of First n Natural Numbers, Squares and Cubes
▶
Straight Lines
15 classes
Slope of a Line and the Angle of Inclination
Finding the Slope from Two Given Points
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines: Conditions on Slope
The Angle Between Two Lines, and Testing Collinearity by Slope
The Point-Slope Form, and Lines Parallel to the Axes
The Two-Point Form and the Slope-Intercept Form
The Intercept Form and the General Equation of a Line
The Distance of a Point From a Line
Distance Between Two Parallel Lines, and the Chapter's Harder Problems
12.1-12.3 Slope of a Line and the Angle Between Two Lines
12.4 Standard Forms of the Equation of a Line
Distance Formulas and Worked Problems on Straight Lines
A Line Through a Fixed Point - Exercise 4.4
Family of Lines Through the Intersection of Two Lines
Locus of a Moving Point and Its Equation
▶
Circles
6 classes
12.5-12.6 The Circle
The Circle: Definition and Standard Equation
Diameter Form of the Equation of a Circle
General Equation of a Circle: Centre and Radius
Parametric Equations of a Circle
Circle Through Three Given Points
▶
Parabola
5 classes
Sections of a Cone: How One Surface Gives Four Curves
The Parabola: Definition and Standard Equations
The Parabola: Latus Rectum and Worked Problems
12.7-12.8 The Parabola
Focus, Directrix and Axis of a Parabola in Worked Problems
▶
Limits and Derivatives
11 classes
The Intuitive Idea of a Limit
Left-Hand and Right-Hand Limits
The Algebra of Limits
Limits of Polynomial and Rational Functions
Comparing Functions - the Sandwich Theorem
The Standard Trigonometric Limits
Derivatives - Definition and the First Principles Method
The Algebra of Derivatives - Sum, Product and Quotient Rules
Derivatives of Polynomial and Trigonometric Functions
Limits of a Function
Derivatives: Instantaneous Rate of Change
▶
Measures of dispersion
13 classes
Why We Need Measures of Dispersion, and the Range
Mean Deviation About the Mean and the Median (Ungrouped Data)
Mean Deviation for a Discrete Frequency Distribution
Mean Deviation for a Continuous Distribution, the Step-Deviation Shortcut, and Its Limits
Variance and Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data
Standard Deviation of Discrete and Continuous Frequency Distributions
The Shortcut (Step-Deviation) Method for Variance and Standard Deviation
Putting Dispersion to Work: Miscellaneous Problems and Chapter Review
Measures of Dispersion — Range and Quartile Deviation
Measures of Dispersion — Mean Deviation
Variance and Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation: Comparing Consistency of Two Series
Combined Mean and Combined Standard Deviation of Two Groups
▶
Skewness and Kurtosis
4 classes
Skewness, Kurtosis and Percentile Rank
Skewness: Positive, Negative and Symmetric Distributions from Graphs
Measuring Skewness from a Frequency Distribution
Kurtosis: Leptokurtic, Mesokurtic and Platykurtic Curves
▶
Correlation Analysis
5 classes
Quartile Rank and Correlation
Scatter Diagrams and the Idea of Correlation
Covariance of Two Variables
Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation
Spearman's Rank Correlation
▶
Linear Regression
6 classes
Scatter Diagrams and the Line of Best Fit
The Method of Least Squares
Lines of Regression of Y on X and X on Y
Regression Coefficients and Their Properties
Estimating Values Using Regression Lines
Regression and Correlation Together: Worked Problems
▶
Probability
11 classes
Random Experiment and Sample Space
Events and Their Probability
Random Experiments, Sample Space and Events as Subsets
Types of Events: Impossible, Sure, Simple and Compound
The Algebra of Events: Complement, 'Or', 'And' and 'But Not'
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events
The Axiomatic Approach to Probability
Equally Likely Outcomes, the Addition Rule, and 'Not A'
Worked Practice: Combining 'Or', 'And' and 'Not'
