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Certificate ICSE Schools ISC

ISC Class 12

38 Subjects
552 Chapters
3784 Lessons

LAPT — London Academy of Professional Training

Subjects38
Chapters552
Classes3784

About This Class

A professional certification programme delivered through LAPT-accredited centres worldwide.

Subjects and Chapters

38 subjects • 552 chapters • 3784 classes
01
English
16 chapters
LAPT Schools
English
ISC Class 12
EnglishLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 1 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Composition 8 classes
Understanding the Composition Question: Choosing a Topic from Six
Narrative Composition: Plot, Pace and Ending
Descriptive Composition: Sensory Detail and Imagery
Reflective Composition: Voice and Personal Insight
Argumentative and Persuasive Composition: Claim, Evidence and Counter-argument
Expository Composition: Explaining Clearly and Logically
Writing an Original Short Story in 400-450 Words
Revising a Composition: Word Limit, Style and Accuracy
Directed Writing 10 classes
Article Writing: Descriptive and Analytical
Report Writing: School Events and Local News
Planning, Organising and Finishing Within the Word Limit
Sentence Accuracy: Tenses, Agreement, Articles, Prepositions and Spelling
Feature Article: Hook, Structure and Tone
Book Review: Summary, Evaluation and Recommendation
Blog Writing: Voice and Format
Newspaper Report: Headline, Lead and Facts
Statement of Purpose: Presenting Yourself for a Course or Opportunity
Amplifying, Describing and Re-stating Ideas in 250-300 Words
Proposal Writing 6 classes
What a Proposal Is and When It Is Written
Heading and Introduction of a Proposal
Stating the Objectives
Listing Measures and Actions Clearly
Writing a Concluding Statement
Writing a Full Proposal in the Prescribed Format
Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure and usage 8 classes
The Passive Voice, Modals and Sentence Transformation in Formal Writing
4.3 Practice and revision: From the Diary of Anne Frank
7.2 Core concepts: Madam Rides the Bus
Transformation of Sentences: Active and Passive, Direct and Indirect Speech
Transformation of Sentences: Simple, Compound and Complex
Phrasal Verbs: Meaning and Use
Verbs and Tenses: Choosing the Correct Form
Practice Paper: Answering the Short-answer Grammar Question
Comprehension 8 classes
Unseen Passages: What Section A Tests and How to Approach It
Skimming, Scanning and Finding the Main Idea
Inference, Vocabulary in Context, Tone and Purpose
The Case-Based Passage: Reading Data, Tables and Charts
Answering Well: MCQ Technique and 40–50 Word Answers
Analytical Questions on a 700-word Passage
Vocabulary and Inference Questions
Summary in Grid Form: Selecting and Grouping Points
Macbeth: William Shakespeare 9 classes
Macbeth Act 3, Scenes 1-3: Banquo's Murder Plotted
Macbeth Act 3, Scene 4: The Banquet and the Ghost
Macbeth Act 3, Scenes 5-6: Hecate and the Gathering Opposition
Macbeth Act 4, Scene 1: The Apparitions and the Witches' Prophecies
Macbeth Act 4, Scenes 2-3: Macduff's Family and the Meeting in England
Macbeth Act 5, Scenes 1-3: Lady Macbeth's Sleepwalking and the English Army
Macbeth Act 5, Scenes 4-8: Birnam Wood and Macbeth's End
Macbeth: Themes of Ambition, Guilt and Fate in Acts 3-5
Macbeth: Character Study of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth
Atithi / Guest 4 classes
Atithi: The Author, the Setting and the Opening
Atithi: Tarapada and the Boy's Wandering Spirit
Atithi: Relationships, Freedom and Belonging
Atithi: Theme, Symbolism and Ending
The Cookie Lady 3 classes
The Cookie Lady: Author, Setting and Characters
The Cookie Lady: Plot and the Turning Point
The Cookie Lady: Theme and Irony
There Will Come Soft Rains 3 classes
There Will Come Soft Rains: Author, Setting and the Automated House
There Will Come Soft Rains: Story Sequence Through the Day
There Will Come Soft Rains: Theme, Irony and Warning
Indigo 3 classes
Indigo: Author, Setting and Characters
Indigo: Plot and the Ghostly Encounter
Indigo: Theme, Suspense and Narrative Technique
The Medicine Bag 3 classes
The Medicine Bag: Author, Setting and Characters
The Medicine Bag: Plot and the Grandfather's Visit
The Medicine Bag: Heritage, Identity and Pride
Telephone Conversation 3 classes
Telephone Conversation: Poet, Context and Situation
Telephone Conversation: Line-by-line Understanding
Telephone Conversation: Theme of Racial Prejudice, Tone and Satire
Tithonus 3 classes
Tithonus: Poet, Myth and Context
Tithonus: Line-by-line Understanding
Tithonus: Theme of Immortality and Ageing, Imagery and Form
Beethoven 3 classes
Beethoven: Poet, Subject and Context
Beethoven: Line-by-line Understanding
Beethoven: Theme of Perseverance, Voice and Imagery
Small Towns and the River 3 classes
Small Towns and the River: Poet, Place and Context
Small Towns and the River: Line-by-line Understanding
Small Towns and the River: Nature, Memory and Imagery
Death be not Proud 3 classes
Death be not Proud: Poet and Form of the Sonnet
Death be not Proud: Line-by-line Understanding
Death be not Proud: Theme of Defying Death, Paradox and Tone
02
Modern English
16 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 1 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Composition 7 classes
Narrative Composition: Planning a Plot and Point of View
Descriptive Composition: Painting a Scene with Detail
Reflective Composition: Thinking Aloud on an Experience
Argumentative and Persuasive Composition: Building a Case
Expository Composition: Explaining an Idea Clearly
Writing an Original Short Story in 400 to 450 Words
Choosing Among Six Topics, Managing Time and Revising
Directed Writing 8 classes
Article Writing: Descriptive and Analytical
Report Writing: School Events and Local News
Planning, Organising and Finishing Within the Word Limit
Writing a Feature Article
Writing a Book Review
Writing a Blog Post in a Personal Voice
Writing a Newspaper Report
Writing a Statement of Purpose
Proposal Writing 4 classes
What a Proposal Is and How It Is Laid Out
Writing the Heading and Introduction of a Proposal
Setting Objectives and Listing Measures
Closing a Proposal and Practice on Given Situations
Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure, and usage 6 classes
Sentence Accuracy: Tenses, Agreement, Articles, Prepositions and Spelling
The Passive Voice, Modals and Sentence Transformation in Formal Writing
4.3 Practice and revision: From the Diary of Anne Frank
Transformation of Sentences: Changing Structure Without Changing Meaning
Phrasal Verbs in Context
Verbs and Tenses: Choosing the Right Form
Comprehension 5 classes
Unseen Passages: What Section A Tests and How to Approach It
Skimming, Scanning and Finding the Main Idea
Inference, Vocabulary in Context, Tone and Purpose
Answering Well: MCQ Technique and 40–50 Word Answers
Summary in Grid Form: Reading and Organising Points
Pygmalion-George Bernard Shaw (Acts III, IV & V) 7 classes
Pygmalion Act III: Mrs Higgins' At-Home and Eliza's First Test
Pygmalion Act III: Language, Manners and the Comedy of Class
Pygmalion Act IV: After the Ball, Eliza and Higgins Face to Face
Pygmalion Act IV: Eliza's Anger and Her Departure
Pygmalion Act V: Doolittle's New Respectability
Pygmalion Act V: Eliza Claims Her Independence
Pygmalion: Themes, Characters and the Question of an Ending
The Doll's House 4 classes
The Doll's House: The Burnell Family and the Gift That Arrives
The Doll's House: Kezia, the Kelvey Girls and Class Prejudice
The Doll's House: The Little Lamp and the Closing Moment
The Doll's House: Narrative Style and Point of View
Death by Scrabble 3 classes
Death by Scrabble: Setting, Narrator and Opening Situation
Death by Scrabble: Characters and Motives
Death by Scrabble: Humour, Irony and the Ending
The Dreamer 3 classes
The Dreamer: Opening Situation and Characters
The Dreamer: Irony and Satire in the Author's Style
The Dreamer: Theme and the Closing Twist
Games at Twilight 4 classes
Games at Twilight: The Summer Afternoon and the Children's Game
Games at Twilight: Ravi's Hiding Place and His Hopes
Games at Twilight: Sensory Imagery and Mood
Games at Twilight: The Ending and Its Meaning
The Father-Thing 4 classes
The Father-Thing: A Family Home and a Strange Change
The Father-Thing: Charles, His Parents and His Fear
The Father-Thing: Science Fiction, Suspense and Theme
The Father-Thing: The Ending and Its Impact
My Grandmother's House 3 classes
My Grandmother's House: Reading the Poem Closely
My Grandmother's House: Memory, Love and Loss
My Grandmother's House: Imagery, Tone and Poetic Devices
Refugee Blues 4 classes
Refugee Blues — W.H. Auden
Refugee Blues: reading the poem
Refugee Blues: understanding the poem and activities
Refugee Blues: Theme, Tone and Poetic Technique
Urban 3 classes
Urban: Reading the Poem and Its City Setting
Urban: Theme and the Poet's Attitude to City Life
Urban: Imagery, Tone and Language
Ode to Tomatoes 3 classes
Ode to Tomatoes: Reading the Poem Closely
Ode to Tomatoes: Celebrating the Everyday in Verse
Ode to Tomatoes: Imagery, Tone and the Form of an Ode
The Black Santa 3 classes
The Black Santa: Reading the Poem Closely
The Black Santa: Identity, Childhood and Belonging
The Black Santa: Imagery, Tone and Language
03
Indian Language
4 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 2 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Composition 6 classes
Choosing One of Six Topics and Planning a 400-Word Composition
Descriptive Compositions: People, Places and Experiences
Narrative Compositions: Building a Clear Plot
Argumentative and Reflective Compositions
Opening and Closing Paragraphs That Hold the Reader
Managing Word Limit, Style and Revision
Comprehension 6 classes
Reading a 300-Word Unseen Passage with Understanding
Answering Comprehension Questions Accurately
Inference and Vocabulary in Context
Summary Writing: Selecting the Key Points
Giving a Heading to a Summary
Expansion of an Idea: Developing a Central Thought
Grammar 6 classes
Correcting Faulty Sentences: Common Errors
Using Given Words Correctly in Sentences
Idioms and Proverbs in Sentences
Agreement of Subject and Verb by Number and Gender
Agreement by Case and Tense
Active and Passive Voice and Agreement
Prescribed Textbooks 6 classes
Choosing Any Three of the Prescribed Textbooks
Reading Prose in the Prescribed Textbooks: Themes and Characters
Reading Poetry in the Prescribed Textbooks: Imagery and Meaning
Reading Drama and Fiction in the Prescribed List: Plot and Character
Writing Answers to the Four Questions: Structure and Length
Revision of the Three Chosen Textbooks
04
Modern Foreign Language
4 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 3 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
A short composition in the language 5 classes
Understanding the Task: Choosing One Subject from the Options Given
Planning Paragraphs and Gathering Vocabulary for a Composition
Writing a Descriptive or Narrative Composition in the Language
Writing a Reflective or Argumentative Composition with Clear Opinions
Revising for Grammar, Idiom and Length
Unprepared translation into English 5 classes
Reading a Passage for Meaning Before Translating
Translating Sentence Structure and Word Order into English
Handling Idioms and Phrases That Do Not Translate Word for Word
Translating Narrative and Descriptive Passages Fluently
Checking a Translation for Accuracy and Natural English
Unseen passage in the language 5 classes
Reading an Unseen Passage Quickly and Closely
Answering Comprehension Questions in the Language
Writing a Summary in the Language of Part of a Passage
Explaining Words, Phrases and Sentences from the Passage
Full Unseen Passage Practice Under Exam Conditions
Questions on prescribed textbooks 5 classes
Approaching Questions on a Prescribed Textbook
Answering Two Questions from One or Two Prescribed Texts
Writing Character, Theme and Message Answers on a Prescribed Text
Translating a Passage from the Language into English
Translating a Passage from English into the Language
05
Classical Language
4 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 4 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Questions on grammar 7 classes
Noun and Pronoun Forms: Declension Across Cases and Numbers
Verb Forms: Conjugation Across Tenses and Moods
Sandhi: Joining and Splitting Words by the Rules
Compounds: Identifying and Analysing Word Combinations
Participles, Gerunds and Infinitives in Sentences
Voice and Agreement: Converting and Correcting Sentences
Grammar Paper Practice: Mixed Questions in Exam Pattern
Unseen translation from English into the language 5 classes
Translating Short English Sentences into the Classical Language
Choosing Vocabulary and Word Order for Translation
Applying Tenses and Case Endings Correctly in Translation
Translating a Continuous Prose Passage
Checking and Correcting Your Own Translation
Translation from the prescribed books 5 classes
Reading a Prescribed Passage Closely: Word-by-Word Meaning
Translating Narrative Passages into English
Translating Dialogue and Descriptive Passages
Handling Difficult Constructions and Idioms in Translation
Timed Practice: Translating Passages Without a Choice
Questions, requiring short answers, to test knowledge of the subject matter of the prescribed books 5 classes
Recalling Characters, Events and Their Sequence in the Prescribed Books
Writing Precise One-Line and Two-Line Answers
Themes, Morals and Teachings of the Prescribed Texts
Context and Reference Questions from the Texts
Short-Answer Practice Under Exam Conditions
06
Elective English
11 chapters
LAPT Schools
Elective English
ISC Class 12
Elective EnglishLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 5 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
The Book Thief 8 classes
The Book Thief: Narrator Death, Setting and the Opening Chapters
Liesel Meminger and the Stolen Books: Learning to Read
The Hubermanns: Hans, Rosa and Life on Himmel Street
Max Vandenburg in the Basement: Hiding, Friendship and Risk
Rudy Steiner: Friendship, Courage and Loss
Nazi Germany in the Novel: Propaganda, Book Burning and Fear
Words as Power: Themes of Language, Storytelling and Humanity
Reading Zusak's Style: Narrative Voice, Foreshadowing and Symbols
The Namesake 8 classes
The Namesake: Ashoke, Ashima and the Story of the Name Gogol
Gogol Ganguli Growing Up Between Two Cultures
Naming, Identity and the Change to Nikhil
Gogol's Relationships: Ruth, Maxine and Moushumi
Death of Ashoke and the Family's Return to Tradition
Ashima's Journey: Loneliness, Belonging and Independence
Themes of Diaspora, Home and Belonging
Reading Lahiri's Style: Narrative Voice, Symbols and Structure
An Enemy of the People 7 classes
An Enemy of the People, Act 1: Dr Stockmann and the Baths of the Town
Act 2: The Discovery of Pollution and the Struggle to Be Heard
Act 3: The Press, the Mayor and the Compromise
Act 4: The Public Meeting and the Declaration Against the Majority
Act 5: Isolation, Resolve and the Strongest Man in the World
Characters Compared: Dr Stockmann, Peter Stockmann and Hovstad
Themes: Truth, Majority Rule, Public Duty and Corruption
Tughlaq 7 classes
Tughlaq: Background of the Play and the Character of the Sultan
Early Scenes: The Sultan's Justice and the Plan to Shift the Capital to Daulatabad
Middle Scenes: Token Currency, Failed Reforms and Growing Mistrust
Aziz and Aazam: Comic Opportunism and Its Meaning
Barani, Najib and Shihab-ud-din: Loyalty and Conspiracy
Final Scenes: Failure, Isolation and the Fall of an Idealist
Themes: Power, Idealism, Violence and Political Failure
T.S. Eliot 6 classes
T.S. Eliot: Life, Modernism and Poetic Method
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock: Setting, Speaker and Indecision
Prufrock: Imagery, Allusion and the Theme of Isolation
Preludes: Urban Scenes and the Fragmented City
The Journey of the Magi: Voice, Journey and Meaning of the Birth
Comparing the Three Poems: Themes and Techniques
Maya Angelou 5 classes
Maya Angelou: Life, Voice and Poetic Concerns
The Mothering Blackness: Theme, Imagery and Tone
Still I Rise: Defiance, Dignity and Rhetorical Devices
Awaking in New York: Image, Mood and Meaning
Comparing the Three Poems: Themes and Techniques
Sylvia Plath 5 classes
Sylvia Plath: Life, Confessional Poetry and Style
Mirror: Voice, Personification and the Passing of Time
Tulips: Hospital Setting, Imagery and Inner Conflict
Pursuit: The Panther, Desire and Danger
Comparing the Three Poems: Themes and Techniques
Gieve Patel 6 classes
Gieve Patel: Life and Poetic Concerns
Post Mortem: Tone, Imagery and Treatment of Death
On Killing a Tree: Process, Symbol and the Resilience of Nature
From Bombay Central: City Life, Crowds and Detail
Squirrels in Washington: Observation and Contrast
Comparing the Four Poems: Themes and Techniques
Sujata Bhatt 5 classes
Sujata Bhatt: Life, Language and Identity
Search for My Tongue: Mother Tongue, Loss and Reclaiming
The Stare: Theme, Image and Social Comment
A Different History: Culture, Respect and Colonial Legacy
Comparing the Three Poems: Themes and Techniques
Benjamin Zephania 5 classes
Benjamin Zephaniah: Life, Performance Poetry and Protest
What If: Questions, Fear and Social Concern
Faceless: Anonymity, Victims and Language
We Refugees: Migration, Borders and Human Dignity
Comparing the Three Poems: Themes and Techniques
Seamus Heaney 5 classes
Seamus Heaney: Life, Ireland and Poetic Background
Digging: Pen and Spade, Family and Craft
Casualty: Violence, Community and Elegy
Whatever You Say Say Nothing: Silence, Conflict and Irony
Comparing the Three Poems: Themes and Techniques
07
History
41 chapters
LAPT Schools
History
ISC Class 12
HistoryLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 6 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
National Movement during the Second World War 5 classes
The August Offer of 1940 and the Congress Response
The Cripps Mission of 1942 and Why It Failed
The Quit India Resolution and the Call of Do or Die
The Quit India Movement: Spread and Leaders Underground
Suppression of the Movement and Its Significance
Subhash Chandra Bose and the INA 5 classes
Subhas Chandra Bose: From Congress President to the Escape from India
Founding and Organisation of the Indian National Army
INA Operations in Burma and Manipur
Defeat of the INA and the Red Fort Trials
Significance of the INA in the Freedom Struggle
Transfer of power (1945-1947) 7 classes
The Dawn of Freedom: Voices of Partition
Partition: Displacement and Rehabilitation
Quit India and the Road to Partition
Change in the British Attitude After the War
The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946
Attlee's Declaration of 20 February 1947
The Mountbatten Plan and the Indian Independence Act of 1947
The role of Sardar Patel in the reorganization and integration of princely states 6 classes
Integration of Princely States
Challenges for the New Nation-State
Reorganisation of States
Sardar Patel and the Task of Integrating the Princely States
Instrument of Accession and the Standstill Agreement
Merger and Reorganisation of the Princely States into Units
Problems of integrating Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir 7 classes
Jammu and Kashmir: Regions, Roots and Accession
Jammu and Kashmir: External and Internal Disputes
Wars and Peace with Pakistan
Junagadh: A Ruler Who Chose Pakistan and a People Who Did Not
Hyderabad and the Nizam's Stand
Operation Polo and the Integration of Hyderabad
Kashmir's Accession and the Role of Maharaja Hari Singh
First general election (1952) 6 classes
Challenge of Building Democracy
The First General Election: A 'Biggest Gamble' That Succeeded
Congress Dominance in the First Three General Elections
Preparing for the First General Election: Rolls, Constituencies and Symbols
How Polling Was Conducted in 1952
Results of the 1952 Election and Their Impact
The linguistic reorganisation of states 7 classes
Fast Forward: Creation of New States
Punjab: The Political Context and the Anandpur Sahib Resolution
Demand for Linguistic States and the Dar and JVP Committees
Andhra: Potti Sriramulu and the First Linguistic State
The States Reorganisation Act of 1956
Bombay State: Maharashtra and Gujarat
Punjab Reorganised: Punjabi Suba and the Creation of Haryana
Lal Bahadur Shastri – his contributions as Prime Minister 5 classes
Challenge of Political Succession: Nehru to Shastri
From Shastri to Indira Gandhi
Lal Bahadur Shastri as Prime Minister: Leadership and the Slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
Shastri and the Green Revolution, White Revolution and Food Policy
Shastri and the 1965 War, the Tashkent Declaration
Importance of the election of 1967 5 classes
The Fourth General Election, 1967: Crisis and Non-Congressism
Coalitions and Defection After 1967
The Split in the Congress: Indira vs the Syndicate
Why the 1967 Elections Were a Turning Point in Indian Politics
Results of 1967: Loss of Congress Dominance in the States
Main Opposition political parties and their ideologies 9 classes
The Socialist Party
Emergence of Opposition Parties
State parties
Congress as a Social and Ideological Coalition
National parties
The Communist Party of India: Ideology and Growth
Split in the CPI and the Rise of the CPI(M)
The Bharatiya Jan Sangh: Ideology and Programme
The Shiromani Akali Dal: Origins and Goals
Naxal Movement 5 classes
Why the Naxalite Movement Arose: Land, Poverty and Tribal Grievances
The Naxalbari Uprising and the Leadership of Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal
Spread of the Movement in West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh
Government Measures Against the Naxals and the Decline in the 1970s
Impact of the Naxal Movement on Indian Politics and Society
JP Movement (1974-75) 6 classes
Background to the Emergency: Politics and the Economy, 1971-74
The Gujarat and Bihar Movements and Total Revolution
The Railway Strike of 1974 and the Conflict with the Judiciary
The Allahabad Verdict and the Declaration of Emergency
Jayaprakash Narayan's Disputes with Mrs Gandhi
Course of the JP Movement and Its Significance
Emergency (1975-76) 5 classes
What the Emergency Meant in Practice
Lessons of the Emergency
Reasons for the Imposition of the Emergency
Suspension of Democratic Rights During the Emergency
Positive and Negative Impact of the Emergency
The Janata Government (1977 – 1979) 5 classes
Politics after the Emergency: The 1977 Lok Sabha Election
The Janata Government and the Return of Indira Gandhi in 1980
Legacy: A Changed Party System and Two Crises
The Janata Government's Policies at Home and Abroad
Why the Janata Government Fell
Punjab 5 classes
Punjab: Cycle of Violence, Operation Blue Star and 1984
Punjab: The Road to Peace
The Akali Dal's Demands and the Anandpur Sahib Resolution
Bhindranwale and the Rise of Militancy
Operation Bluestar and the Punjab Accord of 1985
Assam 5 classes
Movements against Outsiders: The Assam Movement
The North-East: Region and Demands for Autonomy
Reasons for Discontent in Assam: Illegal Migration and the Fear of Losing Identity
The Assam Agitation Led by the AASU
The Assam Accord of 1985 and Its Terms
Nagaland 4 classes
Secessionist Movements: Mizoram and Nagaland
Naga Separatist Demands and the Role of A. Z. Phizo
Naga Agitation and the Birth of the State of Nagaland
The Shillong Accord of 1975
Mizoram 3 classes
Background to the Mizo Movement: The 1959 Famine and the Mizo National Front
Course of the Insurgency in Mizoram, 1966-1986
Mizoram Accord of 1986 and the Making of Mizoram State
Pakistan (1947-49, 1965, 1971) 7 classes
The Bangladesh War, 1971
India-Pakistan Conflicts
The First Kashmir War of 1947-49: Causes, Course and Consequences
The 1965 War: Causes and Course
The 1965 War: Tashkent Agreement and Consequences
The 1971 War: Causes of the Crisis in East Pakistan
The 1971 War: Course and Consequences
Sino-Indian War (1962) 6 classes
Afro-Asian Unity and Peace with China: Panchsheel and Tibet
The Chinese Invasion of 1962 and Its Aftermath
India-China Relations
Tibet and the Border Issues Between India and China
Immediate Causes of the 1962 War
Consequences of the Sino-Indian War of 1962
Movements for Women’s Rights 6 classes
8.8 The Women’s Movement
5.3 Struggle for women’s equality and rights
The Towards Equality Report of 1974
The Anti-Dowry Movement of the 1970s and 1980s
The Struggle Against Domestic Violence
Government Measures for Women's Rights
Factors leading to the War: aggressive foreign policies of Germany, Italy and Japan 4 classes
Dissatisfaction with the Peace Settlement and the Rise of Dictators
Germany Under Hitler: Rearmament and Expansion
Fascist Italy's Aggressive Foreign Policy
Japan's Militarism and Expansion in Asia
Anglo-French appeasement policies 3 classes
What Appeasement Meant and Why Britain and France Chose It
Appeasement in Practice: Rhineland, Austria and Abyssinia
The Munich Agreement and the End of Appeasement
Axis invasions in Europe and Asia (1939-1941) 4 classes
The Invasion of Poland and the Outbreak of War in 1939
The Fall of Western Europe: Denmark, Norway, France
The Battle of Britain and the Balkans
Japanese Expansion in Asia and the Attack on Pearl Harbor
Course of the War in Europe, Africa and Far East (1942-45) 5 classes
War on the Eastern Front: Operation Barbarossa and Stalingrad
War in North Africa and the Invasion of Italy
D-Day and the Defeat of Germany in 1945
The War in the Far East and the Pacific
Atom Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the End of the War
Reasons for the defeat of the Axis Powers 3 classes
Strategic Mistakes of the Axis Powers
Allied Strengths: Industrial Power, Resources and Unity
Turning Points That Decided the War
China 6 classes
The Rise of the Chinese Economy
The Rise of the Communist Party of China
From Cultural Revolution to Reform: Deng Xiaoping's China and Taiwan
Problems Facing the Communists in 1949: Agriculture and Industry
The First Five Year Plan and Soviet Help
The Great Leap Forward and the People's Communes
Ghana: democracy and dictatorship (1957-66) 4 classes
Gold Coast Under British Rule and the Road to Independence
Kwame Nkrumah's Role in the Struggle for Independence
Ghana 1957-66: From Democracy to One-Man Rule
Reasons for the Overthrow of Nkrumah in 1966
Kenya: conflict and independence (1947 – 1964) 3 classes
Kenya Under British Settlers: Land and Colour Bar
The Mau Mau Uprising and the Emergency
Jomo Kenyatta and Kenya's Road to Independence in 1964
Origins of the Cold War 4 classes
The End of Wartime Unity Between the Allies
The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
The Soviet Response: Molotov Plan, COMECON and Cominform
The rift widens - Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe (1945- 1948) 2 classes
Soviet Control over Eastern Europe, 1945-1948
The Communist Coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948
Cold War Crises 4 classes
The Berlin Blockade and the Airlift
The Formation of NATO and the Division of Germany
The Cuban Missile Crisis: Origins and the Thirteen Days
Outcome of the Cuban Crisis and Lessons for the Superpowers
Détente 3 classes
What Detente Meant and Why the Superpowers Sought It
Detente in Action: Treaties and Agreements of the 1970s
Effects of Detente on Eastern Europe
Downfall of Communism in Poland and East Germany 4 classes
Solidarity and the Challenge to Communist Rule in Poland
The Fall of Communism in Poland, 1989
Protests and the Fall of the Berlin Wall in East Germany
German Reunification in 1990
Breakup of the USSR 6 classes
Gorbachev, Reform, and the Road to Disintegration
Why Did the Soviet Union Disintegrate?
Consequences of Disintegration
What Was the Soviet System?
The Coup of August 1991 and Its Failure
Independence Demands of the Soviet Republics and the End of the USSR
Racial problems and civil rights in USA in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s 5 classes
Racial Discrimination in the USA: Segregation and Jim Crow
Government Attitude Towards Civil Rights
Brown v. Board of Education and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King and the Non-violent Movement
Civil Rights Legislation and Black Power in the 1960s and 1970s
Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa (1948-1994) 4 classes
Features of Apartheid in South Africa
Opposition to Apartheid: ANC, Sharpeville and Soweto
Nelson Mandela: Imprisonment and Leadership
The End of Apartheid and the Transition to Majority Rule
Second Wave Feminist Movement in USA (early 1960s – early 1980’s) 4 classes
Origins of the Second Wave Feminist Movement
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964
The National Organization for Women
The Equal Rights Amendment: Struggle and Failure
Post War conflict in Palestine after World War I, till the formation of the state of Israel 4 classes
Arab Nationalism and Zionism: Two Rival Movements
Wartime Promises: Husain-MacMahon Correspondence and Sykes-Picot Agreement
The Balfour Declaration of 1917
The Palestine Mandate and the Creation of Israel in 1948
The Arab-Israeli Wars from 1948 to Camp David Accord (1979) 5 classes
The Arab-Israeli War of 1948-49
The Suez Crisis of 1956
The Six Day War of 1967
The Yom Kippur War of 1973
The Camp David Accord of 1979 and the Origin of the PLO
Oslo Peace Accords (1993 & 1995) 4 classes
The First Intifada and the Road to Talks
The Oslo I Accord of 1993
The Oslo II Agreement of 1995
Why the Oslo Accords Failed to Bring Peace
08
Political Science
11 chapters
LAPT Schools
Political Science
ISC Class 12
Political ScienceLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 7 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Forms of Government 9 classes
Overview
What makes India a federal country?
How is federalism practised?
What is an Executive? Parliamentary Executive in India
Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
Accountable, responsive and legitimate government
Totalitarian and Authoritarian Governments: Features and Examples
Liberal Democratic Government: Rights, Elections and Rule of Law
Unitary and Federal Systems Compared, and Presidential Government
Constitution 7 classes
Why Do We Need a Constitution?
The Authority of a Constitution
Are Constitutions Static?
How to Amend the Constitution?
Basic Structure and Evolution of the Constitution
Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible Constitutions
Amending the Constitution in the UK, the USA and India Compared
Franchise and Representation 12 classes
Elections and Democracy
Election System in India
Reservation of Constituencies
Free and Fair Elections
Electoral Reforms
Overview
How many parties should we have?
Popular participation
National parties
State parties
Universal Adult Franchise: Meaning and Importance
First Past the Post and Proportional Representation Compared
The Legislature 9 classes
Why Do We Need a Parliament?
Why Do We Need Two Houses of Parliament?
What Does the Parliament Do?
How Does the Parliament Make Laws?
How Does the Parliament Control the Executive?
What Do the Committees of Parliament Do?
How Does the Parliament Regulate Itself?
The Legislature of the USA: Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives
Comparing the Indian Parliament with the US Congress
The Executive 5 classes
Permanent Executive: Bureaucracy
The Political Executive: Heads of State and Government
The Executive in the USA: The President and the Cabinet
Political and Permanent Executive: How They Differ and Work Together
Comparing the Executive in India and the USA
The Judiciary 7 classes
Why an Independent Judiciary? Structure of the Judiciary
Judiciary and Rights
Judiciary and Parliament
Independence of the Judiciary: Why and How It Is Protected
Judicial Review in India
The Judiciary in the USA and Judicial Review There
Comparing the Judiciary in India and the USA
Preamble 4 classes
The Preamble: Text, Source and Purpose
Key Words of the Preamble: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic
Key Words of the Preamble: Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
The Importance of the Preamble in Interpreting the Constitution
Salient features of the Indian Constitution 8 classes
Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution
Directive Principles of State Policy
What Is the Political Philosophy of Our Constitution?
Procedural Achievements
Federalism in the Indian Constitution
A Written, Lengthy and Detailed Constitution
Parliamentary Democracy, Secularism and Single Citizenship
A Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility, and the Emergency Provisions
Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles 9 classes
The Importance of Rights
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right Against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Relationship Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles
Classification of the Directive Principles: Socialistic, Gandhian and Liberal
Local self- government 6 classes
Growth of Local Government in India
73Rd and 74Th Amendments
Implementation of the 73rd and 74th Amendments
Decentralisation in India
The Zila Parishad: Structure, Functions and Finance
The Municipal Corporation: Structure, Functions and Finance
Democracy in India – a perspective of the challenges faced 5 classes
Caste and politics
Caste inequality today
Religion, communalism and politics
6.2 Regionalism in the Indian Context
Political Violence in India: Causes, Forms and Remedies
09
Geography
28 chapters
LAPT Schools
Geography
ISC Class 12
GeographyLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 8 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Locational setting - India: size and area 4 classes
India's Location and Its Importance for the Indian Ocean Rim Countries
India's Size, Area and Latitudinal and Longitudinal Extent
India's Coastline: Length, Types and Significance
India's Land Frontiers and Neighbouring Countries
Structure of India – Geological formation, relief and drainage; major physiographic divisions and their characteristics 8 classes
The Geological Evolution of India: Gondwanaland to the Present
Five-fold Physiographic Divisions of India: An Overview
The Northern Mountains: Characteristics of the Himalayas
The Northern Plains: Formation and Characteristics
The Peninsular Plateau and Its Divisions
The Coastal Plains and the Islands
Himalayan Drainage: The Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra Systems
Peninsular Drainage: The Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada and Tapi
Climate - India 9 classes
Factors Controlling the Climate of India
The Mechanism of the Monsoon
Jet Streams and Their Role in the Indian Monsoon
The Southern Oscillation, El Nino and the Monsoon
Seasons of India: Winter and Summer
Seasons of India: The Rainy Season and the Retreating Monsoon
Droughts in India: Causes and Effects
Floods in India: Causes and Effects
Reading and Drawing Climate Graphs
Natural vegetation 7 classes
Biodiversity and India's Flora and Fauna
Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger
Forest Types: Reserved, Protected and Unclassed
Community Conservation and Sacred Groves
Forest Policy of India and the National Forest Policy 1988
Conservation of Forests: Methods and Problems
Social Forestry and Its Types
Population of India 3 classes
India's Share of World Population
India's Position Among the Most Populous Countries
Implications of a Large Population for India
National and State level patterns of population distribution 5 classes
The Census of India: Aims and Methods
Population Density: States and Union Territories
Index of Concentration of Population
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Population in India
National and State Patterns of Population Distribution
Pattern of population growth in the last three decades; implications for development 4 classes
Birth Rate, Death Rate and Growth Rate
Population Growth in India from 1921 to the Latest Census
Implications of Population Growth for Development
Population Policy and Measures to Check Growth
Migration trends over the last 25 years 4 classes
Migration: Meaning and Types
Push and Pull Factors of Migration
Streams of Migration in India
Causes and Trends of Migration over the Last 25 Years
Demographic attributes at National level - trends and patterns 5 classes
Rural and Urban Population of India
Age Composition and the Age Pyramid
Sex Composition and the Sex Ratio
Literacy in India: Trends and Regional Gaps
Working and Non-working Population
Rural settlements –Types and patterns in hill areas, plains and coastal locations 4 classes
Compact and Dispersed Rural Settlements
Linear and Circular Settlement Patterns
Star-shaped Patterns and Other Forms
Rural Settlements in Hills, Plains and Coastal Areas
Urban settlements – size, classification of towns as per the latest census 4 classes
Urban Agglomeration and Classification of Towns by Census
Conurbation and Urban Sprawl
Slums: Causes and Conditions
Problems of Urban Growth and Possible Solutions
Need for environmental management vis-à-vis development 5 classes
Sustainability of Development
Industrial Pollution, Environmental Degradation and Its Control
Environment and Development: Why Both Must Be Planned Together
Environmental Management Measures and Policies in India
Environmental Impact Assessment
Land resources: Land use pattern in India – quality of cultivable land, size of land holdings 6 classes
Land Resources and Land Use Pattern
Land Degradation and Conservation
Technological and Institutional Reforms
Land Use Categories in India
Fragmentation of Land Holdings: Causes and Effects
Quality of Cultivable Land and Size of Holdings
Water resources and types of irrigation 7 classes
Water Scarcity and the Need for Conservation
Multi-Purpose River Projects
Rainwater Harvesting: Traditional and Modern Methods
Surface Water and Groundwater Resources of India
Methods of Irrigation: Canals, Wells and Tube Wells
Tank, Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation
Overwatering: Waterlogging and Salinisation
Agriculture: Types, development and problems 12 classes
Types of Farming: Subsistence and Commercial
Cropping Seasons and Major Cereal Crops
Pulses, Sugarcane, Oil Seeds and Beverage Crops
Horticulture and Fibre Crops
Wet Farming and Dry Farming
Crop Rotation and Its Benefits
The Green Revolution: Gains and Problems
Rice and Wheat: Conditions, Production and Distribution
Cotton and Jute: Conditions, Production and Distribution
Tea, Coffee and Sugarcane as Commercial Crops
Market Gardening
Problems of Indian Agriculture
Fishing in India 6 classes
Methods of Fishing in India
Factors Affecting the Fishing Industry
Fishing Areas of India: Marine and Inland
Conservation of Fish Resources
Fishing in Andhra Pradesh
Fishing in Kerala
Sources of Energy 9 classes
5.1 Minerals and 5.2 Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
5.3 Ferrous Minerals and 5.4 Non-Ferrous Minerals
5.5 Non-Metallic Minerals, 5.6 Rock Minerals and 5.7 Conservation of Minerals
5.8 Energy Resources and 5.9 Conventional Sources of Energy
5.10 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy and Conservation of Energy Resources
Key Minerals of India and Their Distribution
Power Resources of India: Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Hydel and Thermal Power: Distribution and Problems
Solar, Wind and Biogas: Non-conventional Energy
Railways, Roadways, Water transport (inland and coastal), Air transport, Pipelines 9 classes
7.1 Means of Transport: Roadways and Railways
7.2 Pipelines and Waterways
7.3 Airways and Communication
Distribution and Density of Railways in India
Road Network of India and the Golden Quadrilateral
Inland and Coastal Water Transport
Major Ports of India
Air Transport and Pipelines in India
Problems of Transport in India
Communication – importance of communication in rural and urban development and its policy 6 classes
Communication and Rural and Urban Development
Communication Policy of India
Satellites and Remote Sensing
Geographical Information Systems
Cellular Phones and Radio
The Internet and Its Uses
Study of the location and distribution of important industrial centres; a general comparison of disparities 4 classes
Industrial Centres of India: Location Factors
Distribution of Important Industrial Centres
Regional Disparities in Industrial Development
Comparing Industrial Regions of India
Major industrial regions – factors governing their growth 8 classes
Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region
Hooghly Industrial Region
Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu Industrial Region
Gujarat Industrial Region
Chota Nagpur Industrial Region
Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Industrial Region
Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Industrial Region
Factors Governing the Growth of Industrial Regions
Agro based industries – Sugar, cotton textile 4 classes
Manufacturing and Classification of Industries
Agro-Based Industries - Cotton, Jute and Sugar
Sugar Industry: Location, Production and Growth
Cotton Textile Industry: Location, Production and Growth
Mineral based industries – Iron and steel, Petrochemicals, including refineries 6 classes
Mineral-Based Industries - Iron, Steel and Aluminium
Chemical, Fertilizer, Cement and Other Manufacturing Industries
Iron and Steel Plants of India
Petrochemical Industry
Oil Refineries of India
Key Industries and Footloose Industries
Tourism industry – Major natural and cultural tourist areas in India 5 classes
Growth of Tourism in India
Major Natural Tourist Areas of India
Major Cultural Tourist Areas of India
Impact of Tourism on Economy, Society and Environment
Eco-tourism
Area development in Chhattisgarh region – mining, silk industry and farming 6 classes
Meaning of Development and Multilevel Planning
Planning Regions of India
Chhattisgarh Region: Resources and Setting
Mining in Chhattisgarh
Silk Industry in Chhattisgarh
Farming in Chhattisgarh
Electronics industry in Bengaluru– reasons for its development, extent, national and international linkages and problems 4 classes
Why Bengaluru Became an Electronics Hub
Extent and Growth of the Electronics Industry in Bengaluru
National and International Linkages of Bengaluru's Electronics Industry
Problems of Bengaluru's Electronics Industry
Growth of Haldia port, its industries and hinterland 3 classes
Haldia Port: Location and Growth
Industries of Haldia
The Hinterland of Haldia Port
Map Work 4 classes
Map List: Physical Features and Drainage of India
Map List: Climate, Vegetation and Population
Map List: Resources, Industries and Transport
Drawing Sketch Maps of India
10
Sociology
24 chapters
LAPT Schools
Sociology
ISC Class 12
SociologyLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 9 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Definition and features of Social Institutions 8 classes
Understanding Social Institutions: Family, Marriage and Kinship
Religion as a Social Institution
Education as a Social Institution
Political Institutions
Work and Economic Life
What a Social Institution Is: Definition and Meaning
Features of Social Institutions: Norms, Roles and Stability
How Social Institutions Meet Society's Needs and Link With One Another
Kinship 10 classes
3.3 Family and Kinship
Family, Kinship and the Rule of Patriliny
Marriage Rules: Exogamy and the Eight Forms of Marriage
Gotra, the Satavahanas and the Place of Mothers
Types of Kinship: Consanguineal and Affinal Ties
Degrees of Kinship: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Relatives
Descent: Patrilineal, Matrilineal and Bilateral
Residence Patterns: Patrilocal, Matrilocal, Neolocal and Avunculocal
Kinship Usages: Avoidance, Joking, Couvade and Avunculate
Kinship Terms: Classificatory and Descriptive
Marriage 5 classes
Marriage as a Social Institution: Meaning and Functions
Rules of Marriage: Endogamy and Exogamy
Rules of Marriage: Hypergamy, Hypogamy, Levirate and Sororate
Forms of Marriage: Monogamy and Polygamy
Forms of Marriage: Polygyny, Polyandry and Group Marriage
Family 6 classes
Agencies of Socialisation: Family, Peers, School and Media
The Family: Meaning and Features
Functions of the Family: Biological, Economic and Social
Types of Family: Nuclear, Joint and Extended
Changes in the Family in Modern Society
The Small Family Norm and Its Social Importance
Definition and concepts of religion and science; beliefs, rituals, superstitions, taboo 4 classes
What Religion Is: Definition and Concepts
What Science Is, and How It Differs from Religion
Beliefs and Rituals in Religion
Superstitions and Taboos in Society
Theories of religion: animism, naturism, totemism, functional theories 6 classes
Animism: E.B. Tylor's Theory of the Origin of Religion
Naturism: Max Mueller's Theory
Totemism: Its Meaning and Features
Malinowski's Functional Theory: Religion and Magic
Radcliffe-Brown's Functional Theory of Religion
Durkheim's Theory: The Sacred, the Profane and Collective Worship
Functions and dysfunctions of religion 4 classes
Religion, communalism and politics
6.3 Religion-related Issues and Identities
Functions of Religion: Social Cohesion, Values and Support
Dysfunctions of Religion: Conflict, Dogma and Social Division
Morality and social control 4 classes
Social Control and Deviance
Morality: Meaning and Sources in Society
Religion, Morality and Social Control Working Together
Formal and Informal Means of Social Control
Political Organization 8 classes
3.1 The Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Rural Social Transformation
Growth of Local Government in India
73Rd and 74Th Amendments
Implementation of the 73rd and 74th Amendments
Decentralisation in India
3.2 Political Parties, Pressure and Interest Groups in Democracy
Political Organization and Its Role in Social Change
Bal Panchayats: Children's Voice in Local Government
Economic Organisation 4 classes
Economic Organization: Meaning and Features
Economic Goods and Free Goods
Needs, Wants, Production and Distribution in a Society
How Economic Organization Differs from Society to Society
Economies of Indian tribes: food gathering, agriculture, shifting axe cultivation, handicrafts, pastoralism, industrial labour and tribal industries 11 classes
What Are Primary Activities? Hunting and Gathering
Pastoralism: Nomadic Herding and Commercial Livestock Rearing
Subsistence Agriculture: Shifting Cultivation and Intensive Farming
3.2 Tribal Communities
Classifying Industries by Size: Household, Small-Scale and Large-Scale
Case Study: The Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur
Food Gathering Economies of Indian Tribes
Agriculture and Shifting Axe Cultivation Among Tribes
Tribal Handicrafts and Pastoralism
Tribal Industrial Labour and Tribal Industries
Promotion of Tribal Industries: TRIFED
Agrarian Economy, Jajmani system and MGNREGA Act-2005 9 classes
4.1 Agrarian Structure: Caste and Class in Rural India
4.2 The Impact of Land Reforms
The Village Community: Caste, Panchayats and Headmen
Village Artisans and the Village as a "Little Republic"
How to Create More Employment?
Land Relations in the Indian Village
The Jajmani System: Jajman and Kamin
MGNREGA Act 2005: Features and Working
MGNREGA and Rural Livelihoods: An Assessment
Traditional Markets 7 classes
4.1 Sociological Perspectives on Markets and the Economy
Trade and Commerce: Markets, Retail and Wholesale Trading
Money as a Medium of Exchange
The History of Trade: From Barter to Global Commerce
Weekly Markets in Rural India
Barter Exchange in Traditional Markets
Social Relations in the Weekly Market
Definition of tribe, features 5 classes
5.1 What Is Social About Social Inequality and Exclusion?
5.2 Caste and Tribe – Systems Justifying and Perpetuating Inequality
What a Tribe Is: Definition
Features of a Tribe
Tribal India: Distribution and Major Groups
Dormitories in Tribal India 4 classes
The Dormitory in Tribal India: Meaning, Definition and Origin
Features of the Tribal Dormitory
Functions of the Tribal Dormitory
Culture Contact and the Decline of Dormitories
Present conditions, problems and solutions 5 classes
Economic Problems of Tribal Communities
Political and Social Problems of Tribal Communities
Cultural Problems of Tribal Communities
Government Policies for Tribes
Solutions: Moving Toward Tribal Welfare and Inclusion
Social stratification: the elements 5 classes
Social Stratification: Caste and Class
Social Structure and Stratification: The Patterned, Unequal Shape of Society
Inequality and Difference in Society
The Class System: Meaning, Features and Types
Elements of Social Stratification
Caste: The caste system 7 classes
3.1 Caste and the Caste System
Caste and politics
Caste inequality today
Caste: Concept and Origin
Features of the Caste System
Caste and Class Compared
Social Mobility in the Caste and Class Systems
Gender 7 classes
5.3 Struggle for women’s equality and rights
Gender and politics
Gender, Property and the Sharing of Wealth
Sex and Gender: What Is the Difference?