Theorem of Total Probability
Addition Theorem of Probability
▶
Mathematical Reasoning
6 classes
Mathematical Statements — What Makes a Statement Acceptable
Negation and Compound Statements: And, Or
Quantifiers and Conditional Statements: If-Then, Converse, Contrapositive
If and Only If, Validating Statements, and Categorical Syllogism
Logical Reasoning Applications: Coding-Decoding, Blood Relations, Odd Man Out
Logical Functions in Spreadsheets and Chapter Review
▶
Interest and Interest Rates
6 classes
A. Interest, Interest Rates and Their Types
B. Simple Interest, Compound Interest and Equivalency
C. Effective Rate, Present Value, Net Present Value and Future Value
7.4 Nominal and Effective Rate of Interest
Compounding Frequency and Its Effect on Interest
APR, AER and Annualised Yield
▶
Present value, net present value and future value
5 classes
Compounding: Finding Future Value of a Sum
Discounting: Finding Present Value of a Future Sum
Net Present Value of a Series of Cash Flows
Capital Budgeting with NPV
Comparing Investment Options Using Present Value
▶
Annuities, Calculating value of Regular Annuity
5 classes
D. Annuities: Types, Future Value, Present Value and Applications
Immediate Annuity (Ordinary Annuity) and Its Future Value
Annuity Due
Deferred Annuity
General Annuity and Worked Problems
▶
Fundamentals of Taxation
5 classes
E. Income Tax and GST
F. Bills, Tariffs, Surcharges and Utility Charges
Direct and Indirect Taxes Compared
Goods and Services Tax: CGST, SGST and UTGST
Calculating GST on a Sale: Worked Problems
▶
Bills, tariff rates, fixed charge, surcharge, service charge
4 classes
Reading an Electricity Bill: Tariff Rates and Fixed Charge
Surcharge and Service Charge on Bills
Water and Other Supply Bills
Calculating a Bill from Given Tariff Slabs
Socially Useful Productive Work and Community Service (SUPW)
7 chapters
▶
Socially Useful Productive Work
6 classes
What Socially Useful Productive Work Means and Why It Matters
Choosing a Craft and Preparing for the Work
Organising Materials, Tools and Time for Craft Work
Building Craft Skills Step by Step
Researching Your Craft: Sources, Methods and Improvements
Completing the Product and Keeping the Record Card
▶
Community Service
6 classes
What Community Service Means: Work That Benefits Others
Identifying a Community Need and Planning a Project
Skills and Resourcefulness in Community Service
Carrying Out a Service Project with a Team
Maintaining the Record Card for Community Service
The Scheme for Day Schools: How Community Service Is Organised
▶
Emergence of new Society
4 classes
A Changing Society: Why New Ways of Living Are Emerging
The 'Greens': Who They Are and What They Value
The 'Culture Creatives': Their Outlook and Influence
Emerging Trends in Modern Society: Technology, Environment and Lifestyle
▶
Atmosphere and Climate Change
5 classes
The Atmosphere and the Greenhouse Gas Effect
Global Warming: Causes and Evidence
Consequences of Climate Change for People and Nature
Mitigation: Reducing Emissions and Adapting to Change
What Individuals, Schools and Governments Can Do
▶
Equity, Equality, Social Justice
5 classes
Equity and Equality: How They Differ
Constitutional Provisions for Equality and Social Justice
Political Aspirations of Marginalised Groups
Social Imbalances in India: Caste, Gender and Income
Towards a Sustainable and Just Society
▶
The Energy Debate
5 classes
Where Our Energy Comes From
Burning Fossil Fuels: Benefits and Costs
Nuclear Energy: Promise and Risks
Fuel Conservation at Home, School and in Industry
Debating the Energy Future: Weighing the Options
▶
Reaching Out
4 classes
Communication Networks: From Postal Service to Mobile Phones
How Computer Networks and the Internet Connect the World
The Internet as a Global Knowledge Base
Using the Internet Wisely and Safely for Learning and Service