Patriarchal Ideology
The Status of Women in Indian Society
Gender Issues: Discrimination, Violence and Unequal Opportunity
Social change and Development 8 classes
What is Social Change? Defining It, Evolution and Revolution, Structural Change
Causes of Social Change I: Environment, Technology and Economy
Causes of Social Change II: Politics and Culture
2.2 Different Kinds of Social Change
2.1 Social reform movements in the 19th and early 20th century
Features of Social Change
Sources of Social Change
Social Change and Development
Aspects of Development 7 classes
Sustainable Development: Concept, Evolution and the Brundtland Report
What is Human Development? From Economic Growth to People-Centred Development
Planning in India: Approaches and the Shift to NITI Aayog
Industrialization and Its Effects on Society
Urbanization: Growth of Towns and Cities
Modernization: Meaning and Social Effects
Globalization: Meaning and Social Effects
Social Movements 11 classes
8.1 Features of a Social Movement
8.2 Sociology and Social Movements
8.3 Types of Social Movements
8.4 Ecological Movements
8.5 Class Based Movements
8.6 Caste Based Movements
8.7 The Tribal Movements
8.8 The Women’s Movement
What a Social Movement Is: Meaning
Causes of Social Movements
The Role of Social Movements in Society
Role of Education in creating Social change 4 classes
Education as an Agent of Social Change
Functions of Education: Manifest and Latent
The Right to Education Act: Provisions and Impact
Education, Equality and Social Mobility
Role of Mass Media in creating Social change 6 classes
7.1 The Beginnings of Modern Mass Media
7.2 Mass Media in Independent India
7.3 Globalisation and the Media
Print Media as an Agent of Social Change
Electronic and Audio-visual Media as Agents of Social Change
The Right to Information Act: Provisions and Impact
11
Psychology
25 chapters
LAPT Schools
Psychology
ISC Class 12
PsychologyLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 10 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Intelligence 8 classes
Individual Differences and Assessment of Psychological Attributes
Intelligence and Theories of Intelligence
Individual Differences in Intelligence
Culture and Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Special Abilities
Factor Theories: Spearman, Thurstone and Cattell
Guilford, Sternberg and Gardner: Multi-factor Views of Intelligence
IQ, Mental Age and Levels of Intelligence
Intelligence Tests: WAIS-III and Raven's Progressive Matrices
Aptitude, Achievement and Interest 5 classes
Aptitude: Meaning and How It Differs from Intelligence
The General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
Achievement Tests: Types and Uses
Interest: Meaning and Measurement
Interest Inventories and Career Guidance
What is meant by Personality 4 classes
Concept of Self and Cognitive-Behavioural Aspects of Self
Culture and Self, Concept of Personality, Type and Trait Approaches
Allport's Definition and the Meaning of Personality
Temperament, Habit and Values
Theories of Personality 7 classes
Psychodynamic Approach to Personality
Behavioural, Cultural and Humanistic Approaches to Personality
Psychosocial Motives and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Type Theories: Body Types and Introversion-Extraversion
Freud's Structure of Personality and Psychosexual Stages
Post-Freudians: Jung, Adler and Horney
Trait Theories: Allport, Cattell and the Big Five
How personality is assessed 4 classes
Assessment of Personality: Self-report Measures and Projective Techniques
Behavioural Analysis, Key Terms, Summary and Review Questions
The MMPI: Structure, Scales and Use
The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test
Meaning of Development, growth and maturation 4 classes
Meaning of Development, Life-Span Perspective, and Heredity-Environment Interaction
Context of Development: Bronfenbrenner and Sinha Ecological Models
Growth, Development and Maturation: Meaning and Differences
Twin and Adoption Studies on Heredity and Environment
Infancy - motor, cognitive development, socio-emotional development 5 classes
Prenatal Development and Infancy
Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Socio-emotional Development
Reflexes and Motor Development in Infancy
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
Attachment Styles: Secure, Avoidant and Ambivalent
Childhood - motor, cognitive development, socio-emotional development 6 classes
Physical and Motor Growth in Childhood
Piaget's Preoperational Stage
Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage
Gender Concepts: Gender Identity, Stereotypes and Roles
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Socio-emotional Development in Childhood: Family, Peers and School
Adolescence - physical changes, cognitive development, socio-emotional development; some major concerns 6 classes
Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Change, and Forming an Identity
Adolescent Challenges, Adulthood, and Old Age
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage
Erikson's Identity versus Role Confusion and Marcia's Identity Statuses
Delinquency and Substance Abuse in Adolescence
Eating Disorders in Adolescence: Anorexia and Bulimia
Meaning of stress - its basic nature 5 classes
Nature, Types and Sources of Stress
Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning and Health
Eustress and Distress: Meaning and Examples
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome
Cognitive Appraisal: The Lazarus Model of Stress
Common causes of stress 5 classes
Situational Causes of Stress: Life Events and Daily Hassles
Stress at Work, in the Family and in Society
Dispositional Causes: Type A and Type B Personality and Hardiness
Internal Causes: Thinking Patterns, Conflict and Frustration
Identifying Your Own Stressors
Effects of stress on health and performance 5 classes
Coping with Stress and Promoting Positive Health
Stress and the Immune System
Stress-related Illness: Hypertension and Ulcers
Stress and Performance: The Inverted-U Curve
Burnout: Signs, Causes and Prevention
Stress management - ineffective and effective strategies of handling stress 7 classes
Key Terms, Summary and Review Questions
Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill, Key Terms, Summary and Review Questions
Culture, Emotional Labeling, and Managing Negative Emotions
Ineffective Coping: Defence Mechanisms
Relaxation Techniques and Meditation
Yoga and Exercise for Managing Stress
Promoting Positive Health and Well-being
Meaning of “Abnormal behaviour” - biological, psychological and socio - cultural behavioural, cognitive perspectives. Principles of classification of psychological disorders with reference to DSM IV 4 classes
Concepts of Abnormality, Classification and Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour
The Four Ds of Abnormality: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction and Danger
Biological, Psychological and Socio-cultural Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour
Classifying Disorders: The Five Axes of DSM-IV
Characteristics of some psychological, behavioural and developmental disorders 5 classes
Major Disorders I: Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, Trauma, Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders
Major Disorders II: Depressive, Bipolar and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Major Disorders III: Neurodevelopmental, Disruptive, Feeding and Substance-Related Disorders
Personality Disorders: Clusters and Features
Developmental Disorders in Childhood: ADHD, Autism and Separation Anxiety
Schizophrenia - meaning; main types; characteristics 5 classes
Schizophrenia: Meaning, Onset and Course
Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganised and Catatonic Types
The Paranoid Type and Causes of Schizophrenia
Treatment and Care of Persons with Schizophrenia
Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis; Client -centred; Behavioural, Social Rehabilitation, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 7 classes
Nature and Process of Psychotherapy, Therapeutic Relationship
Type of Therapies, Behaviour Therapy and Cognitive Therapy
Humanistic-Existential and Alternative Therapies
Psychoanalysis: Free Association, Dream Analysis and Transference
Client-centred Therapy
Behavioural Techniques: Flooding and Token Economy
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy and the A-B-C-D-E Model
Social Perception - attribution or the process through which people try to understand the reasons for others’ behaviour 5 classes
Social Perception and Impression Formation
Attribution: Internal and External Causes of Behaviour
Kelley's Theory: Consensus, Distinctiveness and Consistency
Attribution Biases: Fundamental Attribution Error and Self-serving Bias
Using Attribution to Understand Everyday Behaviour
Social Influence- how people try to change others’ behaviour; social norms; conformity and obedience - factors affecting them 7 classes
Nature and Formation of Groups
Type of Groups and Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour
Key Terms, Summary and Review Questions
Social Facilitation and Social Loafing
Conformity and Asch's Experiment
Obedience and Milgram's Experiment
Social Norms and Factors Affecting Conformity and Obedience
Meaning of “Attitude” - how attitudes are formed and changed 4 classes
Explaining Social Behaviour, Nature and Components of Attitudes
Attitude Formation and Change
Persuasion: Source, Message and Audience
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Prejudice – meaning of “prejudice” and discrimination; the origins of prejudice; how prejudice can be resisted 3 classes
Attitude-Behaviour Relationship, Prejudice and Discrimination
Strategies for Handling Prejudice, Key Terms, Summary and Review Questions
Origins of Prejudice: Learning, Stereotypes and Social Categorisation
Meaning and nature of counselling 5 classes
Meaning and Nature of Counselling
Aims and Types of Counselling
Characteristics of a Good Counsellor
Communication Skills in Counselling: Listening, Empathy and Questioning
Stages of the Counselling Process
Environmental effect on human behaviour 6 classes
How the Environment Shapes Human Behaviour
Noise and Its Effects on Behaviour
Air and Water Pollution: Effects on Health and Behaviour
Crowding and Population Density
Natural Disasters: Psychological Effects
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms and Recovery
Promoting Pro- environmental behaviour 4 classes
Why Pro-environmental Behaviour Matters
Psychological Barriers to Environment-friendly Behaviour
Changing Behaviour: Education, Rewards and Social Norms
Environmental Attitudes and Sustainable Lifestyles
Adverse effects of poverty and deprivation 6 classes
Meaning and Measurement of Poverty and Deprivation
Causes of Poverty
Psychological Effects of Poverty and Deprivation
Poverty and Its Effects on Education, Health and Aspirations
Measures to Reduce Poverty: Government Programmes
The Role of Psychology in Reducing Poverty
12
Economics
16 chapters
LAPT Schools
Economics
ISC Class 12
EconomicsLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 11 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Demand 15 classes
2.1 Utility
2.1.1 Cardinal Utility Analysis
2.1.2 Ordinal Utility Analysis
2.2 The Consumer’s Budget
2.2.1 Budget Set and Budget Line
2.2.2 Changes in the Budget Set
2.3 Optimal Choice of the Consumer
2.4 Demand
2.4.2 Deriving a Demand Curve from Indifference Curves and Budget
2.4.3 Normal and Inferior Goods
2.4.4 Substitutes and Complements
2.4.5 Shifts in the Demand Curve
2.5 Market Demand
2.4.1 Demand Curve and the Law of
2.1.1 Cardinal Utility Analysis
Elasticity of demand 9 classes
2.6 Elasticity of Demand
2.6.1 Elasticity along a Linear Demand Curve
2.6.2 Factors Determining Price Elasticity of Demand for a Good
2.6.3 Elasticity and Expenditure
2.6 Elasticity of Demand
2.6.2 Factors Determining Price Elasticity of Demand for a Good
Types of Price Elasticity of Demand: Perfectly Elastic to Perfectly Inelastic
Measuring Price Elasticity: Percentage and Point Methods
Income Elasticity and Cross Elasticity of Demand
Supply 11 classes
4.4 Supply Curve of a Firm
4.4.1 Short Run Supply Curve of a Firm
4.4.2 Long Run Supply Curve of a Firm
4.5 Determinants of a Firm’s Supply Curve
4.5.1 Technological Progress
4.5.2 Input Prices
4.6 Market Supply Curve
4.7 Price Elasticity of Supply
4.4 Supply Curve of a Firm
4.7 Price Elasticity of Supply
Law of Supply: Statement, Schedule and Exceptions
Market Mechanism 10 classes
5.1 Equilibrium, Excess Demand, Excess Supply
5.1.1 Market Equilibrium: Fixed Number of Firms
5.1.2 Market Equilibrium: Free Entry and Exit
5.2 Applications
5.2.1 Price Ceiling
5.2.2 Price Floor
5.1.1 Market Equilibrium: Fixed Number of Firms
5.1.2 Market Equilibrium: Free Entry and Exit
5.2.1 Price Ceiling
5.2.2 Price Floor
Concept of production and production function 10 classes
3.1 Production Function
3.2 The Short Run and the Long Run
3.3 Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product
3.3.1 Total Product
3.3.3 Marginal Product
3.4 The Law of Diminishing Marginal Product and
3.5 Shapes of Total Product, Marginal Product
3.6 Returns to Scale
3.7.1 Short Run Costs
Law of Variable Proportions: Three Stages of Returns to a Factor
Cost and revenue 10 classes
3.7 COSTS
3.7.2 Long Run Costs
4.2 Revenue
4.3 Profit Maximisation
4.3.1 Condition 1
4.3.2 Condition 2
4.3.3 Condition 3
4.3.4 The Profit Maximisation
4.3 Profit Maximisation
Producer's Equilibrium: MR-MC Approach with Numerical Problems
Main market forms 6 classes
4.1 Perfect Competition: Defining Features
4.1 Perfect Competition: Defining Features
Monopoly: Features and Firm's Equilibrium
Monopolistic Competition: Product Differentiation and Equilibrium
Oligopoly and Monopsony: Features and Examples
Firm's Equilibrium Under Perfect Competition: Short Run and Long Run
Theory of Income and Employment 13 classes
4.1 Aggregate Demand and Its Components
4.1.1. Consumption
4.1.2. Investment
4.2 Determination of Income in Two-Sector Model
4.3 D
4.3 Determination
4.3.1 Macroeconomic Equilibrium with Price Level Fixed
4.3.2 Effect of an Autonomous Change in Aggregate Demand on Income
4.3.3 The Multiplier Mechanism
4.4 Some More Concepts
Propensity to Consume and Save: APC, MPC, APS and MPS
Excess and Deficient Demand: Inflationary and Deflationary Gaps
Measures to Correct Excess and Deficient Demand
Money: meaning, functions of money, supply of money 11 classes
3.1 Functions of Money
3.2 Demand for Money and Supply of Money
3.2.1. Demand for Money
3.2.2. Supply of Money
3.3.2 Limits to Credit Creation and Money Multiplier
6. Index Number in Economics
Saving and Investment
Meaning and Evolution of Money
Money Supply Measures: M0 to M4
Inflation: Meaning, Causes and Effects
Measures to Control Inflation
Banks: functions of commercial bank; high powered money, credit creation by commercial banks; Central Bank: functions 6 classes
3.3 Money Creation by Banking System
3.3.1 Balance Sheet of a Fictional Bank
3.4 Policy Tools to Control Money Supply
Functions of Commercial Banks
High-Powered Money and the Money Multiplier
Central Bank: Functions and Role
Balance of Payment and Exchange Rate 10 classes
6.1 The Balance of Payments
6.1.1 Current Account
6.1.2 Capital Account
6.1.3 Balance of Payments Surplus and Deficit
6.2 The Foreign Exchange Market
6.2.1 Foreign Exchange Rate
6.2.2 Determination of the Exchange Rate
6.2.3 Merits and Demerits of Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rate Systems
6.2.4 Managed Floating
Causes and Correction of Balance of Payments Disequilibrium
Fiscal Policy: meaning and instruments of fiscal policy 9 classes
5.1 Government Budget — Meaning and Its Components
5.1.1 Objectives of Government Budget
5.1.2 Classification of Receipts
5.1.3. Classification of Expenditure
5.2 Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget
5.2.1 Measures of Government Deficit
Instruments of Fiscal Policy: Taxation, Spending and Public Debt
Public Debt: Internal and External Borrowing
Deficit Financing: Meaning, Methods and Effects
Government Budget: meaning, types and components 4 classes
Meaning and Types of Government Budget
Revenue Deficit and Its Implications
Fiscal Deficit and How It Is Financed
Primary Deficit and Numerical Problems on Deficits
Circular flow of Income 5 classes
2.1 Some Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics
2.2 Circular Flow of Income and Methods
Two-Sector Circular Flow of Income
Three-Sector Circular Flow with Government
Four-Sector Circular Flow with the Foreign Sector
Concepts and definition of NY, GNP, GDP, NNP, private income, personal income, personal disposable income, National Disposable Income and per capita income 8 classes
2.2.4 Factor Cost, Basic Prices and Market Prices
2.3 Some Macroeconomic Identities
2.4 Nominal and Real GDP
2.5 GDP and Welfare
How to Compare Different Countries or States?
Private Income, Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income
National Disposable Income and Per Capita Income
Relationships Between Income Concepts with Numericals
Methods of measuring National Income 5 classes
2.2.1 The Product or Value Added Method
2.2.2 Expenditure Method
2.2.3 Income Method
Numerical Problems: Product and Expenditure Methods
Numerical Problems: Income Method and Mixed Questions
13
Business Studies
17 chapters
LAPT Schools
Business Studies
ISC Class 12
Business StudiesLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 12 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Business Environment 4 classes
Meaning and Features of Business Environment
Importance and Dimensions of Business Environment
Marketing Environment: Meaning and Importance
ETOP and Environmental Scanning
Components of Business Environment 4 classes
Economic Reforms and the Economic Environment in India
Impact of Government Policy Changes on Business and Industry, and Chapter Review
Internal and External Environment: Micro and Macro Determinants
Impact of the Micro and Macro Environment on Business
S.W.O.T. Analysis 4 classes
What SWOT analysis is and why a business uses it
Strengths and weaknesses: looking inside the business
Opportunities and threats: looking at the outside world
Building and using a SWOT table for a business decision
Management: Meaning, features and importance of management 4 classes
Introduction, Concept and Characteristics of Management
Objectives and Importance of Management
Management as an Art, Science and Profession
Levels and Functions of Management
Principles of Management 5 classes
Concept, Nature and Significance of Principles of Management
Taylor's Scientific Management and its Principles
Techniques of Scientific Management
Fayol's Principles of Management
Fayol versus Taylor — A Comparison, and Chapter Review
Planning 4 classes
Meaning, Features, Importance and Limitations of Planning
The Planning Process
Types of Plans: Objectives, Strategy and Policy
Types of Plans: Procedure, Method, Rule, Programme and Budget, and Chapter Review
Organising 5 classes
Meaning, Steps and Importance of Organising
Organisation Structure: Functional and Divisional
Formal and Informal Organisation
Delegation of Authority
Decentralisation, and Chapter Review
Staffing 6 classes
Meaning, Importance and Evolution of Staffing
The Staffing Process
Recruitment: Meaning and Sources
Selection Process
Training and Development: Meaning and Importance
Methods of Training: On-the-Job and Off-the-Job, and Chapter Review
Directing 6 classes
Meaning, Importance and Principles of Directing
Elements of Direction: Supervision
Motivation: Concept, Importance and Theories
Leadership
Communication: Meaning, Importance and Process
Formal and Informal Communication, Barriers, and Chapter Review
Controlling 3 classes
Meaning, Importance, and Relationship with Planning; the Controlling Process
Techniques of Controlling, and Chapter Review
Management by exception: meaning, working and merits
Coordination 3 classes
Coordination — The Essence of Management
Features and importance of coordination
Types of coordination and how it is achieved
Business Finance and Financial Planning 7 classes
Meaning of Business Finance and Financial Management
Objectives of Financial Management and the Three Financial Decisions
Factors Affecting Financing and Dividend Decisions
Financial Planning: Meaning, Objectives and Importance
Capital Structure and EBIT-EPS Analysis
Factors Affecting the Choice of Capital Structure
Fixed Capital and Working Capital: Meaning and Determining Factors
Sources of finance for a Joint Stock Company 14 classes
8.3.1 Period Basis
8.3.2 Ownership Basis
8.4 Sources of Finance
8.4.1 Retained Earnings
8.4.2 Trade Credit
8.4.5 Public Deposits
8.4.6 Commercial Paper
8.4.7 Issue of Shares
8.4.8 Debentures
8.4.9 Commercial Banks
8.4.10 Financial Institutions
8.6 Factors Affecting the Choice
Owned Funds: Capital, Shares and Retained Earnings
Borrowed Funds: Debentures, Loans, Trade Credit and Deposits
Stock Exchange 5 classes
Primary Market: Methods of Flotation and the IPO Process
Rights Issue, Private Placement, Secondary Market and Stock Exchange
Stock Exchange: Organisation, Listing and SEBI
The stock broker and common stock market terms
The demat account and how shares are traded
Marketing: Concept and functions 7 classes
Concept of Marketing, Market and Marketing Management
Marketing Management Philosophies
Functions of Marketing
Concept of Marketing: Meaning and Definition
Marketing Philosophies
Selling versus Marketing
Objectives, Scope and Importance of Marketing
Marketing Mix: Meaning and Elements 9 classes
Marketing Mix: Product, Price, Place and Promotion
Introduction to the marketing mix
The four Ps: product, price, place and promotion
Introduction to the Marketing Mix and Its Characteristics
Elements of the Marketing Mix: Product, Price, Place and Promotion
Marketing Mix for Consumer Goods and Services
From the 4 P's to the 4 C's
Marketing Mix, Products and Classification of Goods
The product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity and decline
Consumer protection 3 classes
Importance and Need for Consumer Protection
The Consumer Protection Act 2019: Who is a Consumer, Rights and Responsibilities
Ways and Means of Consumer Protection, Redressal Agencies and the Role of NGOs
14
Accountancy
16 chapters
LAPT Schools
Accountancy
ISC Class 12
AccountancyLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 13 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Fundamentals of Partnership 16 classes
1.1-1.2 Nature of Partnership and the Partnership Deed
1.2.1 Provisions of the Partnership Act Relevant for Accounting
1.3-1.4 Special Aspects and Capital Accounts of Partners
1.5-1.5.1 Distribution of Profit and the Profit and Loss Appropriation Account
1.5.1 Appropriation Account Illustrations: Profit, Loss and Partner's Loan
1.5.2 Interest on Capital
1.5.3 Interest on Drawings: Fixed Monthly and Quarterly Amounts
1.5.3 Interest on Drawings: Product Method and Practice
1.6 Guarantee of Profit to a Partner
1.7 Past Adjustments
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems I: Long Answers and Numericals 1-7
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems II: Numericals 8-14
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems III: Numericals 15-27
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems IV: Numericals 28-37
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems V: Numericals 38-43 and Answers
Goodwill 6 classes
2.5.1-2.5.3 Meaning, Factors and Need for Valuation of Goodwill
2.5.4.1 Average Profits Method
2.5.4.1-2.5.4.2 Adjusted Profits and the Super Profits Method
2.5.4.2-2.5.4.3 Super Profits Worked Examples and Capitalisation of Average Profits
2.5.4.3 Capitalisation of Super Profits and Mixed Practice
Questions for Practice: Sacrificing Ratio and Goodwill Numericals
Admission of a partner 20 classes
2.1-2.2 Modes of Reconstitution and Admission of a New Partner
2.3 New Profit Sharing Ratio
2.4 Sacrificing Ratio
2.5.5.1 Premium for Goodwill Brought in Cash
2.5.5.1 Goodwill in Cash: Withdrawal and Existing Goodwill
2.5.5.1 New Partner Does Not Bring Goodwill in Cash
2.5.5.1 Goodwill Already in the Books and Accounting Standard 26
2.5.5.2 Hidden Goodwill
2.6 Adjustment for Accumulated Profits and Losses
2.7 Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities
2.7 Revaluation: Capital Accounts and Balance Sheet of the New Firm
2.8 Adjustment of Capitals
2.8 Adjustment of Capitals: Fixed Total Capital and Current Accounts
2.8 Comprehensive Problem: Capital Adjustment through Current Accounts
2.8 Comprehensive Problem: Goodwill, Revaluation and Half Withdrawn
2.9 Change in Profit Sharing Ratio among the Existing Partners
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Questions for Practice: Long Answers and New Profit Sharing Ratios
Questions for Practice: Goodwill Entries and Admission Problems
Questions for Practice: Capital Adjustment and Comprehensive Problems
Retirement and Death of a partner 19 classes
3.1 Ascertaining the Amount Due to a Retiring or Deceased Partner
3.2-3.3 New Profit Sharing Ratio and Gaining Ratio
3.2-3.3 Illustrations on New and Gaining Ratio
3.4 Treatment of Goodwill When It Is Not in the Books
3.4 Goodwill Already in the Books and Hidden Goodwill
3.5-3.6 Revaluation and Accumulated Profits and Losses
3.6-3.7 Profit up to the Date of Retirement and Modes of Payment
3.7 Retiring Partner's Loan Account and Instalments
3.7 Complete Retirement Illustration: Suresh Retires
3.7 Complete Retirement Illustration: Gagan Retires
3.8 Adjustment of Partners' Capitals
3.8 Capital Adjustment: Neeraj Retires and Practice
3.9 Death of a Partner and Share of Profit up to Death
3.9 Death of a Partner: Executor's Account
3.9 Death of a Partner: Sohan's Legal Representatives
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems (1)
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems (2)
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems (3)
Dissolution of a Partnership firm 18 classes
4.1-4.2 Dissolution of Partnership and Dissolution of a Firm
4.2 Dissolution by Court and Partnership versus Firm
4.3 Settlement of Accounts
4.4 Accounting Treatment and the Realisation Account
4.4.1 Journal Entries: Transfer, Sale and Payment (Illustration 1)
4.4.1 Journal Entries: Creditors, Expenses and Remuneration
4.4.1 Journal Entries: Unrecorded Items, Profit or Loss and Final Settlement
Illustrations 2 and 3: Realisation Expenses and Unrecorded Assets
Illustration 4: Current Accounts and Reserves on Dissolution
Illustration 5: Partner's Wife's Loan, Goodwill and Reserves
Illustration 6: Loss on Realisation and Fixed Remuneration
Illustrations 7 and 8: Unrecorded Investment, Loan Interest and Loan to a Partner
Illustration 9: Partner Bringing in Cash for a Debit Balance
Illustrations 10 and 11: Creditors Settled by Assets
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems: Theory and Journal Entries
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems: Problems 11 to 15
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems: Problems 16 to 20
Issue of Shares 25 classes
1.1-1.2 Features and Kinds of Companies
1.3 Share Capital of a Company
1.4 Nature and Classes of Shares
1.5-1.6 Issue of Shares: Application and Allotment
1.6 Calls on Shares
1.6.1-1.6.2 Calls in Arrears and Calls in Advance
1.6.2 Preference and Equity Shares Together, Arrears with Advance
1.6.3 Over Subscription: Three Ways to Allot
1.6.3-1.6.4 Over Subscription Illustration and Under Subscription
1.6.5 Issue of Shares at a Premium
1.6.6-1.6.7 Discount and Consideration other than Cash
Private Placement, ESOP and the Meaning of Forfeiture
1.7 Forfeiture of Shares at Par and at a Premium
1.7 Forfeiture after Pro-rata Allotment: Illustration 13
1.7 Forfeiture and Reissue Worked Together: Illustration 14
1.7.1 Illustration 15 and Reissue of Forfeited Shares
1.7.1 Reissue of Part of the Forfeited Shares: Illustrations 16 and 17
1.7.1 Pro-rata Allotment, Advance and Reissue: Illustration 18
1.7.1 Forfeiture and Reissue: Illustration 19
1.7.1 Forfeiture and Reissue: Illustration 20
1.7.1 Forfeiture and Reissue: Illustration 21
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems I: Issue of Shares
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems II: Forfeiture and Reissue
Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems III
Issue of Debentures 18 classes
2.1-2.2 Meaning of Debentures and Distinction between Shares and Debentures
2.3-2.4 Types of Debentures
2.4.1 Issue of Debentures at Par
2.4.2-2.4.3 Issue of Debentures at a Discount and at a Premium
2.4.3-2.5 Premium Collected in Three Instalments and Over Subscription
2.6 Debentures Issued to Vendors for Assets Purchased
2.6 Debentures Issued for the Purchase of a Business
2.7 Issue of Debentures as a Collateral Security
2.8 Terms of Issue of Debentures: Issue and Redemption Terms
2.8 Terms of Issue of Debentures: A Mixed Illustration and Practice
2.9-2.10 Interest on Debentures and the Rule for Writing Off Discount or Loss on Issue
2.10 Writing off Discount or Loss on Issue: Worked Illustrations
Test your Understanding II and III
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Questions for Practice: Short and Long Answer Questions
Questions for Practice: Numerical Problems on the Issue of Debentures
Questions for Practice: Interest, Write-off and Mixed Problems
Interest on Debentures and Tax Deducted at Source (TDS)
Final Accounts of Companies 12 classes
3.1 Meaning of Financial Statements
3.2 Nature of Financial Statements
3.3 Objectives of Financial Statements
3.4 Balance Sheet Format under Schedule III
3.4 Shareholders' Funds: Share Capital and Reserves and Surplus
3.4 Current and Non-current Liabilities: Borrowings, Payables and Provisions
3.4 Assets in the Balance Sheet: Fixed Assets, Investments and Current Assets
3.4 Preparing a Company Balance Sheet (Comprehensive Illustration)
3.4.2 Statement of Profit and Loss under Schedule III
3.5 Uses and Importance of Financial Statements
3.6 Limitations of Financial Statements
Notes to Accounts: Building the Supporting Schedules Behind a Company Balance Sheet
Financial Statement Analysis 9 classes
4.1 Meaning of Analysis of Financial Statements
4.2-4.3 Significance and Objectives of Financial Analysis
4.4 Tools of Financial Analysis
4.5 Comparative Statement of Profit and Loss
4.5 Comparative Balance Sheet
4.6 Common Size Statement of Profit and Loss
4.6 Common Size Balance Sheet
4.7 Limitations of Financial Analysis
Questions for Practice: Profit and Loss and Common Size Problems
Cash Flow Statement (Only for Manufacturing Companies) 19 classes
6.1-6.2 Objectives and Benefits of the Cash Flow Statement
6.3-6.5 Cash and Cash Equivalents, Cash Flows and Operating Activities
6.5.2-6.5.3 Investing and Financing Activities
6.5.4 Interest, Dividend, Tax and the Format of the Statement
6.6 Indirect Method: Starting Point, Proposed Dividend and First Adjustments
6.6.1 Working Capital Changes and the Proforma of Operating Activities
6.6.1 Illustrations 3 and 4: Operating Cash Flow with Tax and Goodwill
6.6.1 Working Capital Practice and Profit from Balance Sheets
6.7 Cash Flow from Investing and Financing Activities
6.8 Illustration 7: Preparing the Cash Flow Statement of Pioneer Ltd.
6.8 Illustration 8: Cash Flow Statement of Xerox Ltd.
6.8 Illustration 9: Cash Flow Statement of Oswal Mills Ltd.
6.8 Illustration 10: Cash Flow Statement of Banjara Ltd.
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Questions for Practice: Short and Long Answers, Numericals 1 to 3
Questions for Practice: Numericals 4 to 6
Questions for Practice: Numericals 7 and 8
Questions for Practice: Numericals 9 and 10
Questions for Practice: Numericals 11 and 12, Answers to Test Your Understanding
Liquidity Ratios 5 classes
5.1-5.2 Meaning and Objectives of Ratio Analysis
5.5 Types of Ratios
5.6 Liquidity Ratios: Current Ratio and Quick Ratio
5.6 Liquidity Ratios: Working Backwards and the Effect of Transactions
Questions for Practice: Numerical Problems 1 to 15
Solvency Ratios 5 classes
5.7.1-5.7.2 Debt-Equity Ratio and Debt to Capital Employed Ratio
5.7.3-5.7.4 Proprietary Ratio and Total Assets to Debt Ratio
5.7.5 Interest Coverage Ratio
Solvency Ratios: Mixed Numerical Problems
Reading Solvency Ratios: What High and Low Values Tell a Lender
Activity Ratios 4 classes
5.8.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio
5.8.2-5.8.3 Trade Receivables and Trade Payables Turnover Ratios
5.8.4 Net Assets, Fixed Assets and Working Capital Turnover Ratios
Questions for Practice: Numerical Problems 16 to 22
Profitability Ratios 4 classes
5.9.1-5.9.3 Gross Profit, Operating and Operating Profit Ratios
5.9.4-5.9.5 Net Profit Ratio and Return on Investment
Profitability Ratios: Worked Problems on Gross, Operating and Net Profit
Return on Investment: Worked Problems and Interpretation
Concept and features of Electronic Spreadsheet 7 classes
2.1 Basic Concepts of Spreadsheet — Workbook, Cells, Labels and Formulas
2.2 Data Entry, Text Management, Cell Formatting and Data Validation
2.3 Data Formatting
2.4-2.5 Output Reports and Pivot Table
2.6 Common Errors (Messages) in Spreadsheet
Utility of Electronic Spreadsheets in Accounting Work
Merits and Demerits of Electronic Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheets: Creating graphs and charts 6 classes
Need and Meaning of Graphs and Charts for Business Data
Preparing a Chart in Excel: Basic Steps and Elements of a Chart
Formatting a Chart and Changing the Chart Type
2D/3D Charts, Resizing and the Advantages of Graphs and Charts
Drawing a Bar Chart from Worksheet Data in Excel
Drawing a Pie Chart from Worksheet Data in Excel
15
Entrepreneurship
24 chapters
LAPT Schools
Entrepreneurship
ISC Class 12
EntrepreneurshipLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 14 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Forms of business organisations in the private sector 19 classes
Forms of Enterprise and Sole Proprietorship
Partnership
Joint Stock Company — Meaning, Characteristics and Private vs Public
Joint Stock Company — Legal Formalities for Incorporation
Joint Hindu Family Business, Co-operative Organisation and Choosing the Right Form
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sole Proprietorship
2.3 Joint Hindu Family Business
2.4 Partnership
2.4.1 Types of Partners
2.4.2 Types of Partnerships
2.6 Joint Stock Company
2.6.1 Types of Companies
2.7 Choice of Form of Business Organisation
Private Company: Meaning and Features
Public Company: Meaning and Features
Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): Features and Advantages
One Person Company (OPC): Meaning, Features and Who Should Choose It
Family-Managed Businesses: Strengths, Conflicts and Succession
The Entrepreneurial Life Cycle 5 classes
The Entrepreneurial Life Cycle: An Overview of Four Stages
Idea Stage: Spotting and Testing a Business Idea
Launch Stage: Registration, Funding and First Customers
Growth Stage: Scaling Sales, Team and Systems
Exit Stage: Deciding When and How to Leave
Entrepreneurship Opportunities 4 classes
The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Who and What Supports a New Venture
Spotting Opportunities from Unmet Needs and Market Gaps
Opportunities from Technology, Policy and Social Change
Turning an Opportunity into a Workable Venture
Bottom of Pyramid (BOP) 3 classes
Bottom of Pyramid: What the Term Means and Who Belongs to It
Assumptions About the Bottom of Pyramid Market
Serving the Bottom of Pyramid Profitably: Small Packs, Low Prices, High Volume
Opportunities for entrepreneurs in the impoverished socio-economic group 5 classes
Social Entrepreneurship: Concept and Characteristics
Case Studies: SEWA and Lijjat Papad
Opportunities in Low-Cost Products and Services for Low-Income Customers
Opportunities in Microfinance, Rural Markets and Local Employment
Inclusive Business Models and Shared Value
Challenges for entrepreneurs in the impoverished socio-economic group 4 classes
Barriers to Entrepreneurship, Business Incubation, and Government Support
Challenges of Low Income, Poor Infrastructure and Limited Credit
Challenges of Low Literacy, Weak Distribution and Trust
Overcoming Challenges: Partnerships, Technology and Community Networks
Entrepreneurial Environment 11 classes
Meaning and Features of Business Environment
Importance and Dimensions of Business Environment
Economic Reforms and the Economic Environment in India
Impact of Government Policy Changes on Business and Industry, and Chapter Review
Internal and External Environment: Micro and Macro Determinants
Impact of the Micro and Macro Environment on Business
Exploring Opportunities — Sensing, Factors & Environment Scanning (PESTEL)
PESTLE Analysis: Political and Economic Factors
PESTLE Analysis: Social and Technological Factors
PESTLE Analysis: Legal and Environmental Factors
Applying PESTLE to a Real Business Idea
Current Entrepreneurship Trends 4 classes
Niche Markets: Finding and Serving a Focused Customer Group
The Gig Economy: Freelancing, Platforms and Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Subscription-Based Business Models
Social Commerce: Selling Through Social Media Platforms
Indian Startup Ecosystem 4 classes
Growth of the Indian Startup Ecosystem
Startup India and Other Government Support
Incubators, Accelerators and Venture Funding in India
Unicorns and Success Stories from India
Financial Literacy 4 classes
What Financial Literacy Means for an Entrepreneur
Budgeting, Saving and Managing Business Money
Credit, Interest and Debt: Using Borrowing Wisely
Digital Payments, Banking Services and Avoiding Financial Fraud
Common terminology in finance 9 classes
Business Finance: Meaning, Need and Sources Classified
Types of Cost
Income Statement
Cash Flow Projections
Break Even Analysis – for a single product or service
Cash Register
Common Finance Terms: Assets, Liabilities, Capital and Equity
Common Finance Terms: Revenue, Profit, Turnover and Margin
Common Finance Terms: Interest, Depreciation and Dividend
Sources of Finance 22 classes
8.2 Meaning, Nature and Significance
8.3 Classification of Sources of Funds
8.3.1 Period Basis
8.3.2 Ownership Basis
8.3.3 Source of Generation Basis
8.4 Sources of Finance
8.4.1 Retained Earnings
8.4.2 Trade Credit
8.4.3 Factoring
8.4.4 Lease Financing
8.4.5 Public Deposits
8.4.6 Commercial Paper
8.4.7 Issue of Shares
8.4.8 Debentures
8.4.9 Commercial Banks
8.4.10 Financial Institutions
8.5 International Financing
8.6 Factors Affecting the Choice
Sources of Finance: Shares, Angel Investors, Loans and Grants
Finance: Meaning, Need and Sources
Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) as a Source of Finance
Internal and External Sources Compared for a New Venture
Business Arithmetic 11 classes
Unit of Sale, Unit Price, Unit Cost and Gross Profit for Multiple Products
Break-even Analysis for Multiple Products (Sales Mix Method)
Cash Flow Projections, Budgeting and Working Capital
Inventory Control, ABC Analysis and Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
Return on Investment, Return on Equity, EBITDA and Chapter Review
5.8.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio
Fixed Capital and Working Capital: Meaning and Determining Factors
Working Capital: Calculation and Management
Economic Order Quantity: Worked Numericals
Return on Investment and Return on Equity: Worked Numericals
Inventory Turnover: Interpreting the Ratio
Entrepreneurial Marketing 2 classes
Entrepreneurial Marketing: Meaning and How It Differs from Traditional Marketing
Marketing on a Small Budget: The Entrepreneur's Approach
Market Sizing 5 classes
Why Market Sizing Matters to a New Venture
Total Addressable Market (TAM)
Serviceable Addressable Market (SAM)
Serviceable Obtainable Market (SOM)
Estimating TAM, SAM and SOM for a Sample Business
Market Positioning Tools 7 classes
Positioning: Meaning and Basis of Positioning
Positioning the product
5.2 Develop Unique Selling Proposition (USP) for the Campaign
3.5 Create a Brand Positioning Statement for a Target Market
Point of Parity (PoP): Matching What Competitors Offer
Point of Difference (PoD): What Sets a Brand Apart
Using USP, PoP and PoD Together to Position a Product
Marketing Strategies 4 classes
Differentiation Strategy: Standing Out from Competitors
Red Ocean Strategy: Competing in Crowded Markets
Blue Ocean Strategy: Creating Uncontested Market Space
Red Ocean and Blue Ocean Compared with Examples
Forms of Entrepreneurial Marketing 4 classes
Guerrilla Marketing: Low-Cost Creative Campaigns
Buzz Marketing: Getting People Talking
Viral Marketing: Content That Spreads by Itself
Choosing Between Guerrilla, Buzz and Viral Marketing
Types of Digital Marketing 16 classes
2.1 Understand the Basics of SEO and Its Importance in Digital Marketing
2.2 Explore Key On-Page SEO Techniques for Enhanced Visibility
2.3 Analyze Off-Page SEO Strategies and Their Impact on Rankings
2.4 Discover Effective SEM Campaigns: Google Ads Basics
2.5 Leverage Social Media Platforms for Targeted Marketing
2.6 Utilize Analytics Tools to Measure and Optimize Digital Marketing Efforts
1.1 Understand the Basics of SEO and Its Importance in Digital Marketing
1.3 Analyse the Role of Social Media in Building Brand Awareness
1.4 Create Engaging Content for Social Media Platforms
1.5 Implement Effective Email Marketing Techniques for Customer Engagement
1.6 Evaluate Campaign Performance: SEO, Social Media, and Email Metrics
Online Marketing and Social Media Marketing: Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages
Social Media Platforms and Emerging Trends Project
Content Marketing, Blogging and Video Marketing
Influencer Marketing and Affiliate Marketing
Mobile Marketing and Messaging Campaigns
Marketing Promotional Tools 6 classes
Advantages and Limitations of Yellow Pages, Mobiles, Telephones and Cinema Advertising
Modes of Advertisement
Promotional Mix: Decision, Selection Factors and Comparison of Modes
Advertising, Sales Promotion and Public Relations as Promotional Tools
Personal Selling and Direct Marketing for Entrepreneurs
Low-Cost Promotional Tools for Start-ups
Franchising 7 classes
Franchising: Meaning, Agreement and Types
Franchising: Advantages, Disadvantages and Real Cases
11.2.3 Licensing and Franchising
Franchisee and Franchisor: Roles, Rights and Duties
COCO and COFO Models Explained
FOCO and FOFO Models Explained
Comparing the Four Franchise Models
Mergers and Acquisitions 7 classes
Growth of an Enterprise: Internal and External Expansion
Mergers: Meaning, Types and the Kraft-Cadbury Case
Acquisitions and the Reasons for M&A Success and Failure
Motives for Mergers and Acquisitions
Advantages of Mergers and Acquisitions
Disadvantages and Risks of Mergers and Acquisitions
Horizontal, Vertical and Conglomerate Mergers
Change Management 5 classes
Why Change Happens in a Growing Enterprise
Resistance to Change: Causes and Ways to Reduce It
Lewin's Three-Step Model: Unfreeze, Change, Refreeze
The ADKAR Model of Change
Kotter's Eight-Step Model of Change
Enterprise Exit Strategies 5 classes
Why Entrepreneurs Plan an Exit
Family Succession: Handing the Business to the Next Generation
Management Buyout (MBO)
Initial Public Offering (IPO) as an Exit
Liquidation: Closing a Business in an Orderly Way
16
Mathematics
13 chapters
LAPT Schools
Mathematics
ISC Class 12
MathematicsLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 15 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Relations and Functions 4 classes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Relations
1.3 Types of Functions
1.4 Composition of Functions and Invertible Function
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 4 classes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Concepts
2.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Graphs of the Six Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Matrices 16 classes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Matrix
3.2.1 Order of a matrix
3.3 Types of Matrices
3.3.1 Equality of matrices
3.4 Operations on Matrices
3.4.1 Addition of matrices
3.4.2 Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar
3.4.3 Properties of matrix addition
3.4.4 Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix
3.4.5 Multiplication of matrices
3.4.6 Properties of multiplication of matrices
3.5. Transpose of a Matrix
3.5.1 Properties of transpose of the matrices
3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
3.7 Invertible Matrices
Determinants 13 classes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Determinant
4.2.1 Determinant of a matrix of order one
4.2.2 Determinant of a matrix of order two
4.2.3 Determinant of a matrix of order 3 × 3
4.3 Area of a Triangle
4.4 Minors and Cofactors
4.5 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix
4.5.1 Adjoint of a matrix
4.6 Applications of Determinants and Matrices
4.6.1 Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix
Properties of Determinants and How to Use Them
Consistency of a System of Linear Equations
Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation 11 classes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Continuity
5.2.1 Algebra of continuous functions
5.3. Differentiability
5.3.1 Derivatives of composite functions
5.3.2 Derivatives of implicit functions
5.3.3 Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
5.5. Logarithmic Differentiation
5.6 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms
5.7 Second Order Derivative
Applications of Derivatives 11 classes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Rate of Change of Quantities
6.2 Related Rates: Worked Problems
6.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
6.3 Finding Intervals of Increase and Decrease: Worked Problems
6.4 Maxima and Minima: Local Extrema and Critical Points
6.4 First and Second Derivative Tests
6.4 Optimisation: Word Problems on Maxima and Minima
6.4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed Interval
Slope, Tangent and Normal to a Curve
Equations of Tangents and Normals: Worked Problems
Integrals 18 classes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation
7.2.1 Some properties of indefinite integral
7.3 Methods of Integration
7.3.1 Integration by substitution
7.3.2 Integration using trigonometric identities
7.4 Integrals of Some Particular Functions
7.5 Integration by Partial Fractions
7.6 Integration by Parts
7.6.1 Integral of the type
7.6.2 Integrals of some more types
7.7 Definite Integral
7.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
7.8.1 Area function
7.8.2 First fundamental theorem of integral calculus
7.8.3 Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus
7.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution
7.10 Some Properties of Definite Integrals
Application of Integrals (Area under the curve) 6 classes
8.1 Introduction and the Elementary Strip Idea
8.2 Area of a Circle and an Ellipse by Integration
8.2 Curves Below and Across the x-axis: Worked Examples
Miscellaneous Exercise, Chapter Summary and Historical Note
Area Between Two Curves
Area Between a Parabola and a Line: Worked Problems
Differential Equations 9 classes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Concepts
9.2.1. Order of a differential equation
9.2.2 Degree of a differential equation
9.3. General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation
9.4. Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential Equations
9.4.1 Differential equations with variables separable
9.4.2 Homogeneous differential equations
9.4.3 Linear differential equations
Vector Algebra 15 classes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Some Basic Concepts
10.3 Types of Vectors
10.4 Addition of Vectors
10.5 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
10.5.1 Components of a vector
10.5.2 Vector joining two points
10.5.3 Section formula
10.6 Product of Two Vectors
10.6.1 Scalar (or dot) product of two vectors
10.6.2 Projection of a vector on a line
10.6.3 Vector (or cross) product of two vectors
10.6.3 Areas by Cross Product and Chapter Review
11.2 Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line
11.2.1 Direction cosines of a line passing through two points
Three - dimensional Geometry 11 classes
11.1 Introduction
11.3 Equation of a Line in Space
11.4 Angle between Two Lines
11.5 Shortest Distance between Two Lines
11.5.1 Distance between two skew lines
11.5.2 Distance between parallel lines
Equation of a Plane in Cartesian and Vector Form
Plane Through Three Points and Intercept Form of a Plane
Angle Between Two Planes and Between a Line and a Plane
Distance of a Point from a Plane
Coplanarity of Two Lines
Linear Programming 7 classes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation
12.2.1 Mathematical formulation of the problem
12.2.2 Graphical method of solving linear programming problems
Feasible Regions and the Corner Point Method
Formulating and Solving Manufacturing and Mixture Problems
Diet and Transport Problems in Linear Programming
Probability 15 classes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Conditional Probability
13.2.1 Properties of conditional probability
13.2 Conditional Probability: Worked Examples and Exercise 13.1
13.3 Multiplication Theorem on Probability
13.4 Independent Events
13.4 Independent Events: Properties and Worked Problems
13.5 Bayes' Theorem
13.5.1 Partition of a sample space
13.5.2 Theorem of total probability
13.5 Bayes' Theorem: Statement, Proof and Worked Examples
13.5 Bayes' Theorem: Mixed Problems and Chapter Exercises
Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions
Mean of a Random Variable
Bernoulli Trials and the Binomial Distribution
17
Physics
15 chapters
LAPT Schools
Physics
ISC Class 12
PhysicsLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 16 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Electric Charges and Fields 6 classes
Electric Charge and Its Basic Properties
Coulomb's Law and Forces Between Multiple Charges
Electric Field, Field Lines and Electric Flux
The Electric Dipole and Continuous Charge Distributions
Gauss's Law
Applications of Gauss's Law
Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and Capacitance 7 classes
Electrostatic Potential Energy and Potential
Potential Due to a Point Charge, a Dipole and a System of Charges
Equipotential Surfaces and Potential Energy of Charges
Electrostatics of Conductors
Dielectrics, Polarisation and Capacitors
The Parallel Plate Capacitor and Combinations of Capacitors
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Current Electricity 7 classes
Electric Current and Currents in Conductors
Ohm's Law and Drift of Electrons
Resistivity, Temperature Dependence and Electrical Power
Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance and Combinations of Cells
Kirchhoff's Rules
The Wheatstone Bridge
The Potentiometer: Comparing EMFs and Finding Internal Resistance
Moving charges and magnetism 6 classes
Magnetic Force and the Lorentz Force
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor and Motion in a Magnetic Field
The Biot-Savart Law
Ampere's Circuital Law, the Solenoid and Force Between Parallel Currents
Torque on a Current Loop and the Magnetic Dipole
The Moving Coil Galvanometer
Magnetism and Matter 6 classes
The Bar Magnet and Its Field Lines
The Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid and the Electrostatic Analogy
Magnetism and Gauss's Law
Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Electromagnetic Induction 6 classes
Faraday and Henry's Experiments, and Magnetic Flux
Faraday's Law of Induction
Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy
Motional Electromotive Force
Inductance: Mutual and Self
The AC Generator
Alternating Current 6 classes
AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
Phasors and AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
The Series LCR Circuit and Resonance
Power in AC Circuits and the Power Factor
Transformers
Electromagnetic Waves 4 classes
Displacement Current
Electromagnetic Waves: Sources and Nature
The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radio Waves to Visible Light
The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Ultraviolet Rays, X-Rays and Gamma Rays
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 8 classes
Reflection by Spherical Mirrors: Sign Convention and the Mirror Equation
Magnification by Mirrors, and Refraction
Total Internal Reflection
Refraction at a Spherical Surface, and the Lens Maker's Formula
Power of a Lens and Combination of Lenses
Refraction Through a Prism
Optical Instruments: The Microscope
Optical Instruments: The Telescope
Wave Optics 6 classes
Huygens Principle
Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves Using Huygens Principle
Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
Interference of Light Waves and Young's Experiment
Diffraction: The Single Slit
Polarisation
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 5 classes
Electron Emission and the Discovery of the Photoelectric Effect
Experimental Study of the Photoelectric Effect
The Failure of the Wave Theory and Einstein's Photoelectric Equation
The Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
The Wave Nature of Matter: de Broglie's Hypothesis
Atoms 5 classes
Alpha-Particle Scattering and the Geiger-Marsden Experiment
Rutherford's Nuclear Model: Trajectories and Electron Orbits
Atomic Spectra and the Need for Bohr's Model
Bohr's Postulates: Orbit Radii, Energy Levels and Line Spectra
De Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Quantisation
Nuclei 5 classes
Atomic Masses and the Composition of the Nucleus
The Size of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy
The Nuclear Force and Radioactivity
Nuclear Energy: Fission and the Start of Fusion
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion and Mass-Energy Interconversion
Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 6 classes
Classification of Metals, Insulators and Semiconductors
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Extrinsic Semiconductors: Doping, n-type and p-type
p-n Junction Formation
Semiconductor Diode: Forward and Reverse Bias
Junction Diode as a Rectifier
Semiconductor diode 6 classes
The p-n Junction Diode: Reading Its I-V Characteristics
The Diode as a Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier
Zener Diode: Breakdown and Voltage Regulation
Light-Emitting Diode: How It Gives Out Light
Photodiode: Detecting Light in Reverse Bias
Solar Cell: Converting Light into Electrical Energy
18
Chemistry
10 chapters
LAPT Schools
Chemistry
ISC Class 12
ChemistryLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 17 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Solutions 19 classes
1.1 Types of Solutions and 1.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions
1.3.1 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
1.3.2 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
1.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
1.4.1 Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions
1.4.2 Raoult's Law for Solutions of Volatile Liquids
1.4.3 Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
1.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
1.5.1 Ideal Solutions and 1.5.2 Non-ideal Solutions
1.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
1.6.1 Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
1.6.2 Elevation of Boiling Point
1.6.3 Depression of Freezing Point
1.6.4 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
Determination of Molar Mass from Osmotic Pressure
1.6.5 Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification
1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses
1.7.1 Van't Hoff Factor
1.10.2 Reactions in Solutions — Concentration Terms
Electrochemistry 15 classes
2.1 Electrochemical Cells
2.2 Galvanic Cells
2.3 Nernst Equation
2.3.1 Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
2.3.2 Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of Reaction
2.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
2.4.1 Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions
2.4.2 Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
2.4.3 Kohlrausch's Law and Applications of Conductivity Measurements
2.5.1 Products of Electrolysis
2.6 Batteries
2.6.1 Primary Batteries
2.6.2 Secondary Batteries
2.7 Fuel Cells
2.8 Corrosion
Chemical Kinetics 13 classes
3.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction
3.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
3.2.1 Dependence of Rate on Concentration
3.2.2 Rate Law (Rate Expression and Rate Constant)
3.2.3 Order of a Reaction
3.2.4 Molecularity of a Reaction
3.3 Integrated Rate Equations
3.3.1 Zero Order Reactions
3.3.2 First Order Reactions
3.3.3 Half-Life of a Reaction
3.4 Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
3.4.1 Effect of Catalyst
3.5 Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
d- and f- Block Elements 27 classes
4.1 Position in the Periodic Table
4.2 Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements
4.3.1 Physical Properties
4.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block)
4.3.2 Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals
4.3.3 Ionisation Enthalpies
4.3.4 Oxidation States
4.3.5 Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials
4.3.6 Trends in the M3+/M2+ Standard Electrode Potentials
4.3.7 Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States
4.3.9 Magnetic Properties
4.3.8 Chemical Reactivity and Eo Values
4.3.11 Formation of Complex Compounds
4.3.10 Formation of Coloured Ions
4.3.12 Catalytic Properties, 4.3.13 Interstitial Compounds and 4.3.14 Alloy Formation
4.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
4.4.1 Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals
4.4.2 Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate
4.5 The Lanthanoids: Electronic Configurations
4.5.2 Atomic and Ionic Sizes (Lanthanoid Contraction)
4.5.3 Oxidation States (Lanthanoids)
4.5.4 General Characteristics of Lanthanoids
4.6 The Actinoids
4.6.1 Electronic Configurations (Actinoids)
4.6.2 Ionic Sizes and 4.6.3 Oxidation States (Actinoids)
4.6.4 General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids
4.7 Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements
Coordination Compounds 19 classes
5.1 Werner's Theory and 5.2 Definitions of Important Terms
5.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
5.3.1 Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities
5.3.2 Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
5.4 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
5.4.1 Geometric Isomerism
5.4.2 Optical Isomerism
5.4.3 Linkage Isomerism
5.4.4 Coordination Isomerism and 5.4.5 Ionisation Isomerism
5.4.6 Solvate Isomerism
5.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds
5.5.1 Valence Bond Theory
5.5.2 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
5.5.3 Limitations of Valence Bond Theory
5.5.4 Crystal Field Theory
5.5.5 Colour in Coordination Compounds
5.5.6 Limitations of Crystal Field Theory
5.6 Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
5.7 Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 12 classes
Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives
Nature of the Carbon-Halogen Bond
Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes
Preparation of Haloarenes
Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions I - SN2 Mechanism and Stereochemistry
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions II - SN1 Mechanism and Reactivity Order
Stereochemistry of Substitution, Elimination Reactions, and Reaction with Metals
Reactions of Haloarenes: Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Substitution
Directive Influence and Polyhalogen Compounds
Chapter Summary and Revision
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 12 classes
Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Nomenclature of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Structures of the Functional Groups
Preparation of Alcohols
Preparation of Phenols and Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, and Esterification
Reactions Involving C-O Bond Cleavage: Halide Formation, Dehydration and Oxidation
Reactions of Phenols: Electrophilic Substitution, Kolbe's and Reimer-Tiemann Reactions
Some Commercially Important Alcohols: Methanol and Ethanol
Ethers: Preparation and Physical Properties
Ethers: Chemical Reactions and Cleavage Mechanism
Chapter Summary and Revision
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 11 classes
Nomenclature and Structure of the Carbonyl Group
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Mechanism, Reactivity and Named Examples
Reduction, Oxidation and the Haloform Test
Reactions due to Alpha-Hydrogen, Other Reactions, and Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
Nomenclature and Structure of the Carboxyl Group
Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Physical Properties and Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
Esterification, Acid Derivatives, Reduction and Decarboxylation
Substitution in the Hydrocarbon Part, and Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Organic compounds containing Nitrogen 9 classes
Structure and Classification of Amines
Nomenclature of Amines
Preparation of Amines
Physical Properties of Amines
Basicity of Amines: Structure-Basicity Relationship
Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, and Reaction with Nitrous Acid
Hinsberg's Test and Electrophilic Substitution of Aniline
Diazonium Salts: Preparation and Physical Properties
Diazonium Salts: Chemical Reactions and Importance in Synthesis
Biomolecules 12 classes
Carbohydrates: Definition and Classification
Glucose: Preparation and Open-Chain Structure
D/L Configuration and Cyclic Structures of Glucose and Fructose
Disaccharides: Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose
Polysaccharides and the Importance of Carbohydrates
Amino Acids: Structure, Classification and Zwitter Ion
Structure of Proteins: Peptide Bond to Quaternary Structure
Denaturation of Proteins and Enzymes
Vitamins: Classification, Sources and Deficiency Diseases
Nucleic Acids: Composition, Structure and Functions
Hormones
Enzymes: Action, Kinetics and Classification
19
Biology
13 chapters
LAPT Schools
Biology
ISC Class 12
BiologyLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 18 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants 11 classes
Flower - A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule) and Embryo Sac
Pollination: Its Kinds
Agents of Pollination: Wind, Water and Animals
Outbreeding Devices
Double Fertilisation and the Endosperm
The Embryo
Seed and Fruit
Apomixis and Polyembryony
Pollen-Pistil Interaction and Artificial Hybridisation
Human Reproduction 9 classes
The Male Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive System
Spermatogenesis and the Structure of a Sperm
Oogenesis
The Menstrual Cycle
Fertilisation and How the Sex of the Baby Is Decided
From Zygote to Implantation
Pregnancy, the Placenta and Embryonic Development
Parturition and Lactation
Reproductive Health 6 classes
What Reproductive Health Means, and India's Programmes
Population Growth, and Natural and Barrier Contraception
IUDs, Pills, Injectables, Implants and Surgical Methods
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Principles of inheritance and variation 17 classes
Genetics, Mendel and the Pea Plant
The Monohybrid Cross and the 3:1 Ratio
The Punnett Square, the Genotypic Ratio and the Test Cross
The Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation
Incomplete Dominance, and What Dominance Really Is
Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles and ABO Blood Groups
The Dihybrid Cross
The Law of Independent Assortment and the 9:3:3:1 Ratio
The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Linkage and Recombination
Polygenic Inheritance and Pleiotropy
Sex Determination: XO, XY and ZW
Sex Determination in Humans and in the Honey Bee
Mutation and Pedigree Analysis
Mendelian Disorders: Colour Blindness and Haemophilia
Mendelian Disorders: Sickle-cell Anaemia, Phenylketonuria and Thalassemia
Chromosomal Disorders
Molecular basis of Inheritance 20 classes
DNA and the Polynucleotide Chain
The Double Helix
Packaging of the DNA Helix
The Search for Genetic Material: Griffith's Transforming Principle
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, and the Hershey-Chase Experiment
Properties of Genetic Material, and the RNA World
Replication and the Meselson-Stahl Experiment
The Machinery and the Enzymes of Replication
Transcription and the Transcription Unit
The Transcription Unit and the Gene: Exons, Introns and Cistrons
Types of RNA, and Transcription in Bacteria and Eukaryotes
The Genetic Code
Mutations, the Reading Frame, and tRNA the Adapter Molecule
Translation
Regulation of Gene Expression
The Lac Operon
The Human Genome Project: Goals and Methods
Salient Features of the Human Genome, and What Follows From It
DNA Fingerprinting: Polymorphism and Satellite DNA
VNTR, the Technique and Its Applications
Evolution 13 classes
The Origin of the Universe and the Earth
How Life Began: Panspermia, Pasteur and Miller's Experiment
Evolution of Life Forms: Darwin's Theory
Evidence from Fossils and from Embryos
Homology and Analogy
Evolution Seen Happening: Breeding, Moths and Resistance
Adaptive Radiation
Biological Evolution: Darwin, Lamarck and Malthus
Mechanism of Evolution: deVries and Mutation
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
A Brief Account of Evolution: From First Cells to the Dinosaurs
Dinosaurs, Mammals and Continental Drift
Origin and Evolution of Man
Human Health and Diseases 19 classes
What Health Means
Bacterial Diseases: Typhoid and Pneumonia
Viral and Protozoan Diseases: Common Cold and Malaria
Amoebiasis, Ascariasis, Filariasis and Ringworm
Preventing and Controlling Infectious Diseases
Immunity and the Four Innate Barriers
Acquired Immunity: Antibodies and the Two Lymphocytes
Active and Passive Immunity, Vaccination and Immunisation
Allergies and Auto-immunity
The Immune System in the Body: Lymphoid Organs
AIDS: What It Is and How It Spreads
How HIV Destroys Immunity, and How AIDS Is Prevented
Cancer: Contact Inhibition, Tumours and Metastasis
Causes, Detection and Treatment of Cancer
Drugs of Abuse: Opioids, Cannabinoids and Cocaine
Tobacco and Smoking
Adolescence, Addiction and Dependence
The Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Prevention and Control of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Microbes in Human Welfare 12 classes
What Microbes Are and Where They Live
Microbes in Household Products
Fermented Beverages
Antibiotics: The Discovery of Penicillin
Chemicals, Enzymes and Bioactive Molecules from Microbes
What Sewage Is, and Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment: Flocs, BOD and Activated Sludge
Sewage Treatment in India: The Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans
Biogas: Methanogens, the Rumen and the Gobar Gas Plant
Biocontrol: Why Chemicals Are Not the Answer
Biocontrol Agents: Bt, Trichoderma and Baculoviruses
Microbes as Biofertilisers
Biotechnology - Principles and processes 17 classes
What Biotechnology Is
The Two Core Techniques, and Why Genetic Engineering Was Needed
Origin of Replication, and What Cloning Means
The First Recombinant DNA: Cohen and Boyer
Restriction Enzymes: Discovery, Naming and Kinds
Palindromes and Sticky Ends
Gel Electrophoresis and Elution
Cloning Vectors: Origin of Replication and Selectable Marker
Cloning Sites and Insertional Inactivation
Vectors for Cloning Genes in Plants and Animals
Competent Host: Getting DNA Into a Cell
Isolation of the Genetic Material
Cutting the DNA and Making the Recombinant
PCR: Amplifying the Gene of Interest
Inserting the Recombinant DNA, and Obtaining the Gene Product
Bioreactors
Downstream Processing
Biotechnology and its applications 14 classes
What Biotechnology Is Applied To, and the Three Ways to Grow More Food
Tissue Culture, Totipotency and Micro-propagation
Somatic Hybridisation
Genetically Modified Organisms and the Five Benefits
Bt Cotton: How the Toxin Works, and the cry Genes
Pest Resistant Plants: RNA Interference
Genetically Engineered Insulin
Gene Therapy and the ADA Story
Molecular Diagnosis
Transgenic Animals: Physiology and the Study of Disease
Transgenic Animals: Products, Vaccine Safety and Toxicity Testing
Ethical Issues and the GEAC
Biopiracy: Basmati, Turmeric and Neem
Chapter Summary
Organisms and Populations 21 classes
How and Why: The Two Questions Ecology Asks
What a Population Is, and the Attributes It Has
Population Density, and How It Is Measured
The Four Processes That Change Population Density
Exponential Growth
The Chess Board: How Fast Exponential Growth Is
Logistic Growth and Carrying Capacity
Life History Variation
Population Interactions: The Six Kinds
Predation and Its Roles in Nature
How Prey and Plants Defend Themselves
Competition: What It Is and How It Is Shown
Competitive Exclusion and Resource Partitioning
Parasitism: Adaptations and Life Cycles
Ectoparasites, Endoparasites and Brood Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism: Lichens, Mycorrhizae and the Fig Wasp
Orchids and Sexual Deceit
Organism and Environment: Major Abiotic Factors
Responses to Environment: Regulate, Conform, Migrate and Suspend
Adaptations of Plants and Animals to Their Habitats
Ecosystem 16 classes
What an Ecosystem Is
The Structure of an Ecosystem, and the Pond
Productivity: GPP, NPP and Secondary Productivity
Decomposition
Energy Flow: The Sun, PAR and the Two Laws
Consumers and the Grazing Food Chain
The Detritus Food Chain and the Food Web
Trophic Levels, Standing Crop and the Ten Per Cent Law
Ecological Pyramids: The Three Types
Upright and Inverted Pyramids
The Limitations of Ecological Pyramids
Chapter Summary
Nutrient Cycling: The Carbon Cycle
Nutrient Cycling: The Phosphorus Cycle
Ecological Succession: Primary and Secondary
Succession of Plants on Land and in Water
Biodiversity and its Conservation 15 classes
The Diversity of Life, and What Biodiversity Means
The Three Levels of Biodiversity
How Many Species Are There on Earth?
India's Share of the World's Species
Latitudinal Gradients in Diversity
Why the Tropics Are So Rich: Three Hypotheses
Species-Area Relationships
Does Species Diversity Matter? Tilman and the Rivet Popper
The Record of Extinction, and the Sixth Extinction
The Evil Quartet: Habitat Loss and Over-exploitation
The Evil Quartet: Alien Species and Co-extinctions
Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity?
In Situ Conservation: Hotspots, Parks and Sacred Groves
Ex Situ Conservation and the International Agreements
Chapter Summary
20
Home Science
7 chapters
LAPT Schools
Home Science
ISC Class 12
Home ScienceLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 19 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Food Preparation 7 classes
Principles of Cooking and Why Food Is Cooked
Methods of Cooking: Moist Heat, Dry Heat and Frying
Modern Technologies Used in Cooking
Pre-Cooking Treatments: Washing, Soaking, Cutting and Marinating
Culinary Terms Every Cook Should Know
Effects of Cooking on Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats and Vitamins
Increasing Nutritive Value: Germination, Fermentation, Fortification and Combining Foods
Meal Planning for the family 14 classes
Concept and Importance of Meal Planning
Factors Affecting Meal Planning
The ICMR Basic Food Groups, Water and Roughage
Planning a Balanced Meal for Self and Family
3.1-3.3 Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness: Key Concepts
3.4-3.5 Planning Balanced Diets: Food Groups and the Food Guide Pyramid
3.6-3.9 Adolescent Eating Patterns, Influences and Eating Disorders
Nutrition and Balanced Meals for Preschool Children (1-6 Years)
Nutritional Needs and Diet Planning for School-Age Children (7-12 Years)
2.5 Create a Balanced Meal Plan Incorporating Macros and Micros
2.3 Analyze Daily Nutritional Requirements for Different Age Groups
Influences on Children's Diets, Healthy Habits and Health Issues of School-Age Children
Special Diets: Planning Meals for Therapeutic and Medical Needs
Good Food Habits and Preventing Eating Disorders
Resource Management 6 classes
Income Management and the Family Budget
Savings, Investment and the Principles of Sound Investment
Savings and Investment Avenues, and Credit
Banks and Post Office Savings Schemes
Insurance as a Way of Protecting the Family
Shares and Debentures as Investments
Consumer Education 12 classes
Introduction and Significance of Consumer Education and Protection
Basic Concepts: Consumer, Related Terms, and Consumer Expectations
Consumer Problems: Nine Common Ways Consumers Are Cheated
Consumer Rights and the Consumer Protection Act
Standardisation Marks: ISI, Agmark, Woolmark, Silk Mark, Hallmark, Ecomark, FSSAI
Consumer Organisations and Consumer Responsibilities
Problems of Consumers, Trade Malpractices and Self-Protection
Food Adulteration: Adulterants and Their Harmful Effects
Food Safety Standards and FSSAI: Hazards, Unsafe Food and Licensing
Consumer Aids: Labels and Their Information
Advertisements: Their Role and How to Read Them Critically
The Consumer Protection Act 2019: Key Provisions and Redressal Bodies
Human Development 6 classes
Adolescence I: Physical, Biological and Motor Changes
Adolescence II: Social, Emotional, Cognitive and Language Characteristics
1.2 Analyze Stages of Human Growth Across the Lifespan
Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Issues and Concerns of Adolescents
Perspectives on Adulthood: Early, Middle and Late
Traditional Textiles 6 classes
Textile Traditions: History and the Three Fibres
Textile Traditions: Dyeing and Embroidery
Woven Textiles of India
Printed Textiles of India
Painted Textiles of India
Embroidered Textiles of India: Regional Styles
Communication and Extension 8 classes
Development Journalism and the Role of the Press
Significance and Basic Concepts: Development, Development Journalism, and Development Communication
Red Ribbon Express: A Multimedia Campaign Against HIV/AIDS
Method 1: Campaigns (with the Swachh Bharat Mission)
Institutions and Programmes for Children
Water Safety: Safe Drinking Water and Its Protection
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Aims and Community Action
ICDS: Integrated Child Development Services and Its Services
21
Fashion Designing
9 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 20 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Introduction to Textiles 8 classes
Textile Fibres: Natural and Manmade
Yarns: Spinning and Types of Yarn
Weaving and Basic Weaves
2.1 Identify Different Types of Fibres: Natural vs. Synthetic
Textile Terms: Fibre, Yarn and Fabric Defined
Uses of Textiles in Clothing, Home and Industry
Serviceability: Durability, Comfort and Care of Fabrics
Importance of the Textile Industry to India's Economy
Textile Fibres 5 classes
2.2 Explore the Properties of Key Fibres Used in Fashion
Classifying Fibres: Natural and Manufactured
Natural Fibres: Cotton, Linen, Wool and Silk
Manufactured Fibres: Rayon, Nylon, Polyester and Acrylic
Fibre Properties: Strength, Elasticity, Absorbency and Lustre
Yarn 6 classes
Fabric Types and Selection of Underlining, Interfacing, Lining and Inter-lining
How Fibres Become Yarn: The Stages of Yarn Formation
Spun Yarns and Filament Yarns Compared
Yarn Twist: Direction, Amount and Its Effect on Fabric
Simple, Novelty and Textured Yarns
Blends: Why Fibres Are Mixed and What the Mix Offers
Fabric Construction Techniques 6 classes
2.3 Investigate Fabric Construction Techniques: Weaving vs. Knitting
Weaving: The Loom, Warp and Weft
Plain, Twill and Satin Weaves Compared
Knitting: Weft and Warp Knits and Their Uses
Macrame, Crochet and Braiding
Lace Making and Non-Woven Fabrics
Textiles in India 4 classes
Colour in Indian Life: Meaning, Festivals and Ceremonies
Indigenous Dyes: Indigo, Turmeric, Madder and Lac
Indian Saris: Banarasi, Kanjeevaram, Paithani and Bandhani
Drapes: The Many Ways of Wearing a Sari and Other Draped Garments
History of Fashion in Europe: 1901-1950 5 classes
The Edwardian Period: Silhouette, S-Bend Corset and Fashion 1901-1910
Fashion During World War I: Practical Dress and Shorter Hemlines
The Frugal Period: Fashion in World War II and Rationing
Utility Clothing and Make-Do-and-Mend in the War Years
Dior New Look of 1947 and the Return of Femininity
History of Fashion in Europe: 1961-till date 5 classes
The Swinging Sixties: Mini Skirts, Mod Style and Youth Fashion
Hippies: Bell Bottoms, Tie-Dye and Ethnic Influences
The Disco Decade: Glitter, Jumpsuits and Platform Shoes
Punk Fashion: Leather, Safety Pins and Rebellion
Fashion from 2001 to Today: Fast Fashion, Sustainability and Global Trends
Traditional Costumes of Women in India 9 classes
Women's Wear: Indian Women's Wear and Categories
Origin and Development of Costume: Draped Costume
Ghagra-Choli of Rajasthan
Kurti, Daaman and Chunder of Haryana
The Sari of Tamil Nadu
Pheran of Kashmir
Salwar-Kameez of Punjab
Sari and Blouse of Andhra Pradesh
Sharara and Gharara of Uttar Pradesh
Traditional Costumes of Men in India 5 classes
The Jodhpuri Suit: Cut, Fabric and Occasions
Achkan, Sherwani and Kurta: Features and Differences
Salwar and Churidar of Aligarh and Kutch
Cholu, Dor and Topi of the Gaddi Tribe
Surkha, Waist-Coat and Cap of the Koli Fishermen
22
Electricity & Electronics
14 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 21 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Distribution of electric power 5 classes
Layout of a Power Distribution System
Overhead Lines and Their Parts
Underground Cables: Construction and Laying
Overhead and Underground Systems Compared
D.C. and A.C. Distribution Systems
The D.C. generator and motor 8 classes
D.C. Motors: Types, Construction and Working Principles
D.C. Motors: Characteristics, Winding Details and Applications
Starting and Starters for D.C. Motors and Installation of D.C. Motor
Principle and Construction of a D.C. Generator
The Commutator and Rectification of Generated E.M.F.
Field Connections: Shunt, Series and Compound Generators
Characteristics of D.C. Generators
Back E.M.F. in a D.C. Motor
The A.C. motor 6 classes
Single Phase A.C. Motors: Types of A.C. Motors
Single Phase A.C. Motors: Construction, Working Principles, Characteristics, Winding Details and Applications
Starting and Starters for Single Phase A.C. Motors
The Rotating Magnetic Field in a Single-Phase Motor
The Split-Phase Induction Motor
Capacitor-Start Motors
Wires, cables and electrical wiring 7 classes
Types of Wiring: Cleat, Casing and Capping, CTS/TRS, Metal Sheath, Conduit and Concealed
Factors for Selecting a Wiring System; Switch, Fuse and Earthing
Types of Earthing: Plate Earthing and Pipe Earthing
Number of Circuits, Distribution Board, Loop-in System and IE Rules
Cable Types and Insulation Materials
Cable Sizing and Current Rating
Voltage Drop in Cables
Electrical accessories 4 classes
Switches: Types and Uses
Power Outlets, Plugs and Sockets
Lamp Holders and Ceiling Roses
Junction Boxes and Their Use
Introduction to electronics 4 classes
Electricity and Electrical Quantities: Voltage, Current and Resistance
Passive Components: Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor
Electron, Force, Field Intensity, Potential, Energy, Current and Ionization Potential
Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors
Diodes 6 classes
p-n Junction Formation
Semiconductor Diode: Forward and Reverse Bias
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors: N-type and P-type
The PN Junction Diode: Depletion Layer, Barrier, Biasing and V-I Characteristic
Zener Diode, Photo Diode, LED and Types and Applications of Diodes
The Thermionic Diode: Construction, Emission and Characteristics
Power supply for electronic apparatus 5 classes
Transformer, Integrated Circuit and Semiconductor Memory
Power Supply, Batteries, SMPS and UPS
Diode as Rectifier: Half Wave and Full Wave, Voltage Multipliers
Zener Regulator and Introduction to Filters, Clippers and Clampers
Transformers
Vacuum triode 4 classes
Construction and Working of the Vacuum Triode
Static Characteristics of the Triode
Triode Parameters: Amplification Factor, Plate Resistance and Mutual Conductance
The Triode as a Voltage Amplifier
Semiconductor Transistors 3 classes
Construction and Operation of NPN and PNP Transistors
Biasing of the BJT
Handling Precautions and Testing of Transistors
Transistor amplifier 5 classes
CB, CE and CC Configurations and Their Characteristics
Transistor Parameters and Gain Measurement
Amplifiers: Single and Multi-stage and General Characteristics
Phase Relationship between Input and Output in Amplifiers
Bias Stabilisation and Thermal Runaway
The amplifier 4 classes
Feedback in Amplifiers
Voltage Amplification
Power Amplification and Output Stages
Matching the Output Stage to the Loudspeaker
Apparatus for reproducing and recording sounds 7 classes
Microphones: Carbon and Variable Reactance
Microphones: Capacitance, Piezo-Electric and Moving Coil
Moving Coil Loudspeaker: Construction, Working, Impedance and Power Level
Frequency Characteristics of Practical Loudspeakers: Woofer, Tweeter, Squawker and Enclosure
Analog and Digital Sound Recording, Disk Recording and Reproduction
Magnetic Recording and Playback: Bias and the Tape Recorder System
Gramophone Pick-ups and Earphones
Common types of electronic measuring instruments 8 classes
Moving Iron and Moving Coil Voltmeters and Ammeters
Digital Multimeter
Analog Multi Meter
Digital Multi Meter
The Valve Voltmeter
The Transistorised Voltmeter
The Signal Generator
The Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
23
Engineering Science
13 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 22 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Strength of materials 5 classes
Elasticity, Stress, Strain and the Stress-Strain Curve
Young's Modulus and Shear Modulus
Bulk Modulus, Poisson's Ratio and Elastic Potential Energy
Applications of Elastic Behaviour and Design of Structures
Working Stress, Ultimate Strength and Factor of Safety
Friction 4 classes
Common Forces in Mechanics and Friction
Conditions Affecting Friction: Surface, Load and Speed
Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction
Lubrication: Types of Lubricants and Their Uses
Limiting friction 5 classes
Static, Limiting and Kinetic Friction
Coefficient of Friction
Angle of Friction and Angle of Repose
Friction on a Horizontal Surface: Problems
Friction on an Inclined Plane: Problems
Work 7 classes
The Scalar Product, Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy, Variable Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem
Potential Energy and the Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Spring Potential Energy, Non-Conservative Forces and Power
Torque, Angular Momentum and Their Conservation
Dynamics of Rotation, Angular Momentum About a Fixed Axis
Work Done in Rotational Motion
Machines 8 classes
Simple Machines: Mechanical Advantage and Velocity Ratio
Efficiency of a Machine
Pulley Systems
Wheel and Axle
The Weston Differential Pulley Block
The Screw Jack
Worm and Worm Wheel
Gear Drives and Belt Drives
Power 7 classes
Power and Horsepower
The Steam Engine: Working Principle
Internal Combustion Engines: Four-stroke and Two-stroke
Indicator Diagrams and Indicated Horsepower
Brake Horsepower: Rope Brake and Prony Brake
Mechanical Efficiency of an Engine
Hydraulic Power
Momentum 2 classes
Momentum, Newton's Second Law and Impulse
Newton's Third Law, Conservation of Momentum and Equilibrium
Magnetism 7 classes
Ampere's Circuital Law, the Solenoid and Force Between Parallel Currents
The Bar Magnet and Its Field Lines
Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets: Construction, Use and Polarity Rules
The Magnetic Circuit: Flux, Magnetomotive Force and Reluctance
The Trembler Bell and the Relay
The simple circuit 9 classes
Electric Current and Currents in Conductors
Ohm's Law and Drift of Electrons
Resistivity, Temperature Dependence and Electrical Power
Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance and Combinations of Cells
Kirchhoff's Rules
The Wheatstone Bridge
Series Resistance Circuits and Equivalent Resistance
Parallel and Series-Parallel Resistance Circuits
Conductors, Insulators and Potential Difference
Heating effect of current 7 classes
Electricity as a Source of Energy: Resistance, Voltage, Current, Power and Energy
Relation between Electrical, Mechanical and Thermal Units
Temperature Co-efficient of Resistance
Joule's Law of Electric Heating and Domestic Applications
Heating Efficiency
Lighting Effect of Electric Current and Filaments Used in Lamps
Immersion Heater: Construction, Working, Faults, Testing and Repairs
Chemical effect of current field 6 classes
Primary Cells: Wet Cell, Dry Cell and Battery
Series and Parallel Connections of Cells
Secondary Cells and the Lead Acid Cell
Discharging, Recharging and Common Charging Methods
Electrolysis and the Electrochemical Equivalent
The Voltaic Cell and Polarisation
Current-carrying conductor in magnetic field 7 classes
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor and Motion in a Magnetic Field
Torque on a Current Loop and the Magnetic Dipole
The Moving Coil Galvanometer
Force on a Current-carrying Conductor, Torque on a Coil and the Dynamo
The D.C. Motor: Construction and Working
Converting a Galvanometer into an Ammeter Using a Shunt
Converting a Galvanometer into a Voltmeter Using a Multiplier
Electromagnetic induction 14 classes
Faraday and Henry's Experiments, and Magnetic Flux
Faraday's Law of Induction
Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy
Motional Electromotive Force
Inductance: Mutual and Self
The AC Generator
Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
Dynamically Induced e.m.f.: Magnitude and Direction
Static Induction, Self-induced e.m.f. and Inductance
Mutually Induced e.m.f. and Energy Stored in an Inductance
Back E.M.F. and the Starting Resistance of a Motor
The D.C. Generator and the Commutator
Eddy Currents and Their Uses
The Transformer and the Induction Coil
24
Computer Science
9 chapters
LAPT Schools
Computer Science
ISC Class 12
Computer ScienceLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 23 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Boolean Algebra 7 classes
Propositions and Propositional Logic
Logical Connectives and Well-formed Formulae
Truth Tables for Compound Statements
Tautology, Contradiction and Logical Equivalence
Equivalence Laws: De Morgan, Distributive, Absorption and Others
Simplifying Logical Expressions Using the Laws
Proving Equivalence Using Truth Tables and Laws
Computer Hardware 8 classes
Basic Logic Gates: AND, OR and NOT
Universal Gates NAND and NOR, and the XOR and XNOR Gates
Building Circuits from Boolean Expressions
The Half Adder: Design and Truth Table
The Full Adder: Design and Truth Table
Encoders: Converting Many Inputs into a Binary Code
Decoders: Selecting One Output from a Binary Input
Multiplexers and Other Related Circuits
Methods - Object as parameter and return data type 7 classes
Class Design
7.3.2 Arguments and Parameters
Formal and Actual Arguments in Java Methods
Static Methods and Static Variables
The this Keyword
Passing Objects as Parameters to a Method
Passing Arrays to Methods and Returning Objects
Arrays (Single and Double dimensional), String handling 12 classes
Array
Wrapper Classes and String Manipulation
8.2 Strings
8.2.1 Accessing Characters in a String
8.4 Traversing a String
8.5 String Methods and Built-in Functions
8.6 Handling Strings
Single Dimensional Arrays in Java: Declaring, Filling and Traversing
Searching and Sorting a Single Dimensional Array
Double Dimensional Arrays: Rows, Columns and Traversal
Programs on Matrices: Diagonals, Sums and Transpose
String Handling in Java: String Class Methods and Programs
Recursion 5 classes
What Recursion Is: A Method That Calls Itself
Base Case and Recursive Case
Tracing a Recursive Method Step by Step
Recursive Programs: Factorial, Fibonacci, GCD and Power
Recursion Versus Iteration
Inheritance and Interfaces 6 classes
Inheritance in Java: Superclass and Subclass
Types of Inheritance and the extends Keyword
Method Overriding and the super Keyword
Abstract Classes and Access Control in Inheritance
Interfaces in Java: Declaring and Implementing
Interface Versus Abstract Class
Programming in Python 45 classes
5.1 Introduction to Python
5.1.1 Features of Python
5.1.2 Working with Python
5.1.3 Execution Modes
5.2 Python Keywords
5.3 Identifiers
5.4 Variables
5.5 Comments
5.6 Everything is an Object
5.7 Data Types
5.7.1 Number
5.7.2 Sequence
5.7.3 Set
5.7.4 None
5.7.5 Mapping
5.7.6 Mutable and Immutable Data Types
5.7.7 Deciding Usage of Python Data Types
5.8 Operators
5.8.2 Relational Operators
5.8.1 Arithmetic Operators
5.8.3 Assignment Operators
5.8.5 Identity Operators
5.8.4 Logical Operators
5.9 Expressions
5.8.6 Membership Operators
5.9.1 Precedence of Operators
5.10 Statement
5.11 Input and Output
5.12 Type Conversion
5.12.1 Explicit Conversion
5.12.2 Implicit Conversion
5.13 Debugging
5.13.1 Syntax Errors
5.13.2 Logical Errors
5.13.3 Runtime Error
Basics of Python: Character Set, Tokens and Modes
Data Types, Operators and Expressions in Python
Control Statements: Selection in Python
Control Statements: Iteration in Python
6.1 Python Basics: Programs, Variables, Data Types and Input
6.2 Python Control: Decisions and Loops
6.3 Python Lists, Functions and Debugging
Recapitulation of Class XI: Selection, Iteration and Functions in Python
Strings in Python: Slicing, Operations and Methods Revisited
Further Python Programming: Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries in Programs
Data structures - Binary trees [ Conceptual ] 6 classes
Binary Trees: Root, Nodes and Terminology
Height, Depth and Level of a Binary Tree
Pre-order Traversal
In-order Traversal
Post-order Traversal
Working Out the Traversals of a Given Binary Tree
Complexity and Big O notation 4 classes
5.5 Time Complexity of Algorithms
4.8 Coding
What Computational Complexity Means and How Input Size Matters
Big O Notation: Constant, Linear and Quadratic Growth
25
Geometrical & Mechanical Drawing
1 chapter
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 24 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Drawing (Engineering) 21 classes
Fasteners and Screw Thread Terminology
Standard Thread Profiles and Conventional Representation
Bolts and Nuts
Washers, Assembly of Bolt-Nut-Washer, and Studs
Machine Screws, Rivets and Riveted Joints
Keys
Unprotected Flange Coupling
Protected Flange Coupling
Introduction to Bearings and the Open Bearing
The Bush Bearing
Involute and Cycloid: The Curves Behind Gear Teeth
Machine Drawing
Cotter Joint: Socket and Spigot
Knuckle Joint
Spur Gear Teeth: Terms and Drawing the Tooth Profile
Shafts, Pulleys and Belt Drives for Transmitting Power
Clutches: Cone and Plate Types
Pipe Joints and Pressure Transmission in Pipes
Prime Movers and Simple Machine Tools
Reference Points and Planes in Dimensioning, and Surface Texture Symbols
Toleranced Dimensions and Limits and Fits (IS:919)
26
Geometrical & Building Drawing
1 chapter
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 25 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.9)
Building Drawing 8 classes
Simple Buildings: Houses, Garages, Sheds and Green Houses
Foundations and Walls: Types and Drawing
Openings, Lintels and Arches
Floors and Roofs: Construction and Drawing
Doors and Windows: Types and Drawings
Stairs: Parts, Types and Drawing
Orthographic Projection and Sectional Views of a Building
Working Drawings from Free-hand Sketches, and Sketching Building Details and Tools
27
Art
6 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 26 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Drawing or Painting from Still Life 5 classes
Still Life: Choosing and Arranging a Group of Objects
Drawing the Group: Proportion, Outline and Form
Light, Shade and Tone in Still Life
Painting the Group: Colour, Texture and Surface
Timed Practice: Completing a Still-life Study in Three Hours
Drawing or Painting from Nature 6 classes
Studying the Structure of Natural Forms: Leaves, Flowers and Branches
Drawing Natural Forms in Detail
Colour Studies of Natural Forms
Outdoor Subject: Observing and Sketching on Location
Outdoor Subject: Composing Trees, Buildings and Space
Timed Practice: Completing a Nature Study in Three Hours
Drawing or Painting of a Living Person 6 classes
Studying the Human Figure: Proportion and Structure
Full Figure: Posture, Balance and Gesture
Full Figure: Clothing, Folds and Light
Head Study: Features, Planes and Expression
Head Study: Tone, Colour and Likeness
Timed Practice: Completing a Living-person Study in Three Hours
Original Imaginative Composition in Colour 6 classes
From Idea to Composition: Finding a Theme
Planning the Layout: Balance, Rhythm and Focal Point
Using Colour Schemes for Mood and Meaning
Developing Figures, Objects and Setting in an Imaginative Picture
Finishing and Presenting the Composition
Timed Practice: Completing an Imaginative Composition in Three Hours
Crafts 'A' 6 classes
Crafts A: Design on Flat Paper with Ink and Colour
Designing a Book Page or Cover
Designing a Poster
Designing a Greeting Card
Making Patterned Paper
Calligraphy: Letter Forms, Spacing and Layout
Crafts 'B' 9 classes
Crafts B: Overview of the Eight Craft Categories
Pottery: Forming, Decorating and Finishing
Sculpture: Modelling and Carving
Weaving: Simple Techniques and Patterns
Dyed Cloth: Tie-dye and Batik
Embroidery, Mosaic and Collage
Puppet Making
Printmaking: Block and Stencil Prints
Local Craft Traditions
28
Music (Hindustani, Carnatic or Western)
48 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 27 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Musical Terms and Forms 11 classes
Alankar
Kan, Meend, Khatka, Murki and Gamak
Gamak, Meend and Kan
Krintan, Zamzama, Ghaseet and Sut
Naad: Ahat and Anahat Sound and Its Qualities
Types of Raga by Number of Notes: Audav, Shadav and Sampurna
Dhrupad: Form, Structure and Style of Singing
Dhamar: Form, Tala and Its Link with Holi Songs
Andolan: The Slow Swing on a Note and Where It Is Used
Alaap: Unfolding a Raga Before the Rhythm Begins
Taan: Types of Fast Melodic Runs and How to Practise Them
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Systems of Indian Classical Music 5 classes
Common Roots of Hindustani and Carnatic Music
Swara, Shruti and Scale Systems Compared
Raga and Tala Systems Compared
Compositional Forms and Styles of Performance Compared
Instruments and Notation in the Two Systems Compared
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Placement of Swaras on twenty-two Shrutis 4 classes
The Twenty-two Shrutis: Meaning and Division of the Octave
The Ancient Method: Shruti Placement in the Old Treatises
The Modern Method: Placing Shuddha and Vikrit Swaras on the Shrutis
Ancient and Modern Placement of Swaras Compared with a Chart
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: “Thaats” of Bhatkhande 7 classes
Thaat, Jati, Laya and Tala: a first look
Swar and Saptak
The Ten Thaats of Bhatkhande: Names and the Scheme Behind Them
Basic Rules of a Thaat: Seven Swaras, Order and Signs
Bilawal, Khamaj and Kafi Thaats
Asavari, Bhairav and Bhairavi Thaats
Kalyan, Marwa, Poorvi and Todi Thaats
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Vadi Swar and time of Raga 10 classes
Raga Bihag
Raga Bhimpalasi
Raga Bhairavi
Raga Bhairav
Raga Bageshri
Raga Malkauns
Vadi, Samvadi, Anuvadi and Vivadi Swar
The Time Theory of Ragas: Prahars of the Day and Night
Purvang and Uttarang: The Two Halves of the Octave in a Raga
Finding the Vadi Swar and Time of a Raga from Its Features
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Laya 4 classes
Jati, Laya and Tala
Kala and Laya
Vilambit, Madhya and Drut Laya: Recognising and Keeping Each Speed
Layakari: Dugun, Tigun and Chaugun of a Tala
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Raga 5 classes
Raga Bihag
Raga Bhairavi
Raga Bageshwari: Swaras, Vadi-Samvadi, Time and Pakad
Raga Kafi: Swaras, Vadi-Samvadi, Time and Pakad
Raga Malkauns: Swaras, Vadi-Samvadi, Time and Pakad
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Notation of Taal 5 classes
Reading Taal Notation: Matra, Vibhag, Sam, Tali and Khali
Notation of Dhamar Taal in Thah and Dugun
Notation of Ektaal in Thah and Dugun
Notation of Roopak Taal in Thah and Dugun
Notation of Chartaal in Thah and Dugun
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Notation of Bandish (Chhota Khayal and Bada Khayal) 4 classes
Parts of a Bandish: Sthai and Antara
Writing the Notation of a Chhota Khayal
Writing the Notation of a Bada Khayal
Marking Taal, Sam and Khali Along with the Swaras of a Bandish
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Classification of Indian Musical Instruments 4 classes
Natyashastra and Awanaddha Vadya
Tat and Vitat Vadya: Plucked and Bowed String Instruments
Sushir Vadya: Wind Instruments
Ghan Vadya: Solid Instruments Struck Together
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music 4 classes
Pt. Ravi Shankar: Life, Training and the Sitar
Pt. Ravi Shankar: Contribution to Music at Home and Abroad
Pt. Bhimsen Joshi: Life, Training and the Kirana Style
Pt. Bhimsen Joshi: Contribution to Khayal Singing and Devotional Music
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Topics of general interest related to Music 4 classes
Planning a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic
Music and Society: Writing on the Role of Music in Life
Preserving Classical Music Today: Gurus, Institutions and Media
Writing and Revising an Essay: Practice Topics
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 1: Vocal Music: Brief History and knowledge of Tanpura 5 classes
Parts of the Tanpura
Strings, jawari and the sound of the Tanpura
How the Tanpura is tuned
Checking the tuning and common faults
A Brief History of the Tanpura
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Musical Terms and Forms 9 classes
Raga: Meaning and Features
Gat in Instrumental Music
Naad: Ahat and Anahat Sound and Its Qualities
Types of Raga by Number of Notes: Audav, Shadav and Sampurna
Maseetkhani (Vilambit) Gat: Structure and Playing
Razakhani (Drut) Gat: Structure and Playing
Meend, Ghaseet and Soot on a String Instrument
Andolan, Gamak and Kan in Instrumental Playing
Alaap and Jod-Alaap in Instrumental Presentation
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Systems of Indian Classical Music 4 classes
Common Roots of Hindustani and Carnatic Music: The Instrumental View
Swara, Shruti and Scale Systems Compared
Raga and Tala Systems Compared
Instruments and Playing Styles of the Two Systems Compared
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Placement of Swaras on twenty-two Shrutis 4 classes
The Twenty-two Shrutis on a String Instrument
The Ancient Method of Placing Swaras on the Shrutis
The Modern Method of Placing Swaras on the Shrutis
Comparing the Ancient and Modern Methods with a Chart
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: “Thaats” of Bhatkhande 5 classes
The Ten Thaats of Bhatkhande: Names and the Scheme Behind Them
Basic Rules of a Thaat: Seven Swaras, Order and Signs
Bilawal, Khamaj and Kafi Thaats on the Instrument
Asavari, Bhairav and Bhairavi Thaats on the Instrument
Kalyan, Marwa, Poorvi and Todi Thaats on the Instrument
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Vadi Swar and time of Raga 6 classes
Raga Bhairav
Raga Bageshri
Raga Malkauns
Vadi, Samvadi, Anuvadi and Vivadi Swar
The Time Theory of Ragas: Prahars of the Day and Night
Purvang and Uttarang: The Two Halves of the Octave in a Raga
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Laya 2 classes
Vilambit, Madhya and Drut Laya on an Instrument
Layakari: Dugun, Tigun and Chaugun of a Tala
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Raga 5 classes
Raga Bihag: Swaras, Vadi-Samvadi, Time and Pakad on the Instrument
Raga Bageshwari: Swaras, Vadi-Samvadi, Time and Pakad on the Instrument
Raga Kafi: Swaras, Vadi-Samvadi, Time and Pakad on the Instrument
Raga Bhairavi: Swaras, Vadi-Samvadi, Time and Pakad on the Instrument
Raga Malkauns: Swaras, Vadi-Samvadi, Time and Pakad on the Instrument
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Notation of Talas 5 classes
Notation of Talas in Thah, Dugun and Chaugun
Notation of Dhamar Taal with Matras, Vibhag and Clap Signs
Notation of Ektaal with Matras, Vibhag and Clap Signs
Notation of Roopak Taal with Matras, Vibhag and Clap Signs
Notation of Chartaal with Matras, Vibhag and Clap Signs
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Notation of Bandish (Maseetkhani and Razakhani) 6 classes
Mastkhani Gat: A Brief History
Razakhani Gat: A Brief History
Writing notation: the Bhatkhande system and the parts of a composition
Bols of the Gat: Mizrab Strokes and How They Are Written
Notating a Razakhani Gat with Sthai and Antara
Notating a Maseetkhani Gat with Sthai and Antara
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Classification of Indian Musical Instruments 4 classes
Tat and Vitat Instruments: Plucked and Bowed Strings
Sushir Instruments: Wind Instruments
Avnada Instruments: Drums with Stretched Skins
Ghan Instruments: Solid Instruments Struck Together
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music 4 classes
Pt. Ravi Shankar: Life, Training and the Sitar
Pt. Ravi Shankar: Contribution to Music at Home and Abroad
Pt. Bhimsen Joshi: Life, Training and the Kirana Style
Pt. Bhimsen Joshi: Contribution to Khayal Singing and Devotional Music
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Topics of general interest related to Music 4 classes
Planning a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic
Music and Society: Writing on the Role of Music in Life
Instrumental Music Today: Writing on Change and Tradition
Writing and Revising an Essay: Practice Topics
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 2: Instrumental Music: Brief History and knowledge of your instrument 4 classes
A Brief History of Your Instrument
Drawing and Labelling the Parts of Your Instrument
Describing Your Instrument: Material, Construction and Sound
Tuning Your Instrument Step by Step
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): History and knowledge of Tabla 4 classes
Origin and Evolution of the Tabla
Parts of the Tabla: Drawing and Labelling Dayan and Bayan
Tuning the Dayan
Tuning the Bayan and Caring for the Tabla
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Five Pranas of Taal 5 classes
The Five Pranas of Taal: An Overview
Grah: The Starting Point of a Composition in the Taal
Jaati: Groupings of Beats in a Composition
Yati: Patterns of Flow in Rhythm
Prastar: Permutations of Bols and Laya as a Prana
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Classification of Indian musical Instruments 4 classes
Tat and Vitat Instruments: Plucked and Bowed Strings
Sushir Instruments: Wind Instruments
Avanadh Instruments: Drums with Stretched Skins and the Place of Tabla
Ghan Instruments: Solid Instruments Struck Together
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Compositions of Tabla 9 classes
Tihai: Building a Phrase Repeated Three Times to Reach Sam
Gat: Structure and Playing on the Tabla
Kayada: Theme, Palta and Tihai
Palta: Developing a Kayada by Variation
Rela: Fast Flowing Bols and Their Variations
Laggi: Light, Quick Rhythm Patterns Used in Folk Style
Ladi: Weaving a Chain of Repeated Patterns
Chakkardar Tukda: A Composition That Ends in Three Rounds
Paran: Powerful Bols of Pakhawaj Origin
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Additional terms 4 classes
Sam, Taali and Khali: Marking the Cycle of a Taal
Vibhag and Matra: Dividing a Taal
Lehra (Nagma): The Melodic Accompaniment for Tabla Solo
Writing a Taal with Sam, Taali, Khali and Vibhag Marked
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Talas 5 classes
Teental: Matras, Vibhag, Theka and Layakari
Jhaptaal: Matras, Vibhag, Theka and Layakari
Dadra and Kaharwa: Six- and Eight-beat Light Rhythms
Dhamar: Matras, Vibhag, Theka and Layakari
Jhoomra: Matras, Vibhag, Theka and Layakari
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Method of presentation 4 classes
Solo (Ekal) Tabla: Planning a Presentation
Accompaniment (Sangat): Supporting a Vocal or Instrumental Performer
Sangat with Dance and the Skills It Needs
Solo and Sangat Compared: Rules, Duties and Etiquette
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Eminent Musicians of Hindustani Music 4 classes
Pt. Kishan Maharaj: Life, Training and the Banaras Style
Pt. Kishan Maharaj: Contribution to Tabla and Accompaniment
Ustad Ahmad Jaan Thirakwa: Life, Training and Style
Ustad Ahmad Jaan Thirakwa: Contribution to Tabla Playing and Teaching
Indian Music (Hindustani) (872) - Part 3: Instrumental Music-Percussion (Tabla): Topics of general interest related to Music 3 classes
Planning a 200-word Essay on a Music Topic
Rhythm and Tabla in Indian Life: Writing on Music and Society
Writing and Revising an Essay: Practice Topics
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): The fundamental technical terms and their meanings 5 classes
Nada, Sruti and Swara: The Basic Terms of Carnatic Music
Sthayi and Arohana-Avarohana: Octaves, Ascent and Descent
Raga, Tala, Laya and Matra: Technical Terms Explained
Vadi, Samvadi, Vivadi and Anuvadi Swaras in Carnatic Music
Janaka, Janya and Other Terms of Raga Description
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Principles of Sa, re, ga, ma, notations 4 classes
The Sa, Ri, Ga, Ma Notation System and Its Symbols
Writing Swaras with Dots for the Three Octaves
Showing Time Values and Gamakas in Notation
Notating a Geetham and a Varnam
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Raga classification in Carnatic Music 5 classes
Melakarta and Janya Ragas: The Idea of Parent and Child
The Scheme of the 72 Melakartas
The Twelve Chakras and Their Names
The Katapayadi Formula: Reading a Raga Name as a Number
Finding a Melakarta from Its Number and Its Number from Its Name
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Lakshanas of the following 24 ragas 8 classes
Lakshana of Todi, Saveri and Chakravakam
Lakshana of Bhairavi, Anandha Bhairavi and Karaharapriya
Lakshana of Shri Ranjani, Ritigoula and Mukhari
Lakshana of Harikambhoji, Natakuranji and Kedaragoula
Lakshana of Sahana, Kambhoji and Yadukulakambhoji
Lakshana of Sankarabharana, Hamsadhwani and Begada
Lakshana of Atana, Nata and Purvakalyani
Lakshana of Shanmukhapriya, Kalyani and Saranga
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Manodharma Sangita and its forms 5 classes
Manodharma Sangita in Detail
Manodharma Sangita in Detail
Raga Alapana: The Paddati of Developing a Raga Step by Step
Kalpana Svaras: How to Sing Them in a Kriti
Raga Alapana and Kalpana Svaras: Practice with a Simple Raga
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Dasavida gamakas 4 classes
The Ten Gamakas: Meaning and Purpose
Arohana, Avarohana and Dhalu Gamakas
Sphurita, Kampita and Ahata Gamakas
Pratyahata, Tripucha, Andola and Murchchana Gamakas
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): The scheme of the 35 Talas 7 classes
Nada, Laya, Tala, Jati and Gati
Suladi Sapta Talas and the Technical Terms of Rhythm
The Scheme of the 35 Talas: Seven Talas in Five Jatis
Chapu Tala and Its Varieties
Desadi and Madhyadi Talas
Kriya and Anga: Beats, Claps and Waves in Counting a Tala
Shadangas, Laya, Gati and Matra in the Tala System
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Musical forms and their association 6 classes
Musical Forms: Kriti, Padam, Javali, Tiruppugazh and Ragamalika
Compositions in Authentic Tradition: Kriti, Padam, Javali, Tillana, Ragamalika
The Ata Tala Varnam and Alapana
Gita: The First Compositions a Student Learns
Tana Varnam: Parts and Features
Padavarna: Structure and Examples
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): History of Carnatic Music 11 classes
Five Great Composers: Purandaradasa, Tyagaraja, Dikshitar, Syama Sastri and Swati Tirunal
The Vaggeyakaras: Patnam Subramanya Iyer, Syama Sastry and Tyagaraja
Lakshana Granthas: Natyasastra and Chaturdandi Prakasika
Jayadeva and the Gita Govinda
Ramamatya and Somanatha: Early Theorists
Narayana Tirtha and Bhadrachala Ramadas
Venkatamakhi and the Scheme of the Melakartas
Kshetrajna and the Padam
Arunachalam Kavirayar and Gopalakrishna Gharat
Subbaraya Shastri and Veena Kuppayyar
Mysore Sadasiva Rao and Pallavi Seshayyar
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Classification of musical instruments into stringed, wind and percussion group 7 classes
Concert Instruments and Classification of Musical Instruments
Structure of the Vina
Structure of the Violin
Structure of the Tampuro and the Gottuvadyam
Structure of the Flute
Tuning of the Human Voice
Compass of the Main Instruments Used in South Indian Music
Indian Music (Carnatic) (873): Musical sound and voice 6 classes
Musical Sound: Pitch, Intensity and Timbre
Sympathetic Vibration and Resonance in Instruments
Echoes and Reverberation in a Performance Hall
Musical Intervals and Their Ratios
Grahabhedam: Shifting the Tonic of a Raga
The Human Voice: Registers, Range and Care
Western Music (874) - Section A: Harmony, etc. 9 classes
Four-part Chords on the Degrees of Major Scales
Four-part Chords on the Degrees of Minor Scales
Chord Inversions in Four Parts
The Dominant Seventh Chord
Modulation to Related Keys
Harmonising a Melody
Figured and Unfigured Bass
Melody Writing
Analysing Rhythmic Structure and Harmonic Progressions
Western Music (874) - Section B: Prescribed Works 8 classes
Beethoven, Symphony No. 2 in D major: The Composer and the Orchestra
Beethoven, Symphony No. 2: The First Movement
Beethoven, Symphony No. 2: The Slow Movement and the Scherzo
Beethoven, Symphony No. 2: The Finale and a Full Analysis
Bach, Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G minor: The Prelude
Bach, Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G minor: The Fugue
Schubert, Erl King: The Poem, the Song and the Piano Part
Cesar Franck, Violin and Piano Sonata: The Last Movement and the Canon
29
Physical Education
15 chapters
LAPT Schools
Physical Education
ISC Class 12
Physical EducationLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 28 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Sociological Aspects of Physical Education 4 classes
Games and Sports as Part of Our Cultural Heritage
Sports and the Development of the Individual
Sports and National Integration
Sports and Personality Development
Training Methods 10 classes
Meaning and Principles of Sports Training
Warming Up, Limbering Down, Skill, Technique and Tactics
Training Load, Overload and Adaptation
Strength: Types and Methods of Development
Developmental Stages and Physiological Aspects of Activity
1.2 Understand the Anatomy of Strength Training
1.5 Create a Strength Training Plan for Beginners
Isometric and Isotonic Exercises: Meaning, Examples and Differences
Circuit Training: Stations, Design and Benefits
Weight Training: Methods, Safety and Benefits
Career Aspects in Physical Education 5 classes
Terminology and Career Options in Physical Education and Sports
Academic Courses and Career Options in Physical Education
Development of Physical Education in India — Post-Independence
Job Profile and Career Opportunities of a Physical Education Assistant
NSNIS Patiala and Other Institutions of Physical Education
Competitions and Tournaments 6 classes
Meaning and Types of Tournaments; Knock-Out Tournament Fixtures
Consolation and Double Knock-Out Tournaments
League and Combination Tournaments
Major Sports Competitions: Olympics, Commonwealth, Asian and National Games
Tournaments, Fixtures, Byes and Seeding
Professional and Amateur Players: Differences and Eligibility
Health Education & Health Problems 14 classes
Substance Abuse and Doping in Sports
Understanding Disability and Disorder
Causes of Disability and Disability Etiquette
Adapted Physical Education and Professional Roles for CWSN
A Healthy School: Fitness, Diet, Substance Abuse and Emotional Health
Health Needs of Children, Adolescents and the Differently Abled
The Health Triangle: Physical, Mental and Social Health
Personal Hygiene and Growing Up: The Mother-Daughter Health Session
Substance (Drug) Abuse: Meaning, Substances and Reasons
Substance (Drug) Abuse: Consequences and Prevention
Substance Abuse Awareness: Research, Panel Talk and Skit
Posture: Good Posture, Common Defects and Correction
Sleep and Rest: Why They Matter for Health and Performance
Principles of Health Education
Sports Injuries and First Aid 14 classes
First Aid: Purpose, Basic Principles and the First Aid Kit
First Aid for Cuts, Bruises, Heat Exhaustion, Breathing Difficulties and Choking
Sports Injuries: Sprain, Strain and First Aid for Sprains
Preventing Sports Injuries and Rehabilitation Exercises
First Aid: CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)
Prevention of Sports Injuries
First Aid: Purpose, Basic Principles and DRABC
Basic Sports Injuries, R.I.C.E. and the First Aid Kit
Sports Injuries: Classification, Types and Soft Tissue Injuries
Hard Tissue Injuries in Sports
Importance of Emergency Response and CPR
First Aid: Meaning and Priorities
First Aid for Minor Injuries
First Aid and P.R.I.C.E.
Cricket 5 classes
Cricket: History, Ground and Ways of Scoring Runs
Cricket: Ways of Getting Out and the Rules of the Game
Cricket: Batting, Bowling, Wicket-keeping and Fielding Skills
Cricket
Cricket: Officials, Dimensions, Strategies and Tournaments
Football 4 classes
Football: History, Field and Rules of the Game
Football: Fundamental Skills, Lead-up Activities and the Goalkeeper
Football
Football: Officials, Laws, Strategies and Tournaments
Hockey 4 classes
Hockey: History, Field and Equipment
Hockey: Rules, Free Hits, Penalties and Shootout
Hockey
Hockey: Officials, Skills, Strategies and Tournaments
Basketball 4 classes
Team Games and Basketball: History, Court and Rules
Basketball: Dribbling, Passing, Shooting, Defence and Rebounding
Basketball
Basketball: Officials, Dimensions, Strategies and Tournaments
Volleyball 4 classes
Volleyball: History, Court, Net and Rules
Volleyball: Smash, Block and Lead-up Activities
Volleyball
Volleyball: Officials, Skills, Strategies and Tournaments
Badminton 4 classes
Badminton: History, Events, Court and Rules
Badminton: Grips, Service and Return of Service
Badminton
Badminton: Officials, Strategies and Tournaments
Tennis 3 classes
Tennis: History, Equipment and Court
Tennis: Scoring, Grips and Serves
Tennis: Officials, Rules, Strategies and Tournaments
Swimming 4 classes
Swimming: Introduction, History and Rules
Swimming: Starts, Turns and Race Tactics
Swimming
Swimming: Officials, Pool Dimensions and Tournaments
Athletics 4 classes
Athletics
Athletics: Track Events, Track Dimensions and Officials
Athletics: Field Events, Rules and Skills
Athletics: Training Strategies and Major Competitions
30
Environmental Science
8 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 29 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Human Beings and Nature 6 classes
Human Beings and Nature: Changing Views through History
Shallow and Deep Ecology
Stewardship and the Idea of Caring for the Earth
Social Ecology
Ecofeminism and Green Politics
Sustainable Development as a Meeting Point of Ideas
Population and Conservation Ecology 15 classes
What a Population Is, and the Attributes It Has
Population Density, and How It Is Measured
The Four Processes That Change Population Density
Exponential Growth
The Chess Board: How Fast Exponential Growth Is
Logistic Growth and Carrying Capacity
Life History Variation
Measuring Population Growth: Basic Concepts and Migration
Demographic Transition Theory and Population Control
Growth of Population: Concepts, History and the Four Phases
What Is Biodiversity
Importance and Loss of Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
Population Interactions: The Six Kinds
Population Regulation: Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors
Monitoring Pollution 5 classes
Why Pollution Must Be Monitored
Air Quality Standards and the Air Quality Index
Monitoring Air Pollutants: Particulates and Gases
Water Quality Parameters: pH, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD and COD
Water Testing Methods in the Field and Laboratory
Urbanisation in Developing Countries 9 classes
Rural vs Urban Settlements and the Four Types of Rural Settlement
Urban Settlements and the Evolution of Indian Towns
Measuring Urbanisation and the Functional Classification of Towns
Rural-Urban Migration: Causes and a Migrant's Story
The Problem of Slums in India
The Urban-Rural Divide and Its Environmental Causes
A Critique of Conventional Development
The Gandhian Approach to Development
Urban Environmental Planning
Transition of Indian agriculture 13 classes
Agricultural Land Use, Cropping Intensity and Farming Types
Cereals: Rice and Wheat
Coarse Cereals and Pulses
Agricultural Growth, Sustainability and the Problems of Indian Agriculture
Types of Farming: Subsistence and Commercial
Cropping Seasons and Major Cereal Crops
Technological and Institutional Reforms
Subsistence Agriculture: Shifting Cultivation and Intensive Farming
Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee and the Story of the Green Revolution
Traditional Agriculture in India
Irrigation: Sources, Methods and Problems
Crop Varieties: High-Yielding and Traditional
Soil Maintenance: Fertility, Manure and Conservation
Management of Agricultural Produce 4 classes
Post-Harvest Practices and Losses
Food Processing
Food Preservation Methods
Food Security in India
Environmental and Natural Resource Economics 5 classes
Resource Scarcity and Environmental Economics
Natural Resource Accounting
GNP and Welfare: What They Leave Out
Externalities: Costs and Benefits that Markets Miss
Natural Capital and Its Value
International Relations and the Environment 4 classes
Trans-National Environmental Issues
International Politics, Sovereignty and the Environment
International Trade and the Environment
International Agreements and Cooperation
31
Biotechnology
12 chapters
LAPT Schools
Biotechnology
ISC Class 12
BiotechnologyLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 30 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Nucleic acids and their estimation 12 classes
DNA and the Polynucleotide Chain
The Double Helix
Replication and the Meselson-Stahl Experiment
The Machinery and the Enzymes of Replication
Types of RNA, and Transcription in Bacteria and Eukaryotes
3.5 Nucleic Acids: Overview and the Polynucleotide Chain
3.5 Nucleic Acids: Types of RNA
Nucleic Acids and the Four Levels of Protein Structure
7.3.1-7.3.2 DNA Replication: The Semiconservative Model and the Meselson-Stahl Experiment
7.3.3 The Machinery of DNA Replication
7.3.4 The Mechanism of DNA Replication
Nucleotides and Chargaff's Rule of Base Pairing
Protein Synthesis 10 classes
Transcription and the Transcription Unit
The Transcription Unit and the Gene: Exons, Introns and Cistrons
The Genetic Code
Mutations, the Reading Frame, and tRNA the Adapter Molecule
Translation
7.4 Gene Expression: The Central Dogma and Transcription's Machinery
7.4.1 Transcription: Initiation, Elongation, Termination and Post-Transcriptional Modification
7.5 The Genetic Code
7.6 Translation: Charging of tRNA and the Wobble Hypothesis
7.6 Translation: Initiation, Elongation, Termination and Polyribosomes
Gene regulation in prokaryotes 6 classes
Regulation of Gene Expression
The Lac Operon
7.9 Regulation of Gene Expression: Levels of Control and the Operon Concept
7.9.2 The Lac Operon: An Inducible System
Inducible and Repressible Operons Compared
The trp Operon: A Repressible System
Introduction to gene cloning and genetic engineering 17 classes
2.2 Understand the Role of Recombinant DNA in Biotechnology
2.3 Identify Enzymes Used in Genetic Engineering
2.4 Investigate the Process of Gene Cloning
Origin of Replication, and What Cloning Means
The First Recombinant DNA: Cohen and Boyer
Restriction Enzymes: Discovery, Naming and Kinds
Palindromes and Sticky Ends
Cloning Vectors: Origin of Replication and Selectable Marker
Cloning Sites and Insertional Inactivation
Competent Host: Getting DNA Into a Cell
Isolation of the Genetic Material
Cutting the DNA and Making the Recombinant
Inserting the Recombinant DNA, and Obtaining the Gene Product
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Tools of rDNA Technology
5.1.3 Making rDNA
5.1.4 Introduction of rDNA into Host Cells
Innovations in Biotechnology 11 classes
Genetically Modified Organisms and the Five Benefits
Bt Cotton: How the Toxin Works, and the cry Genes
Pest Resistant Plants: RNA Interference
Genetically Engineered Insulin
1.2.2 Applications in Crop Production and Agriculture
6.2.5 Transgenic Plants with Beneficial Traits
1.3.2 Biotechnology in India: Achievements and Innovations
The Flavr Savr Tomato: The First Genetically Modified Food
Golden Rice: Engineering Vitamin A into a Staple Grain
CRISPR-Cas9: Editing Genes with Guide RNA
Recombinant Interferons as Medicines
Gene analysis 9 classes
5.1.7 Hybridization Techniques
5.1.9 DNA Sequencing
12.3.1-12.3.2 Electrophoresis: Principle and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
12.9-12.9.1 DNA Sequencing: Sanger's Method and the Maxam-Gilbert Method
12.9.2 Automated DNA Sequencing and Next-Generation Sequencing
5.3.5 Functional Genomics
Gel Electrophoresis and Elution
DNA Probes and How They Find Their Target Sequence
Blotting Techniques: Southern, Northern and Western Blots
Microbial culture 15 classes
3.1 Explore the Basics of Fermentation Processes
3.2 Identify Different Types of Fermentation Microorganisms
3.3 Describe the Structure and Function of Bioreactors
3.4 Analyze Factors Affecting Fermentation Efficiency
3.5 Examine Downstream Processing Techniques in Biotechnology
Bioreactors
Downstream Processing
6.1.1-6.1.2 Introduction & Microbial Culture Techniques
6.1.3 Measurement and Kinetics of Microbial Growth
6.1.4 Scale-up of Microbial Process
6.1.5 Isolation of Microbial Products
6.1.6 Strain Isolation and Improvement
6.1.7 Applications of Microbial Culture Technology
Continuous Culture: Chemostat and Turbidostat
Single Cell Protein: Microbes as a Food Source
Plant tissue culture 6 classes
6.2.1-6.2.2 Introduction & Cell/Tissue Culture Techniques
6.2.3 Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture
Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
Tissue Culture, Totipotency and Micro-propagation
Isolating Plant Cells and Choosing the Explant
Callus Formation and How a Callus Is Grown
Animal cell culture 8 classes
6.3.1-6.3.2 Introduction & Animal Cell Culture Techniques
6.3.3-6.3.5 Characterization, Gene Delivery & Scale-up
6.3.6 Applications of Animal Cell Culture
6.3.7 Stem Cell Technology
6.3.8 Tissue Engineering
Primary and Secondary Cultures and Cell Lines
Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal Antibodies
CAR-T Cell Therapy: Engineering Immune Cells Against Cancer
Introduction to bioinformatics, global bioinformatics databases and data retrieval tools; genomics, different types of sequences, types of sequence analysis 14 classes
4.1 Explore the Basics of Bioinformatics Databases
4.2 Navigate Key Bioinformatics Tools for Data Retrieval
4.3 Understand Data Types and Formats in Bioinformatics
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Genome Sequencing Projects
5.3.7 History of Bioinformatics
5.3.8 Sequences and Nomenclature
5.3.9 Information Sources
5.3.10 Analysis using Bioinformatics Tools
9.2 What Is Bioinformatics, and Its Historical Perspective
9.2 Experimental Technologies, Molecular Data Types, and Analysis Tools
9.3 Biological Databases and Data Visualisation
9.4 Genome Informatics: The Human Genome Project and Sequence Data Formats
9.4 Genome Informatics Tools and Downstream Analysis
Genomics 5 classes
5.3.3 Gene Prediction and Counting
5.3.4 Genome Similarity, SNPs and Comparative Genomics
Types of Genomics: Structural, Functional and Comparative
Aligning Sequences: Pairwise and Multiple Alignment
Searching Sequence Databases with BLAST and FASTA
Proteomics 15 classes
5.2.1 Introduction to the World of Proteins
5.2.2 3-D Shape of Proteins
5.2.3 Structure-Function Relationship in Proteins
5.2.4 Purification of Proteins
5.2.5 Characterization of Proteins
5.2.7 Designing Proteins (Protein Engineering)
5.3.6 Proteomics
9.5 The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics
10.1.1-10.1.2 Introduction to Protein Informatics and Protein Data Types
10.1.3.1 Primary Structure Prediction: Physico-Chemical Properties
10.1.3.2-10.1.3.3 Secondary and 3D Protein Structure Prediction
5.2.6 Protein Based Products
10.2.7-10.2.9 Pharmacophores, Lipinski's Rule of Five, and the Drug Discovery Journey
Structural, Functional and Expression Proteomics
Protein Databases and How to Search Them
32
Mass Media & Communication
8 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 31 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Communication 5 classes
How Culture Shapes Communication
Language, Symbols and Customs as Carriers of Culture
Cross-cultural Communication and Its Challenges
Communication as a Force for Social Change
Case Studies of Media-driven Social Change
Journalism 8 classes
2.1 Identify the Key Elements of News Reporting
2.2 Analyze Various Types of News Articles
2.3 Develop Strong Interviewing Techniques for Journalists
2.6 Evaluate Ethical Considerations in Print Journalism
Qualities of a Good Journalist
Objectivity, Accuracy and Fairness in Reporting
Ethical Issues in Journalism: Privacy, Bias and Sensationalism
Press Councils, Codes of Conduct and Media Law
Television 8 classes
Types of Advertising: Print, Out-of-Home and Broadcast Advertising
Production Process: TV
Storyboards, Shot Composition and the Animatic
Advertising for Television: Concept, Script and Target Audience
Stages of Television Filming: Pre-production, Production and Post-production
Camera Angles: Low, High, Eye-level and Bird's Eye
Camera Shots and Framing: Close-up, Medium and Long Shots
Camera Movement: Pan, Tilt, Zoom, Track and Crane
Radio 10 classes
3.2 Understand the Components of a Radio Studio
3.3 Identify Key Roles in Radio Production
3.5 Create a Basic Script for a Radio or TV Segment
3.6 Present and Evaluate a Short Radio or TV Production
Production Process: Radio
Writing for Radio: Language for the Ear
Radio Script Formats: News, Talk and Features
Recording a Radio Programme: Equipment, Levels and Editing
Radio Jockeying: Voice, Style and Audience Connection
Planning and Presenting a Radio Show as an RJ
Cinema 7 classes
Evolution of Hindi Cinema: D.G. Phalke and the Silent Era
Hindi Cinema: Coming of Sound, the Studio Era and the Post-Independence Era
Satyajit Ray and Non-mainstream Cinema
The History of World Cinema: From Lumiere Brothers to Sound
Cinema Genres: Drama, Comedy, Action and Documentary
More Cinema Genres: Horror, Science Fiction, Musical and Animation
Cinema as a Mirror and Maker of Social Change
New Media 10 classes
Convergence and Earlier Models of Communication
The Changed Paradigm due to the Internet: Empowering the Individual and Cross-Media Triggers
Many Sources, Global Distribution and Rapid Opinion Generation
Socio-political Implications of the New Information Order, Democracy and Emerging Trends
Evolution of New Media: The Internet in India
New Media: Definition and Defining Features
Types of New Media: Websites, Streaming, Games and Apps
AI Software in Media: Tools for Writing, Images and Editing
Advantages of New Media
Disadvantages of New Media: Misinformation and Overload
Social Media 9 classes
4.1 Explore the Evolution of Digital Media: From Blogs to Podcasts
4.2 Identify Key Features and Functions of Blogging Platforms
4.4 Investigate the Role of Social Journalism in Modern Reporting
4.6 Analyze the Impact of Social Media on Digital Journalism
Social Media: Definition and Features
Types of Social Media Platforms
Social Media and Democracy: Voice, Campaigns and Accountability
Cyber Crime on Social Media: Fraud, Bullying and Identity Theft
Netiquettes: Responsible Behaviour Online
Media Convergence 6 classes
What Media Convergence Means
Why Media Convergence Matters
Benefits of Media Convergence to Audiences and Industry
Technological Convergence: One Device, Many Media
Corporate and Cultural Dimensions of Convergence
Convergence in Practice: A News Story Across Platforms
33
Hospitality Management
5 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 32 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Managerial Skills in Hospitality 6 classes
What Managerial Skills Mean in Hospitality
Conceptual Skills: Seeing the Whole Hotel and Planning Ahead
Interpersonal Skills: Teamwork, Communication and Guest Relations
Operational and Technical Skills in Hotel Departments
Leadership Skills: Motivating Teams and Handling Crises
Building Managerial Skills for a Career in Hospitality
Hospitality: reach, growth and emerging trends 6 classes
UNWTO, IATA and IATO: Functions of Important Organisations
Factors Responsible for Growth and Development of Tourism
General Trends and Emerging Trends in National and International Tourism
Scope of the Hospitality Industry: Core and Allied Areas
Increase in Domestic and International Tourist Arrivals: Causes and Effects on Hospitality
Current Issues in Hospitality: Safety, Sustainability and Skills Shortage
Customer care in Hospitality 7 classes
4.1 Understand the Importance of Customer Relationship Management in Travel
4.2 Identify Key Components of Effective Customer Relationship Strategies
4.4 Analyze Customer Feedback and Its Role in Service Improvement
2.4 Analyze Customer Service Standards in Hospitality
Meaning and Importance of Customer Care in Hospitality
Customer Satisfaction and Customer Delight: The Difference with Examples
Handling Guest Complaints and Service Recovery
Classification of Hotels 6 classes
Types of Hotels and Their Classification
Growth of the Modern Hotel Industry
Tourism Organisations and the Role of the Ministry of Tourism
Criteria for Classifying Hotels: Location, Facilities and Service
Star Rating System of the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
UNWTO and International Standards for Hotel Classification
Operational Areas of Hotels 9 classes
2.1 Understand Front Office Operations and Guest Services
2.2 Explore Food and Beverage Service Techniques
2.3 Identify Key Roles in Housekeeping Management
4.3 Understand Front Office Operations and Responsibilities
4.4 Analyze the Role of Front Office in Guest Experience
4.5 Discover Food and Beverage Services in Hospitality
Food Production: Kitchen Organisation and the Kitchen Brigade
Accommodation Operations: Room Types and the Room Cleaning Cycle
How the Operational Areas Work Together to Serve a Guest
34
Legal Studies
42 chapters
LAPT Schools
Legal Studies
ISC Class 12
Legal StudiesLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 33 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Elements of Crime: Mens Rea & Actus Reus 6 classes
Objectives of Criminal Law and Legislations
Distinction Between Intention and Motive
Stages of Crime
4.1 Meaning of Crime, Categories of Offences and Bail
Mens Rea: The Guilty Mind and Its Degrees
Actus Reus: The Guilty Act, Omission and Causation
Stages in Crime: Intention, Preparation, Attempt, Commission 3 classes
Intention: The First Stage and Why It Is Not Punished
Preparation and Attempt: Where the Law Steps In
Commission of the Crime and Liability
Punishments (Section 4) 4 classes
Death Penalty and Life Imprisonment Under Section 4
Imprisonment: Simple and Rigorous
Fine, Forfeiture of Property and Community Service
General Defences: Private Defence, Necessity, Mistake and Unsoundness of Mind
Inchoate Crimes – Elements, Examples & Punishment 3 classes
Abetment: Meaning, Elements and Examples
Criminal Conspiracy: Agreement and Punishment
Attempt to Commit an Offence: Elements and Punishment
Offences against Women – Elements, Examples & Punishment 4 classes
Section 74: Assault or Criminal Force to Outrage Modesty
Section 78: Stalking
Section 80: Dowry Death
Offences Against Women: Case Examples and Safeguards
Offences against child 3 classes
Section 93: Exposure and Abandonment of a Child
Elements and Punishment Under Section 93
Protecting Children: Examples and Case Studies
Offences affecting Human Body 5 classes
Culpable Homicide: Meaning and Elements
Murder: Meaning and Distinction from Culpable Homicide
Organised Crime: Meaning and Punishment
Force, Criminal Force and Assault
Offences Affecting the Human Body: Case Examples
Offences against Property (Section 2 (21) – Elements, Examples & Punishment 6 classes
Theft and Snatching: Elements and Punishment
Extortion: Meaning, Elements and Examples
Robbery and Dacoity: Differences and Punishment
Criminal Misappropriation and Criminal Breach of Trust
Cheating: Elements and Punishment
Offences Against Property: Case Laws
Differences between Judicial and Quasi- Judicial Bodies 6 classes
What Are Quasi-Judicial Bodies?
Tribunals
Structure, Hierarchy of Courts and Legal Officers in India
Constitution, Roles and Impartiality of the Judiciary
Courts and Judicial Review
Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies Compared: Powers, Procedure and Binding Force
Understanding the concept of Tribunals as Quasi-Judicial Forums 4 classes
4.1 Special Courts and Tribunals (Introductory)
4.2 Access to Justice; Legal aid & Lok adalats
National Green Tribunal: Composition, Jurisdiction and Cases
Income Tax Appellate Tribunal: Composition and Functions
Section 89 of Code of Civil Procedure as source of ADR system 7 classes
Meaning and Scope of ADR
Arbitration
Mediation
Conciliation
Lok Adalat
4.3. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC)
Section 89 CPC: How Courts Refer Disputes to ADR
Benefits of ADR system, which disputes can be covered 4 classes
Adversarial and Inquisitorial Systems
Benefits of ADR: Speed, Cost and Privacy
Disputes Suitable for ADR
Disputes Not Suited to ADR
Arbitration 4 classes
Arbitration Agreement: Essentials and Form
Section 8: Referral by a Judicial Authority
Appointment of Arbitrators and Arbitral Procedure
The Arbitral Award: Making, Finality and Challenge
Mediation & Conciliation 4 classes
Mediation: Meaning, Scope and Process
Conciliation: Meaning, Scope and Process
Role of the Mediator and Conciliator
Sanctity of the Settlement Agreement
Differences between Arbitration and Conciliation, Mediation and Conciliation 3 classes
Arbitration and Conciliation Compared
Mediation and Conciliation Compared
Choosing the Right ADR Method for a Dispute
Lok Adalat 3 classes
Organisation of Lok Adalats
Jurisdiction of Lok Adalats
Lok Adalat Awards: Finality and Enforcement
Importance of Article 39A of the Constitution of India 5 classes
Brief History of Legal Services and the Indian Legal System
The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987
Legal Services: Meaning and Types
Article 39A: Equal Justice and Free Legal Aid
Article 39A in Practice: Landmark Judgments
Legal Services Authority Act, 1987 5 classes
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) and the 2002 Amendment
Denial of Legal Aid and Legal Aid for Social Justice
Objectives of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and Section 4
Hierarchy of Legal Services Authorities: National, State, District and Taluk
Who Is Eligible for Free Legal Aid
Role of Educational Institutions and Para Legal Volunteers 3 classes
Legal Literacy: The Role of Schools, Colleges and Legal Aid Clinics
Para Legal Volunteers: Selection, Training and Role
Legal Awareness Programmes in the Community
Introduction to Contracts (Proposal, Promise, Agreement, Contract) 4 classes
Introduction to Contracts and Formation of Contract
Types of Contracts and Discharge of Contract
Intention to Contract and Consideration
From Proposal to Promise to Agreement: Key Terms of the Contract Act
Formation of Contract 4 classes
Capacity to Contract and Consent
Offer and Proposal: Rules of a Valid Offer
Acceptance: Rules and Communication
Revocation and Lapse of Offers
Essentials of a Valid Contract 6 classes
Offer and Acceptance as Essentials of a Valid Contract
Intention to Create Legal Relations
Lawful Consideration
Capacity of the Parties
Free Consent: Sections 13 to 22
Lawful Object and Other Essentials
Void Agreement ( Section 23 to 30) 4 classes
Agreements with an Unlawful Object or Consideration: Section 23
Agreements Without Consideration: Section 25
Agreements in Restraint of Marriage, Trade and Legal Proceedings: Sections 26 to 28
Vague and Wagering Agreements: Sections 29 and 30
Coercion & Undue Influence 5 classes
Coercion: Meaning and Effect on a Contract
Undue Influence: Meaning and Effect on a Contract
Coercion and Undue Influence Compared
Fraud and Misrepresentation Compared
Void and Voidable Contracts; Valid Contract and Void Agreement
Tort- Introduction 5 classes
Concept and Sources of Law of Torts
Intentional Torts and Defamation
Negligence
Strict Liability
Absolute Liability
Cyber Torts-Meaning and examples 4 classes
III. Cyber Crime
V. Cyber Law in India
Cyber Defamation, Online Harassment and Privacy Violations
Cyber Torts: Examples and Remedies
Vicarious Liability 4 classes
Vicarious Liability: Meaning and Basis
Master and Servant: Liability of the Employer
Principal and Agent; Independent Contractors
Principles of Vicarious Liability with Case Examples
Types of Property: Movable and Immovable 3 classes
Introduction and Types of Property
I. Concept of Property: Joint Family Property and Self acquired: Property
Movable and Immovable Property: Definitions in the Transfer of Property Act and General Clauses Act
Transfer of Property - Meaning (Section 5); What may be transferred (Section 6); Persons competent to transfer (Section 7) 4 classes
Who Can Transfer Property and Essentials of a Valid Transfer
Transfer of Property: Meaning Under Section 5
What May Be Transferred: Section 6 and Its Exceptions
Persons Competent to Transfer: Section 7
Modes of transfer of property (Sale, Mortgage, Lease, Exchange, Gift, Actionable Claim) 4 classes
Modes of Transfer: Sale, Lease, Exchange, Gift
Mortgage: Meaning, Kinds and Rights of the Parties
Actionable Claim: Meaning and Transfer
Sale, Mortgage and Lease Compared
Doctrine of Election, Doctrine of Lis Pendens 1 class
Doctrine of Election and Doctrine of Lis Pendens
Right to Equality (Articles – 14-18) 7 classes
Constitutional Framework: The Preamble and Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights in Focus: Right to Life and Personal Liberty
II. Human Rights and Gender Perspective
Article 14: Equality Before Law and Equal Protection
Article 15 and Article 16: No Discrimination and Equality in Public Employment
Article 17 and Article 18: Abolition of Untouchability and of Titles
Right to Equality: Landmark Cases
Right to Individual freedoms (Articles – 19- 22) 5 classes
2.2 Identify Key Fundamental Rights Enshrined in the Constitution
Article 19: The Freedoms Guaranteed to Citizens
Reasonable Restrictions Under Article 19
Article 20: Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences
Articles 21, 21A and 22: Life, Education and Protection Against Arrest
Right against exploitation (Articles – 23-24) 4 classes
V. Child Labour
III.D(i) Fundamental Rights
Article 23: Prohibition of Trafficking and Forced Labour
Article 24: Prohibition of Child Labour in Hazardous Work
Right to freedom of religion (Articles – 25-28) 3 classes
Article 25: Freedom of Conscience and Practice of Religion
Articles 26 and 27: Managing Religious Affairs and Freedom from Religious Taxes
Article 28: Religious Instruction in Educational Institutions
Right of cultural minorities (Articles – 29-30) 3 classes
Article 29: Protection of the Interests of Minorities
Article 30: Right of Minorities to Establish Educational Institutions
Cultural and Educational Rights: Landmark Cases
Right to Constitutional Remedies - Writs (Article 32) 5 classes
VI. The concept of State and Article 12 of the Indian Constitution
Article 32: The Right to Constitutional Remedies
Habeas Corpus and Mandamus
Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto
Writ Jurisdiction of High Courts Under Article 226
Directive Principles of State Policy 3 classes
Directive Principles of State Policy
III.D(ii) Directive Principles of State Policy
Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights: Justiciability and Differences
Fundamental duties 3 classes
Fundamental Duties
III.D(iii) Fundamental Duties
2.3 Examine the Significance of Fundamental Duties in Shaping Citizenship
Definition of Human Rights 4 classes
Introduction and Historical Context
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
International Human Rights
Human Rights and Fundamental Rights Compared Under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
Ombudsman-Meaning and concept 3 classes
Ombudsman
Lokpal and Lokayukta
Lokpal and Lokayukta Compared: Scope, Objectives and Limits
Legal Maxims 5 classes
Maxims on Guilt and Intention
Maxims on Rights and Remedies
Maxims on Natural Justice
Maxims in Property and Contract Law
Applying Legal Maxims to Case Problems
35
Artificial Intelligence
20 chapters
LAPT Schools
Artificial Intelligence
ISC Class 12
Artificial IntelligenceLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 34 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Named Entity Recognition (NER) 4 classes
Named Entity Recognition: Finding People, Places and Organisations in Text
Building a Simple NER Model
Text Summarisation: Extractive and Abstractive Approaches
Spam Email Detection with Text Classification
Statistics and Probability 9 classes
Mean and Median
Mean Absolute Deviation and Standard Deviation
Activity: Mean and Variability
Statistical Analysis of Data
Summarising Data: Mean, Median and Mode
Exploratory Data Analysis
Random Events and Probability Basics
Distributions in Data Science
Probability and the Central Limit Theorem
Hypothesis Testing 10 classes
3.4 Construct a Simple Linear Regression Model
3.5 Interpret Regression Outputs and Coefficients
3.6 Apply Regression Analysis to Real-World Data Sets
Regression Algorithms - I
Linear Regression Algorithm (For Advanced Learners)
Supervised Learning: Correlation and Regression
Correlation and Simple Linear Prediction
Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Type I and Type II Errors
Testing a Hypothesis Step by Step
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 10 classes
Parts and Components of a Neural Network
Working of a Neural Network
Types of Neural Networks
2.1 Define Neural Networks and Their Components
2.2 Explain the Role of Activation Functions in Neural Networks
2.3 Describe the Architecture of a Simple Neural Network
2.4 Analyze the Function of Backpropagation in Learning
Artificial Neural Networks
Forward Propagation Step by Step
The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)
Machine Learning (ML) 9 classes
Revisiting AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Data and Approaches to Building Models
Learning-Based Approach and Supervised Learning
1.1 Define Key Machine Learning Concepts
1.2 Explore Types of Machine Learning: Supervised vs. Unsupervised
1.4 Examine Common Machine Learning Algorithms
Machine Learning in a Nutshell and Its Types
AI Terminologies: Machine Learning and Deep Learning
A Decision Tree Example: Splitting Data to Reach a Decision
Deep Learning (DL) 3 classes
2.4 Introduce Deep Learning and Its Differences from Traditional Neural Networks
2.5 Explain Common Deep Learning Architectures and Their Applications
Convolutional Neural Networks
Data Preparation 9 classes
Working with CSV Files in Python
NumPy and Pandas Libraries
Scikit-learn Library
Recap of NumPy and Pandas Libraries
Importing and Exporting Data between CSV Files and DataFrames
Handling Missing Values
1.4 Dive into Pandas for Data Structures: Series and DataFrames
2.3 Explore Different Data Cleaning Methods
Preprocessing Data with Scikit-learn: Scaling and Encoding
Building the Neural Network 4 classes
2.6 Implement a Simple Neural Network Using a Programming Framework
2.5 Implement a Basic Neural Network Using Python
Introduction to TensorFlow and Keras
Building a Sequential Model with Keras Layers
Training the Neural Network 4 classes
5.4 Training Your AI Model: Best Practices and Techniques
Compiling a Model and Calling the fit() Function
Epochs: How Many Times the Model Sees the Data
Batch Size and Its Effect on Training
Model Evaluation 11 classes
Why We Evaluate Models
Need of Evaluation and Train-Test Split
Accuracy and Error
Classification Metrics and the Confusion Matrix
TP, TN, FP and FN
Accuracy from the Confusion Matrix
Precision and Recall
F1 Score and Ethics of Evaluation
Model Performance Evaluation Metrics
1.5 Analyze Performance Metrics for Machine Learning Models
Visualising Evaluation Metrics: Confusion Matrix Plots and Curves
Tuning 3 classes
Parameters and Hyper Parameters of a Model
Grid Search for Hyper Parameters
Random Search for Hyper Parameters
Predictive Maintenance 3 classes
Predictive Maintenance: Why Predicting Failure Saves Money
Data for Predicting Equipment Failure
Building and Testing a Failure Prediction Model
Fraud Detection 4 classes
Fraud Detection: Kinds of Fraud and Why AI Helps
Credit Card Fraud and Anomaly Detection
Identity Theft and How AI Detects It
Limits and Ethics of Fraud Detection
Medical Diagnosis 4 classes
AI in Medical Diagnosis: An Overview
Medical Imaging and AI
Genetic Information and Patient Records in AI Diagnosis
Privacy and Ethics in Medical AI
Introduction to CV, Application of Open CV in real world scenario 4 classes
What Computer Vision Is and How a Computer Sees an Image
Introduction to OpenCV and Reading Images
Applications of Image Classification and Object Detection
Applications of Facial Recognition, Colour Detection and Object Tracking (Brief)
Image Classification 4 classes
Key Domains of AI with Orange Data Mining Tool
3.2 Create Your First Model: Using Teachable Machine for Image Recognition
Building a Simple Image Classifier
Testing and Improving an Image Classifier
Object Detection 3 classes
Object Detection: Finding What and Where
Bounding Boxes and Detecting Objects with OpenCV
Applications of Object Detection
Facial Recognition 3 classes
Facial Recognition: How Faces Are Detected and Matched
Recognising Faces in Images and Video with OpenCV
Uses and Privacy Concerns of Facial Recognition
Color Detection 3 classes
Colour Spaces: RGB and HSV
Detecting and Classifying Objects by Colour
Applications of Colour Detection
Object Tracking 3 classes
Object Tracking: Following Movement in Video
Tracking a Coloured Object with OpenCV
Applications of Object Tracking
36
Robotics
7 chapters
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 35 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Design and Selection Parameter of a Robot 6 classes
Robot Design Process: From Need to Specification
Robot Anatomy and Configuration: Links, Joints and Degrees of Freedom
Workspace, Payload, Speed, Accuracy and Repeatability
Choosing Sensors, Actuators and Controllers
Power, Cost, Safety and Reliability Trade-offs
Case Study: Selecting a Robot for a Given Task
Basic introduction to ROS and Gazebo 6 classes
What ROS Is and Why Robots Use It
ROS Building Blocks: Nodes, Topics, Messages and Services
Setting Up a ROS Workspace and Running Commands
Writing a Simple Publisher and Subscriber Node
Introduction to Gazebo: A Simulation Environment for Robots
Simulating a Simple Robot in Gazebo with ROS
Robotics Ethics 12 classes
Ethics in Artificial Intelligence and the Five Pillars of AI Ethics
Bias in AI: Awareness and Sources of Bias
Developing AI Policies
Understanding Ethical Dilemmas: Moral Machine and Survival of the Best Fit
Data Privacy, Consent and Ownership
Responsible Use of Data: Transparency, Accountability and Laws
Human-Robot Interaction: Trust, Communication and Design
Robots and Employment: Jobs Gained and Jobs Lost
Robot Safety and Autonomy: Who Decides?
Social Implications of Robots
Military Robots and Autonomous Weapons: Ethical Questions
Environmental Implications of Robotics
Robotics in Healthcare 6 classes
Robots in Healthcare: An Introduction
Surgical Robots
The da Vinci Surgical System: How It Works
Assistance and Diagnostic Robots
Rehabilitation Robots
Applications and Limits of Healthcare Robots
Robotics in Agriculture 5 classes
Robots in Agriculture: An Introduction
Seeding and Spraying Robots
Ground Mobile Robots in the Field
Monitoring and Sensing Robots
Applications and Benefits of Farm Robots
Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0/5.0 6 classes
Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 and 5.0: An Introduction
Industrial Robot Arms
Cobots: Robots that Work Beside People
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
3D Printing and Welding Robots
Applications in the Smart Factory
Space Robotics 5 classes
Space Robotics: An Introduction
Planetary Rovers
Probes and Landers
Robotics on the Space Station
The Mars Rover Program
37
Applied Mathematics
13 chapters
LAPT Schools
Applied Mathematics
ISC Class 12
Applied MathematicsLAPT Books · ISC Class 12 All books of this class ›
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no 36 (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Types of relations 9 classes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Relations
1.3 Types of Functions
1.4 Composition of Functions and Invertible Function
4.5 Types of Relations: Empty, Universal and Equivalence Relations
Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive Relations: Testing Each Property
Proving a Relation Is an Equivalence Relation
One-One and Onto Functions: Proving and Disproving
Finding the Inverse of a Function, and the Composite of Two Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7 classes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Concepts
2.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Defining the Inverse Sine and Inverse Cosine: Domain, Range and Principal Value
Inverse Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and Cosecant: Domains and Principal Values
Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions as Reflections in y = x
Worked Problems on Principal Values and Elementary Properties
Matrices 18 classes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Matrix
3.2.1 Order of a matrix
3.3 Types of Matrices
3.3.1 Equality of matrices
3.4 Operations on Matrices
3.4.1 Addition of matrices
3.4.2 Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar
3.4.3 Properties of matrix addition
3.4.4 Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix
3.4.5 Multiplication of matrices
3.4.6 Properties of multiplication of matrices
3.5. Transpose of a Matrix
3.5.1 Properties of transpose of the matrices
3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
3.7 Invertible Matrices
2.1-2.2 Matrices and Types of Matrices
2.5 Special Matrices: Transpose, Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
Determinants 16 classes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Determinant
4.2.1 Determinant of a matrix of order one
4.2.2 Determinant of a matrix of order two
4.2.3 Determinant of a matrix of order 3 × 3
4.3 Area of a Triangle
4.4 Minors and Cofactors
4.5 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix
4.5.1 Adjoint of a matrix
4.6 Applications of Determinants and Matrices
4.6.1 Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix
2.8 Solving Systems of Simultaneous Linear Equations
2.6 Determinants
2.7 Inverse of a Matrix
Consistency of a System of Equations: Unique, Infinite or No Solution
Cramer's Rule for Two and Three Unknowns
Differentiation 24 classes
5.3.1 Derivatives of composite functions
5.3.2 Derivatives of implicit functions
5.3.3 Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
5.5. Logarithmic Differentiation
5.6 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms
5.7 Second Order Derivative
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Rate of Change of Quantities
6.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
6.4 Maxima and Minima: Local Extrema and Critical Points
6.4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed Interval
6.2 Related Rates: Worked Problems
6.3 Finding Intervals of Increase and Decrease: Worked Problems
6.4 First and Second Derivative Tests
6.4 Optimisation: Word Problems on Maxima and Minima
3.1 Differentiation: Implicit, Parametric, Logarithmic and Higher-Order
3.2 Rate of Change: Related Rates, Cost and Revenue Functions
3.9 Slope, Tangent and Normal to a Curve
3.10 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
3.11.1 Critical Points, Local Maxima and Minima
3.11.2 First and Second Derivative Tests
3.11.3 Absolute Maxima, Minima and Optimization Problems
Derivatives Using the Chain Rule
Integrals 22 classes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation
7.2.1 Some properties of indefinite integral
7.3 Methods of Integration
7.3.1 Integration by substitution
7.3.2 Integration using trigonometric identities
7.4 Integrals of Some Particular Functions
7.5 Integration by Partial Fractions
7.6 Integration by Parts
7.6.1 Integral of the type
7.6.2 Integrals of some more types
7.7 Definite Integral
7.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
7.8.1 Area function
7.8.2 First fundamental theorem of integral calculus
7.8.3 Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus
7.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution
7.10 Some Properties of Definite Integrals
3.1-3.2 Indefinite Integrals and Integration by Substitution
3.3 Integration by Partial Fractions
3.4 Integration by Parts
3.5-3.6 Definite Integrals and Their Properties
Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics 8 classes
3.7 Consumers' Surplus and Producers' Surplus
Derivatives: Instantaneous Rate of Change
Cost Functions: Fixed Cost, Variable Cost and Total Cost
Average Cost and Marginal Cost
Demand Functions and the Demand Curve
Revenue Functions: Total, Average and Marginal Revenue
Profit Functions and Maximising Profit
Break-Even Analysis: Finding the Break-Even Point
Differential Equations 12 classes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Concepts
9.2.1. Order of a differential equation
9.2.2 Degree of a differential equation
9.3. General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation
9.4. Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential Equations
9.4.1 Differential equations with variables separable
9.4.2 Homogeneous differential equations
9.4.3 Linear differential equations
3.10 Differential Equations: Order and Degree
3.11 Formation of a Differential Equation
3.12 Differential Equations and Mathematical Modeling
Probability 20 classes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Conditional Probability
13.2.1 Properties of conditional probability
13.3 Multiplication Theorem on Probability
13.4 Independent Events
13.5 Bayes' Theorem
13.5.1 Partition of a sample space
13.5.2 Theorem of total probability
13.2 Conditional Probability: Worked Examples and Exercise 13.1
13.4 Independent Events: Properties and Worked Problems
13.5 Bayes' Theorem: Statement, Proof and Worked Examples
13.5 Bayes' Theorem: Mixed Problems and Chapter Exercises
4.1-4.2 Probability Distribution and Mathematical Expectation
4.3 Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution
4.4 Binomial Distribution
4.5 Poisson Distribution
4.6 Normal Distribution
Conditional Probability
Theorem of Total Probability
Bayes' Theorem
Linear Programming 8 classes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation
12.2.1 Mathematical formulation of the problem
12.2.2 Graphical method of solving linear programming problems
8.1-8.2 Terminology and Mathematical Formulation of LPP
8.3 Types of Linear Programming Problems
8.4-8.5 Graphical Method, Feasible and Infeasible Regions
8.6 Optimal Feasible Solution and Corner Point Method
Financial Mathematics 7 classes
7.1 Perpetuity and Sinking Funds
7.3 Calculation of EMI (Amortization of Loans)
7.4 Nominal and Effective Rate of Interest
7.5 Compound Annual Growth Rate
7.7 Linear Method of Depreciation
7.6 Stocks, Shares and Debentures
Rate of Return on an Investment: Nominal and Real Returns
Index Numbers 8 classes
6.1-6.3 Introduction to Index Numbers and Their Uses
6.4 Construction of Index Numbers
6.5 Types of Index Numbers
6.6-6.9 Limitations, Index Series and Test of Adequacy
Price Relatives and the Simple Aggregate Method
Weighted Aggregate Methods: Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher
Cost of Living Index and the Consumer Price Index
Using the Consumer Price Index: Real Wages and Dearness Allowance
Moving Averages 5 classes
What a Time Series Is and Why We Smooth It
Moving Averages: The Idea and the Role of the Period
Calculating Moving Averages for Odd Periods
Calculating Moving Averages for Even Periods: Centred Moving Average
Plotting the Moving Average Against the Original Data
38
Socially Useful Productive Work and Community Service (SUPW)
6 chapters • 100 marks
CISCE ISC Year 2028 Regulations, Chapter II Part I, S.no (iii) (cisce.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1.-Regulations-1.pdf, PDF p.10)
Socially Useful Productive Work 6 classes
Choosing a Craft and Setting Your Work Goals
Preparing and Organising Your Craft Work
Building Craft Skills Through Practice
Researching Your Craft: Materials, Methods and Traditions
Sustaining Interest and Reflecting on Your Work
Keeping the Record Card for Productive Work
Community Service 6 classes
Identifying Work That Benefits the Community
Preparing and Organising a Community Service Project
Skills and Resourcefulness in Community Service
Keeping Interest and Commitment in Service
Keeping the Record Card for Community Service
A Community Service Scheme for Day Schools
Understanding the New World Order 5 classes
Spirituality, Science and Society
The North-South Dialogue
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Women
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Minorities
The UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child
Building People 4 classes
Privatisation and Nationalisation Compared
The Role of NGOs in Building People
Financial Resources for Development
The Impact of Privatisation on People
Science and Technology 7 classes
Aggression in Animals and Humans
Science and Technology as Agents of Change
Cosmology and Space Research
New Technologies and Their Uses
Biodiversity and Why It Matters
Genetic Engineering and Cloning
Ecology and the Balance of Nature
Dilemmas 3 classes
Patent Laws and Inventors' Rights
Intellectual Copyright and Creative Works
Dilemmas of Ownership, Access and Fairness

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